Ivan lub txaus ntshai raug kev ntxeev siab ntawm tus tswv xeev ntawm Kurbsky

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

455 xyoo dhau los, voivode Andrei Kurbsky, ib tug koom tes ntawm Tsar Ivan lub txaus ntshai, tau khiav tawm ntawm Russia mus rau Lithuania. Cov kws tshawb fawb hu Kurbsky yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau "cov neeg tawm tsam siab" hauv keeb kwm Lavxias. Nws tus cwj pwm tseem raug ntsuas tsis txaus ntseeg: ntawm ib sab, nws yog ib tus thawj coj tub rog txawj ntse, tus neeg xav paub txog nws lub sijhawm thiab tus tiv thaiv ntawm Orthodoxy hauv Tebchaws Meskas, ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tau ua phem rau kev ntxeev siab rau tsar thiab. Russia.

Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrei Kurbsky yug hauv 1528 hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus tswv xeev Mikhail Kurbsky. Nws koom nrog ib tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe uas tau nce mus rau ib ceg ntawm Rurikovich - cov thawj coj ntawm Yaroslavl. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, cov Kurbskys, uas feem ntau txhawb kev tawm tsam rau Grand Dukes ntawm Moscow, tau poob ntsej muag thiab tuav txoj haujlwm qis hauv zej zog rau lawv cov keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tiv thaiv Andrei Kurbsky los ntawm kev nce hauv Ivan qhov txaus ntshai.

Tus thawj coj txawj ntse

Tus tub huabtais hluas Kurbsky tau koom nrog hauv kev sib tw thib ob ntawm Ivan IV tawm tsam Kazan Khanate nrog rau qib ntawm tus saib xyuas. Thaum nws rov qab los, nws tau los ua ib tug voivode nyob rau hauv Pronsk thiab nyob rau hauv 1551 twb commanded ib tug sab xis-sab laug rog rog thaum lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog nyob rau hauv lub Oka tab tom tos lub Tatar ntxeem tau. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, Kurbsky nyob ze rau Ivan IV thiab pib ua nws tus kheej xaj.

Nyob rau hauv 1552, ib tug detachment nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Andrei Kurbsky thiab Pyotr Shchenyatev nqa lub Crimean Tatar blockade los ntawm Tula, thiab ces yeej Khan cov tub rog. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau qhov txhab mob hnyav, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Kurbsky tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam tshiab tawm tsam Kazan yim hnub tom qab. Thaum lub sij hawm ntes ntawm lub nroog, cov tub rog ntawm Kurbsky thaiv lub rooj vag Elbugin kom tiv thaiv Kazan garrison los ntawm retreating. Thaum ob peb txhiab Tatars hla tus dej Kazanka, Kurbsky nrog ib tug detachment ntawm cavalry suav txog 200 tus neeg hla cov neeg khiav tawm. Nws raug mob dua, thiab thaum xub thawj nws txawm tias nws tuag.

Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd Kurbsky twb yog ib tug ntawm cov tsar cov koom haum ze tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv 1554, nws koom nyob rau hauv suppressing lub Kazan Tatars uprising, thiab ob xyoos tom qab - nyob rau hauv lub yeej ntawm lub revolted Circassians thiab nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm yav qab teb ciam teb ntawm lub nceeg vaj los ntawm lub Crimean pab tub rog. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, Ivan IV ua Kurbsky ib tug boyar.

Xyoo 1558 Livonian Tsov Rog tau pib. Kurbsky, ua ke nrog Pyotr Golovin, txib ib pab tub rog saib xyuas. Tom qab ntawd nws tau raug xaiv tsa thawj tus thawj coj ntawm thawj tub rog, ua tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Cov phiaj xwm tau ua tiav - kwv yees li 20 lub nroog Livonian raug ntes.

Tub Vaj Ntxwv Peter Ivanovich Shuisky thiab Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbsky. Kev ntes ntawm Novgorodok, 1558 © Obverse chronicle sau ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th.

Tom qab teeb meem pib nyob rau hauv 1560 nyob rau hauv Livonia, Ivan IV muab Andrei Kurbsky nyob rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm cov tub rog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tib lub sij hawm tsa nws ib tug voivode nyob rau hauv Yuryev. Qhov no yog lub ncov ntawm tus huab tais txoj hauj lwm. Nws ua rau ntau qhov kev swb loj rau Livonians. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, Kurbsky ua ob leeg ntawm nws tus kheej thiab ua ib feem ntawm cov tub rog ua ke nrog Peter Shuisky thiab Ivan Mstislavsky.

Nws yog Kurbsky cov tub rog uas coj thawj lub tshuab los ntawm cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian uas nkag mus rau hauv kev ua tsov rog rau Livonia thiab ua tiav cov yeeb ncuab tshiab. Tom qab ntawd nws tau koom nrog hauv kev sib tw tawm tsam Polotsk. Nyob rau hauv 1562, Kurbsky raug kev txom nyem ib tug poob siab: nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Nevel, nws detachment yeej swb los ntawm Lithuanians. Txawm li cas los xij, tus tub huabtais khaws cov xwm txheej ntawm tus tswv xeev Yuryevsky thiab cov lus txib ntawm cov tub rog tau tso siab rau nws ua ntej.

Davhlau mus rau Lithuania

Cov neeg sau keeb kwm tseem tsis tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug ntawm qhov ua rau Kurbsky ntxeev siab. Tom qab qhov swb ntawm Nevel thiab ntau qhov kev ua tub rog tsis ua tiav, nws tau tuav nws txoj haujlwm. Thiab txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv Moscow ob peb tus tub huabtais cov koom haum nyob ze poob rau hauv kev txaj muag, tsar tsis tau thov rau Kurbsky. Txawm li cas los xij, tus tswv xeev txiav txim siab khiav tawm ntawm Russia.

"Hauv zaj dab neeg no, Kurbsky tau qhia nws tus kheej tsis yog los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Nws pib sib tham nrog cov tub ceev xwm Polish-Lithuanian, nrhiav qee yam tshwj xeeb rau nws tus kheej. Thiab tam sim ntawd thaum lub sijhawm ya davhlau, nws tau tso tseg tag nrho cov tub rog tau tso siab rau nws thiab nws tsev neeg rau txoj kev hlub tshua ntawm txoj hmoo, "hais hauv kev xam phaj nrog RT tus xibfwb ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov, kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm Sciences Sergei Perevezentsev.

Thaum lub sij hawm kev sib tham, Kurbsky, kom paub meej tias lub firmness ntawm nws lub hom phiaj, raws li ib co historians, xa mus rau cov yeeb ncuab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub zog ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog, vim hais tias ntawm cov Russians raug kev txom nyem loj poob. Lub Plaub Hlis 30, 1564, Kurbsky tawm hauv Russia thiab hla ciam teb Lithuanian. Kurbsky tsev neeg nyob rau hauv Russia raug tsim txom, ib txhia ntawm nws cov txheeb ze, raws li cov lus tim khawv ntawm Kurbsky nws tus kheej, Ivan lub txaus ntshai liam "pissed tawm".

"Nyob rau hauv Lithuania, Kurbsky tam sim ntawd ntsib cov kev txiav txim uas txawv heev ntawm cov nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws nqa nrog nws peb lub laub ntawm ntau yam khoom, tab sis nws raug nyiag los ntawm Polish-Lithuanian tub rog, thiab tus huab tais tau tshwm sim rau tus huab tais ntawm Poland yam tsis muaj khoom plig, "Perevezentsev ntxiv.

Txawm li cas los xij, Grand Duke ntawm Lithuania thiab Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Poland Sigismund Augustus tsis ua rau Kurbsky thiab nws cov neeg koom siab. Nws tau tso cai rau cov neeg tawm tsam rau ib ntus siv cov khoom siv dav hauv Western Lavxias teb chaws: lub nroog Kovel nrog lub tsev fuabtais, nrog rau ntau lub zos thiab thaj chaw. Peb xyoos tom qab, cov cuab yeej tau sau npe ua cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm tsev neeg Kurbsky. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1564-1565, tus fugitive tub huabtais koom nyob rau hauv hostilities nrog Russia nyob rau sab ntawm lub Polish-Lithuanian pab tub rog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub siege ntawm Polotsk thiab nyob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub Velikolutsk cheeb tsam.

"Tsis ntev Kurbsky ntsib lwm yam peculiarity ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub Polish-Lithuanian av. Cov neeg nplua nuj hauv zos tsim cov neeg loj leeb uas nyiag cov neeg nyob ze thiab yuam lawv cov av. Kurbsky tau dhau los ua neeg raug tsim txom los ntawm kev tawm tsam, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tau tsim nws tus kheej pawg neeg thiab ua tib yam, "tus kws tshaj lij hais.

Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Vaj Ntsujplig nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Verbki, nyob ze lub nroog ntawm Kovel, qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm tub huabtais Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbsky nyob (los ntawm ib tug engraving ntawm 1848) © "Cov tub rog Encyclopedia ntawm ID Sytin."

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Kurbsky tau ua tiav zoo hauv kev nyiag thiab tsim txom nws cov neeg nyob ze uas lawv yws txog nws rau vajntxwv. Tab sis Sigismund Lub Yim Hli, uas tau txiav txim siab hloov pauv ntawm Kurbsky raws li nws txoj cai ua tiav ntawm tus kheej, tsis rau txim rau cov neeg tawm tsam.

Nyob rau hauv 1571, tus huab tais tau pab txhawb kev sib yuav ntawm Kurbsky rau tus poj ntsuam nplua nuj Maria Kozinsky, tab sis nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog Kurbsky tsis ua hauj lwm, thiab tsis ntev ob peb sib nrauj. Tom qab ntawd, tus tub huabtais nkag mus rau hauv kev sib yuav zoo nrog Volyn noblewoman Alexandra Semashko, lawv muaj ob tug menyuam. Nyob rau hauv 1583, Kurbsky tuag ntawm ib tug ntawm nws cov vaj tse.

Tau mus rau sab ntawm tus yeeb ncuab

"Andrei Kurbsky tau nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm Rzecz Pospolita feem ntau yog tus tiv thaiv ntawm Orthodoxy. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, kev tsim txom ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox tau pib muaj, thiab nws tau muab nws cov neeg koom nrog kev ntseeg nrog txhua yam kev txhawb nqa: nws tau sawv rau lawv, pab nrog kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv kev cai dab qhuas. Muaj tseeb tiag, thaum cov lus nug tau hais tias tus tub ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai Fyodor tuaj yeem zaum ntawm lub zwm txwv Polish los ntawm kev xaiv tsa, Kurbsky tawm tsam Orthodox Lithuanian-Lavxias tog thiab txhawb nqa Catholic los tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, qhov no ua rau muaj teeb meem loj rau Orthodox ntawm Lub Tebchaws, "Vadim Volobuev, tus kws tshawb fawb laus ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Slavic Studies ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, tau hais hauv kev xam phaj nrog RT.

Nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, txawm tias lub suab nrov khiav, Kurbsky tsis tau ua lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Polish keeb kwm.

"Nws tsis muaj zog rau pem hauv ntej rau qee qhov, tab sis Rzeczpospolita yeej Livonian Tsov Rog ntau tom qab. Tab sis nws cov keeb kwm kev sau ntawv thiab kev xav yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, "hais Volobuev.

Cov lus los ntawm Andrei Kurbsky rau Ivan qhov txaus ntshai raws li cov npe ntawm Lub Xeev Keeb Kwm Tsev khaws puav pheej, sau Uvarova

Tam sim ntawd tom qab nws ya mus, Kurbsky tau xa ib tsab ntawv mus rau Ivan IV, nyob rau hauv uas nws sim piav qhia lub motives ntawm nws ua raws li nws txoj kev xav. Ivan tus txaus ntshai teb rau yav dhau los cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv ib tug caustic yam, ua kom meej tias tag nrho nws excuses yog tsis muaj nqis. Tom qab ntawd, cov ntawv xov xwm tau ua rau muaj kev sib tham dav dav txog kev nom kev tswv. Raws li Vadim Volobuev tau sau tseg, tus nqi ntawm kev sib tham nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias nws muab peb lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua neej nyob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Ntxiv nrog rau kev sau ntawv kev sib txuas lus nrog Lavxias teb sab tsar, Kurbsky tseem tshuav ntau yam keeb kwm thiab kev sau ntawv.

Andrei Kurbsky tau dhau los ua ib tus neeg muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv keeb kwm. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yog ib tug thawj coj tub rog txawj ntse, tiv thaiv Orthodoxy, thiab yog ib tus neeg xav txog kev nom kev tswv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws ntxeev siab rau huab tais thiab Leej Niam, tau hla mus rau sab ntawm tus yeeb ncuab.

Los ntawm txoj kev, nws tau los ua ib tug ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws-ranked defectors nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia, thiab tej zaum yog lub siab tshaj plaws-ranked ib. Nws zoo li Kutuzov nyob rau hauv 1812 yuav tau pov cov tub rog thiab mus rau Napoleon sab, Perevezentsev sau tseg.

Boris Chorikov "Kev ntes ntawm Narva los ntawm Ivan the Terrible", 1836

Txawm li cas los xij, raws li historian, Andrei Kurbsky tau coj los ntawm nws tus kheej logic. Ua ntej, nws ntseeg tias vajntxwv yuav tsum tso siab rau nws cov kws tshaj lij thiab tsis muaj lawv nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tseem ceeb. Ua tiav los ntawm qhov no, nws tau faib txoj kev kav ntawm Ivan IV mus rau ob lub sijhawm: thaum nws mloog nws ib puag ncig thiab txiav txim siab "txoj cai" thiab thaum nws nres ua nws, tig mus rau hauv "despot".

Qhov thib ob, Kurbsky txhawb nqa cov tswv yim feudal uas muab cov thawj coj thiab cov nom tswv txoj cai los hloov lawv cov thawj tswj hwm. Tab sis yog tias txawm tias ob peb xyoos dhau los qhov no tau pom tias yog tus qauv, tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, Kurbsky txoj cai twb raug suav hais tias yog kev ntxeev siab.

"Cov keeb kwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Kurbsky yog cov lus dab neeg uas nws tau tsim rau nws tus kheej kev ncaj ncees txog qhov txaus ntshai thiab kev ntshai uas tau liam tias tuav Russia nyob rau hauv Ivan the Terrible. Nws tau khaws cia hauv Tebchaws Meskas, uas tau ua tsov rog nrog Russia, thiab tom qab ntawd kis thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe, "Perevezentsev tau sau tseg.