Cov kws sau ntawv thiab lawv cov ntawv "tseem ceeb"

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Txog niaj hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb paub ntau dua 5,000 cov ntawv sau ntawm Phau Tshiab. Tag nrho cov ntawv sau no tsis yog tus sau keeb kwm. Cov no yog cov ntawv luam tag nrho ntawm qhov tsis raug thiab tsis raug, cuam tshuam lub ntsiab lus thiab cuam tshuam kev nkag siab qhov tseeb ntawm lub ntsiab lus.

Qhov yuam kev tawm tuaj

Muaj ib qho lus Askiv qub hais txog cov kws sau ntawv sau. Rau kuv chagrin zoo, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom txaus txhais cov ntsiab lus thaum khaws cia ua si ntawm cov lus. Kuv tabtom qhia koj nrog kev piav qhia.

Ib tug txiv plig hluas ib zaug tuaj rau nws txiv-abbot thiab hais tias:

- Leej Txiv, vim li cas peb thiaj rov sau peb phau ntawv dawb ceev txhua zaus los ntawm ib daim ntawv dhau los? Tom qab tag nrho, yog hais tias ib qho yuam kev tau nkag mus rau hauv nws, cov kwv tij yuav rov ua dua thiab dua! Puas yog nws tsis zoo dua los luam cov ntawv los ntawm cov ntawv sau qub tshaj plaws?

Tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub tuam tsev tau ntsuas cov lus no thiab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias tus hauj sam hais yog lawm. Noj tswm ciab, nws so haujlwm mus rau lub tsev qiv ntawv los tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv theej kawg ntawm Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum tawm tsam tus neeg laus tshaj plaws hauv lub tsev teev ntuj. Ib teev tom qab ntawd, cov hauj sam hnov nws lub suab nrov nrov thiab khiav mus saib seb muaj dab tsi tshwm sim.

Leej Txiv Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej quaj thiab qw nrov nrov, ntaus nws lub taub hau ntawm lub rooj thiab hais tias:

- Tsis yog "celibate", tab sis "zoo siab"!..

(Tsis yog "kev ua nkauj ua nraug" - kev cog lus ntawm kev ua poj niam, tab sis "ua kev zoo siab" *!)

Qhov funny tshaj plaws txog qhov anecdote no yog tias nws yog amazingly ze rau qhov tseeb.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, Johannes Gutenberg tau luam tawm thawj phau ntawv Latin ntawm Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum (qhov kev txhais lus Latin no, hu ua Vulgate, yog tsim los ntawm St. Jerome nyob rau xyoo pua 4).

Txhua yam - yog txhua yam! - Cov ntawv ntawm Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum tau nthuav tawm hauv kev hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm cov ntseeg rau yuav luag 14 centuries ua ntej uas tau sau tes (txawm li cas los xij, kev coj ua ntawm phau ntawv luam tsis ploj nrog lub advent ntawm luam ntawv thiab rau qee lub sij hawm tseem muaj nyob rau hauv parallel nrog nws).

Qhov no txhais tau hais tias txhua daim ntawv theej ntawm phau Vajlugkub raug sau dua los ntawm tes los ntawm qee cov ntawv dhau los, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej, lub hauv paus tsis yog tus sau tus thawj, tab sis lwm daim ntawv, coj los ntawm ib daim qauv ua ntej.

Thaum luam ntawv manually, distortions ntawm cov ntawv nyeem inevitably tshwm sim - tsis muaj lo lus los yog ntawv, mis spellings, yuam kev. Qhov no yog vim tus kws sau ntawv tsis txaus siab, qaug zog, teeb pom kev tsis zoo, kev sau ntawv tsis raug cai hauv cov ntawv sau qub, thiab txawm tias tsis muaj kev nyeem ntawv. Qee lub sij hawm tus kws sau ntawv tau sau ntawv hauv cov npoo ua ib feem ntawm cov ntawv nyeem thiab rov sau dua, ntxiv rau nws txoj haujlwm. Qee lub sij hawm cov ntawv nyeem tau nrov nrov, thiab cov kws sau ntawv sau cia - qhov kev ua haujlwm no yooj yim dua yog tias yuav tsum tau ua ob peb daim ntawv ib zaug. Qhia rau kuv ncaj ncees - leej twg tsis tau ua yuam kev ntawm kev hais lus?..

Qee zaum, tus kws sau ntawv yuav tau txiav txim siab hloov pauv, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev txiav txim siab tias ib lo lus hauv cov ntawv nyeem tsis raug thiab "kho" nws.

Thiab tag nrho cov kev ua yuam kev thiab kev ua yuam kev no, tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm inattention thiab carelessness rau cov ntawv nyeem tsiv mus rau tom ntej no tsab ntawm Vajluskub, ua, qhov tseeb, ib feem ntawm nws!

Tsis tas li ntawd, koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias leej twg tau theej cov phau ntawv. Tom qab tag nrho, cov neeg sau xov xwm, uas tuaj yeem raug hu ua "cov kws tshaj lij", tau tshwm sim lig. Thawj ob peb centuries dhau los, cov ntawv Christian raug luam los ntawm cov neeg random. Ib txhia ntawm lawv txawj nyeem ntawv heev thiab txawj txawj nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov neeg uas tuaj yeem tsuas luam cov ntawv sau los ntawm tsab ntawv, tsis to taub lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus sau. Tom qab tag nrho, feem ntau ntawm cov ntseeg thaum ntxov los ntawm cov neeg pluag tshaj plaws (thiab, vim li ntawd, feem ntau tsis muaj kev kawm) ntawm cov pejxeem. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias txawm tias cov ntawv luam tawm ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm Phau Tshiab yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav nrog qhov tsis raug thiab tsis raug. Cia peb tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov ntawv no tsis tau txais cov xwm txheej dawb ceev tam sim ntawd, thiab thawj cov kws sau ntawv tau kho lawv dawb, ntxiv thiab rov kho cov lus piav qhia raws li lawv txoj kev ntseeg.

Peb tsis tuaj yeem thuam cov neeg no rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov ntawv nyeem - lawv tau ua qhov lawv ua tau, thiab tej zaum lawv ua tau zoo tshaj plaws los ua haujlwm. Tab sis qhov no yog twv yuav raug hu tsis txaus los khaws cov ntawv qub qub tsis hloov pauv.

Tau kawg, qhov no tau paub zoo rau txhua tus neeg uas tau hais txog phau ntawv. Hauv qee cov ntawv tseem muaj cov lus ceeb toom rau cov kws sau ntawv yav tom ntej - piv txwv li, tus sau Apocalypse hem tias leej twg ntxiv ntau dhau rau cov ntawv nyeem yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov kab mob, thiab leej twg rho tawm cov ntawv nyeem yuav poob kev koom tes hauv phau ntawv ntawm lub neej. thiab nyob hauv lub nroog dawb huv” (Tshwmsim 22:18–19).

Txawm tus tshis nkag siab tias tag nrho cov kev hem thawj no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Ib xyoos dhau ib xyoos, ib puas xyoo dhau los, cov ntawv tsis raug hauv cov ntawv sau tau sau thiab sau. Lawv tuaj yeem raug kho los ntawm kev sib piv cov ntawv nrog cov ntawv sau qub tshaj plaws - tab sis cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws muaj rau cov kws sau ntawv, tau kawg, kuj yog cov ntawv luam tsis raug. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no uas cov phau ntawv nws tus kheej yog ib tug tsis tshua muaj, tau nkag mus rau yam tsawg kawg ib daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem twb yog ib tug khoom kim heev - tsis muaj sij hawm mus nrhiav tau tawm lub qub txeeg qub tes thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntawv nyeem!

Txawm li cas los xij, txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, tsis muaj leej twg xav txog qhov kev hloov pauv loj npaum li cas hauv cov ntawv no. Xyoo 1707, txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv John Mill tau luam tawm, uas tau txheeb xyuas txog ib puas Greek cov ntawv sau ntawm Phau Tshiab (raws li koj nco qab, nws yog lus Greek uas Phau Tshiab tau sau thawj zaug). Mill pom ntau dua 30,000 (hauv cov lus: peb caug txhiab!) Qhov tsis sib xws hauv cov ntawv sau no - qhov nruab nrab ntawm 300 rau txhua phau ntawv! Ntxiv mus, daim ntawv teev npe no suav nrog tsis yog tag nrho, tab sis tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb distortions thiab pom tseeb yuam kev.

Dab tsi ntxiv los ntawm qhov no?

Tsis muaj dab tsi tshwj xeeb. Tsuas yog, thaum nyeem phau Vajlugkub (thiab Phau Tshiab tshwj xeeb), koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias koj nyeem cov lus uas tsuas muaj kev sib raug zoo nyob deb ntawm cov ntawv qub, cov ntawv tseeb.

Ntau lo lus nyob rau hauv cov ntawv uas tau nqes los rau peb tsis meej pem, ntau tus tsis nco qab los yog distorted, vim hais tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov kab lus hloov (los yog txawm tag nrho ploj!). Cov kws sau ntawv tau ntxiv ntau "ntawm lawv tus kheej", ua txhaum lub logic thiab sib xws ntawm tus sau cov ntawv thiab qhia cov ntsiab lus tshiab.

Nov yog ob peb yam piv txwv xwb.

Cov lus Greek "txhim kho" (λύσαντι) thiab "ntxuav" (λούσαντα) yog homophones, lawv suab zoo ib yam, tab sis sau txawv. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias ib zaug qee tus kws sau ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg, pom meej ua haujlwm raws li kev hais lus, tsis meej pem cov lus no. Cov ntawv sau nrog qhov yuam kev tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau cov ntawv luam tom ntej - thiab qhov yuam kev no tau rov ua dua kom txog thaum nws tau txais mus rau hauv cov ntawv luam tawm, uas thaum kawg tau pom zoo tias nws yog "qhov tseeb" ntawm cov ntawv nyeem: "… rau nws tus uas hlub peb thiab ntxuav peb. los ntawm peb tej kev txhaum…” (Tshwmsim 1:5) es tsis yog “xa peb.” Thaum kawg, qhov yuam kev no tau suav nrog hauv Lavxias Synodal txhais lus.

Koj puas xav tias qhov no yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb? Cov no yog paj!

Ib qho ntawm thawj cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv Greek ntawm Phau Tshiab tau ua los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Dutch nto moo Erasmus ntawm Rotterdam thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Npaj nws cov ntawv rau kev tshaj tawm, Erasmus tau nrawm heev (nws xav ua ntej ntawm lwm tus kws sau ntawv). Yog li ntawd, txhawm rau txuag sijhawm, nws tsis tau ua ib qho haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv Greek. Nws muaj tag nrho cov ntawv ntawm Phau Tshiab nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv theej - daim ntawv no (tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XII) tau los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tshaj tawm.

Thaum nws los txog rau Apocalypse, nws tau pom tias phau ntawv tau ploj lawm nplooj ntawv kawg nrog cov ntawv Greek. Koj puas xav tias Erasmus mus rau lub tsev qiv ntawv thiab pom dab tsi ploj lawm? Txawm li cas los xij! Cov tsev qiv ntawv rau cov tsis muaj zog. Peb tus kws tshawb fawb, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, tsuas yog muab cov ntawv Latin ntawm phau Vajlugkub (Vulgate) thiab … txhais cov ntawv los ntawm qhov ntawd.

Qhov tshwm sim yog ib phau ntawv raws li cov ntawv sau Greek uas Erasmus tau muab pov tseg, thiab nyob rau saum toj ntawm qhov ntawd, nrog rau nws tus kheej ntxiv rau Tshwm Sim ntawm Yauhas!

Tab sis zaj dab neeg tsis xaus rau ntawd. Tom qab phau ntawv tau luam tawm, nws tau pom tias nws tau ploj mus ib ntus uas tseem ceeb heev rau cov ntseeg. Cov khoom me me no, uas suav nrog ob peb lo lus xwb, tseem ceeb heev: ntawm nws (yim ntawm nws ib leeg) tag nrho cov lus hais txog lub trinity ntawm Vajtswv yog raws li. Cov kab lus tseem ceeb heev uas nws txawm tau txais nws lub npe, lees txais ntawm cov kws ntseeg thiab cov kws tshawb fawb: "Comma Johanneum", lossis "John's Insertion". Nws suab zoo li no: "Rau peb ua tim khawv saum ntuj ceeb tsheej: Leej Txiv, lo lus thiab tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv, thiab peb tus no yog ib tug."

Qhov tawg no yuav tsum yog (lossis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yuav tsum tsis txhob - nyob ntawm seb koj xav tias nws yog cov ntawv qub lossis ib qho ntxiv lig) hauv thawj tsab ntawv ntawm John (5: 7). Cov ntawv sau Greek siv los ntawm Erasmus tsis muaj qhov seem no, thaum nws nyob hauv Vulgate (thiab Vulgate tau ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev pe hawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb sab hnub poob rau ib txhiab xyoo). Tau kawg, cov tub ceev xwm hauv pawg ntseeg tau npau taws: qhov no puas yog kev sim rau cov lus dawb huv? Puas yog nws tsis hloov cov braces?..

Erasmus ntawm Rotterdam, teb rau qhov kev iab liam, tsuas yog shrugged nws lub xub pwg nyom thiab hais tias:

- Yog tias koj qhia kuv cov ntawv Greek, cov lus no nyob qhov twg, kuv yuav suav nrog lawv hauv tsab ntawv tom ntej.

Nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom pom sai npaum li cas cov ntawv Greek xav tau pom. Nws tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov xwm txheej zoo li no thiab nthuav tawm rau tus kws tshawb fawb - nws yuav tsum khaws nws cov lus thiab tiag tiag sau cov seem rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Txij li thaum thib ob tsab ntawm Greek New Testament, tshaj tawm ntawm divine trinity tau muaj nyob rau hauv nws, txawm hais tias nws tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov ntawv Greek ua ntej.

Koj puas xav tias qhov no tsis muaj tseeb?

Tshaj tawm los ntawm Erasmus ntawm Rotterdam, Phau Tshiab tau dhau los ntawm ntau cov ntawv luam tawm. Kwv yees li ib puas xyoo tom qab ntawd, ib tug tome tau tshwm sim, cov tshaj tawm uas tsis kam tshaj tawm tias cov ntawv hauv nws tau "tau txais los ntawm txhua tus thiab tsis muaj dab tsi yuam kev." Txij thaum ntawd los, lub npe zoo siab ntawm "Textus receptus", uas yog, "cov ntawv lees paub dav dav", tau muab rau cov ntawv Erasmus - thiab, vim li ntawd, phau Vajluskub tshiab no tau dhau los ua qhov dav tshaj plaws.

Nws yog nyob ntawm nws uas muaj ntau yam kev txhais ua lwm yam lus raws li - piv txwv li King James Bible (17th caug xyoo), uas yog nrov nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws uas hais lus Askiv.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, muaj lus hais txog phau Vajlugkub tshiab uas txhais ua lus Lavxias. Thiab twv seb phau ntawv twg tau muab coj los ua lub hauv paus rau kev txhais Phau Tshiab?..

Txoj cai. Nws yog Textus receptus.

Cov ntsiab lus.

Lavxias teb sab Synodal Translation ntawm Phau Tshiab - tag nrho plaub Txoj Moo Zoo, Cov Tub Txib txoj Hauj Lwm thiab lwm phau ntawv - yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub medieval luam tawm ntawm Greek ntawv nyeem edited los ntawm Erasmus ntawm Rotterdam.

Qhov kev tshaj tawm no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog raws li ib tug random tsab ntawv sau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th, thiab ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm lub Koom Txoos, lub "John's Insertion" tau muab tso rau hauv nws, uas yog tsis nyob rau hauv thawj.

Raws li rau Apocalypse, Lavxias teb sab ntawv ntawm nws cov paj huam kawg yog kev txhais lus los ntawm cov ntawv Greek, uas Erasmus tau txhais los ntawm cov ntawv Latin ntawm Vulgate, uas St. Jerome tau txhais los ntawm cov ntawv Greek hauv lub xyoo pua 4th - thiab cov ntawv no, tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, kuj yog ib daim ntawv luam ntawm cov npe ua ntej. Puas yog koj tsis meej pem?..

Kuv tsuas tham txog ob rooj plaub ntawm cov ntawv distortion.

300 xyoo dhau los, John Mill pom 30,000 qhov kev hloov pauv hauv ib puas phau ntawv Greek.

Niaj hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb paub ntau dua 5,000 cov ntawv sau ntawm Phau Tshiab, sau ua lus Greek (thiab qhov no tsuas yog ua lus Greek xwb!). Tag nrho cov ntawv sau no tsis yog tus sau keeb kwm. Cov no yog cov ntawv luam tag nrho ntawm qhov tsis raug thiab tsis raug, cuam tshuam lub ntsiab lus thiab cuam tshuam kev nkag siab qhov tseeb ntawm lub ntsiab lus.

Tus naj npawb ntawm qhov tsis sib xws hauv cov ntawv sau no, raws li ntau qhov kev kwv yees, yog los ntawm 200 txog 400 txhiab.

Los ntawm txoj kev, tag nrho cov ntawv Greek ntawm Phau Tshiab suav nrog tsuas yog txog 146 txhiab lo lus.

Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau qhov yuam kev hauv Phau Tshiab ntau dua li muaj cov lus hauv nws.

Kuv muaj txhua yam, comrades.

* Ntxiv nrog rau cov lus piav qhia. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb Google qhia, qee zaus cov lus ua koob tsheej tuaj yeem txhais tau tias "xa mus rau pawg ntseeg."Kuv tso rau koj los txiav txim seb tus nqi twg yog qhov zoo dua rau qhov no.