Keeb kwm dregs hauv dej ntawm Amu Darya

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Yuav hlub fatherland - hais tias xwm, Vajtswv, Thiab kom paub nws yog kev hwm, meej mom thiab lub luag haujlwm.

Koj puas paub qhov ntawd

Tsis yog ib pab tub rog hauv ntiaj teb hla tus dej Amu-Darya txawm nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm los yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog.

Lub phiaj los nqis tes ntawm Darius, Cyrus, Alexander lub Great, thiab txawm ntau yog li ntawd lub conquests ntawm lub Arabs, lub "kev sib tw" ntawm mythical Genghis Khan tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li inventions ntawm chroniclers.

Academician VV Bartold hais tias tus kws sau keeb kwm ntawm Timurid lub sijhawm (15th caug xyoo) "yuav ntsib kev nyuaj tsis yog vim qhov tsis muaj, tab sis vim tias muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv tau tawg mus rau ntau lub tsev qiv ntawv, thiab qhov ntawd yog cov khoom siv uas yuav tsum tau ceev faj tshaj plaws. kev ntsuam xyuas tseem ceeb." (Cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm Oriental ntawm Academy of Sciences, qhov teeb meem V).

Qhov no qhia txog kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov khoom uas tau nthuav tawm lossis twb tau ua tiav lawm, qhov twg dogmatism yeej dhau qhov tseeb. Ntxiv mus, tus cwj pwm rau keeb kwm kev muaj tiag yog tsim los ntawm qhov pib, tsis hais seb puas muaj pov thawj los yog tsis.

Nyob rau hauv tsis muaj ntawv sau los yog chronicle koj yuav tsis pom cov lus piav qhia ntawm txoj kev ntawm cov tub rog los ntawm cov suab puam, tsawg dua hla tus dej muaj zog Amu - Darya. Uas cov Greeks thaum ub piv nrog cov dej siab Nile thiab roob Indus.

Nyob rau hauv tsis muaj ib tug pre-revolutionary tsab ntawm Russia, koj yuav tsis pom tej yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej ntws thiab dej nyab ntawm tus dej Amu-Darya, lub tsev teev ntuj censorship twb tsis tau tso cai nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv txhais lus encyclopedic.

Thawj cov ntaub ntawv tau luam tawm xyoo 1898 hauv Fab Kis General Geography Elise Reclus "Lub Ntiaj Teb thiab Tib Neeg"

Raws li kev ntsuas ntawm Schmidt thiab Dorandt, tus nqi ntawm cov dej ntws ib ob hauv Amu Darya, ze Nukus, sawv cev rau cov duab hauv qab no:

Qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo ntim rau peb xyoos: 1873, 1874, 1875 - 1.596 cubic meters. meter, thaum lub sij hawm dej nyab - 4.537 cubic meters. 'meter', thaum dej nyab xyoo 1878, raws li Gelman - 27.400 cubic meters. meter.

Qhov no tsis suav nrog cov dej coj los ntawm Khiva los ntawm cov kwj dej kwj dej.

Kev sib txuas nrog cov roob muaj zog dej ntws ntws hauv lub roob gorges, Amu-Darya los ntawm qhov nqaim gorge ntawm Gissar roob, qhov twg nws qhov dav yog 300 meters, tawg tawm mus rau hauv lub hav faib cov suab puam loj tshaj plaws ntawm Central Asia - Kara-Kum thiab Kyzyl. -Kum.

Ntawm no, nws qhov dav tsawg kawg nkaus yog 700 meters, qee zaum ntws mus txog ob mais dav. Qhov tob ntawm cov dej tsis tsawg tshaj li 6 meters thiab qhov ceev ntawm qhov tam sim no txawv ntawm 5,600 meters ib teev, mus rau 10,000 thiab ntau dua - thaum lub sij hawm dej nyab ntawm tus dej.

Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Amu Darya los ntawm Chardzhui mus rau Aral Hiav Txwv yog 142 meters. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim los piv nrog Volga: lub zog ntawm Volga nyob rau hauv qis nce mus txog Volgograd mus rau Astrakhan yog 20,000 litres. Nrog. ib kilometer, lub zog ntawm Amu Darya nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm Chardzhui mus rau Nukus yog 12,000 litres s. ib km.

Cov dej nce hauv tus dej pib thaum lub Peb Hlis, nrog dej nyab me me tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub hlis no lossis thaum lub Plaub Hlis thaum ntxov, uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov daus daus hauv toj roob hauv pes.

Tom qab ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm melting ntawm daus thiab dej khov nyob rau hauv lub roob, thaum kawg ntawm lub rau hli ntuj thiab lub Xya hli ntuj, dej nce mus txog qhov siab tshaj plaws. Txij li thaum Lub Yim Hli, cov dej pib muag, thaum pib lub Kaum Ib Hlis nws rov zoo li qub thiab nyob twj ywm nyob rau tib theem mus txog rau lub Peb Hlis xyoo tom ntej.

Tsis muaj choj, tsis muaj hav zoov ua rafts, lub tsev txhab nyiaj siab thiab km-ntev tugai, uas muaj reeds thiab bushes, ncav cuag qhov siab los tiv thaiv cov neeg caij tsheb ntawm ib tug ntxhuav.

Lub nkoj thauj khoom nkaus xwb yog lub nkoj nqaim, ntiav ntiav - Kime1, uas tau hloov kho tsuas yog thauj cov bales ntawm caravans thiab tib neeg. Lwm txoj kev thauj mus los tsis muaj nyob rau hnub ntawd.

Thiab ua li cas txog kev hloov pauv ntawm Kara-Kum thiab Kyzyl-Kum suab puam? Yog hais tias ib tug txiv neej tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov dej me me rau ib lub lis piam, ces nees? Cov qhov dej sib sib zog nqus nrog cov dej ntws me me - ib puas lossis ob puas lub thoob yuav tsis muab ntau txhiab "cov tub rog".

Qhov tseeb keeb kwm kev sib tw ntawm Bukhara Khan thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau xaus ib nrab ntawm qhov tseeb vim tias tsis muaj dej. Yuav ua li cas rau nees noj?

Qhov no tsis yog nyob hauv Russia, qhov twg nees yuav ntxiv dag zog rau cov nyom tshiab thaum hmo ntuj, thiab muaj cov nyom nyom nyob ze txhua lub zos. Nyob rau hauv Central Asia, tsis muaj pasture twb procured ntawm tag nrho2.

Rov qab mus rau qhov dej thaiv kev sib cais ob lub suab puam loj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia cov lus ntawm tus neeg tim khawv A. Nikolsky, thawj Lavxias teb sab uas hla dhau Amu Darya:

Amu yog cov kwj deg loj loj uas hla ntawm Turan lowland los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab hnub poob. Tsis yog lub Volga, los yog lub Dnieper, los yog lwm yam Lavxias teb sab dej ntws yuav muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm dab tsi lub Amu yog.

Twb tau nyob ze ntawm Petro-Aleksandrovsk (Turtkul), tus dej yog qhov dav heev uas lub ntug dej hiav txwv tsis pom meej, zoo li hauv huab cua, yog tias koj saib obliquely, cov dej saum npoo sib txuas nrog lub qab ntug.

Cov dej loj no maj mus rau hauv Hiav Txwv Aral ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm. Jagged nthwv dej mus ib txhis surfacing Amu. Cov no tsis yog cov nthwv dej uas cua tshuab, nws yog tus dej nws tus kheej rushing thiab galloping raws lub pob zeb hauv qab, rov hais dua tag nrho nws irregularities; nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw cov dej boils thiab boils, zoo li nyob rau hauv lub cauldron.

Hauv qhov chaw, kos duab hauv cov khoom ntab, suvodi spin, pom los ntawm qhov deb ntawm lawv cov ci ntsa iab.

Qhov no loj tshaj ntawm cov dej ntws, ntws los ntawm cov suab puam, tau ntev tau nto moo rau nws whims. Xws li yog Amu, uas peb skiff tau caij nkoj tam sim no.

Nws tam sim no maj nrawm npaum li cas, tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias, tau dov tawm thaum 2 teev tsaus ntuj, hnub tom qab, yav tsaus ntuj, peb twb nyob hauv Nukus, piv txwv li. taug kev ntau tshaj 200 mais; Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm peb siv hmo ntuj ntawm ntug dej, thiab thaum nruab hnub peb nres ob peb zaug nyob rau hauv lub zos mus yuav mutton."

Cov neeg nyeem feem ntau tsis paub tias yav dhau los, Amu Darya ntws mus rau hauv Hiav Txwv Caspian, thiab tsuas yog txhais tes phem hloov nws txoj kev coj thiab tus dej pib ntws mus rau hauv Hiav Txwv Aral.

Txog rau tam sim no, lub qub channel, lub npe hu ua Uzboy, tau muaj txoj sia nyob, thiab hauv Krasnovodsk Bay ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Caspian muaj ib qho chaw uas sawv cev rau tag nrho cov cim ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus dej loj thiab raws ntug dej. uas muaj ntau ruins ntawm settlements ntawm ancient haiv neeg.

Keeb kwm yog ntsiag to lossis ua tib zoo hla lub sijhawm thaj chaw thiab keeb kwm no, txawm hais tias nws muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo heev rau tag nrho cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Central Asia thiab txawm tias Russia.

Yuav kom tshem tau cov dogmas tsim thiab postulates, nrog rau kov yeej tus kheej tsis ncaj ncees lawm, ib tug yuav tsum, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, tshem tawm cov ciam teb thiab lub moj khaum uas ib tug neeg tau teem rau nws tus kheej.

Cov neeg taug kev tau sau tseg qhov tseeb tias Amu-Darya tam sim no feem ntau khiav raws txoj cai ntug dej: ib yam li nyob rau hauv Volga thiab Siberian dej ntws, cov dej ntawm no irrepressibly ua raws li lub lateral txav, uas yog imparted rau lawv los ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ib ncig ntawm nws axis..

Nyob rau tag nrho cov keeb kwm lub sij hawm, tus dej, undermining sab xis ntawm lub bank, deviated los ntawm nws thawj channel los ntawm ob peb kilometers.

Txhawm rau tswj hwm cov dej hauv Uzboy, cov neeg nyob hauv Khorezm thiab tag nrho cov ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm cov qub channel ntawm Uzboy tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov qub dej txaj uas ntws mus rau sab hnub poob, sau lawv nrog cov kwj dej nrog cov dams tswj hauv cheeb tsam hauv nroog. ntawm Khiva.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm "Khiva Khanate", los ntawm lus Askiv hydrographer John Murray, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1875, cov qub dej ntws mus rau sab hnub poob yog qhia meej meej.

Tau ntev heev, lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb tsis paub txog qhov ntws ntawm Amu Darya raws Uzboy mus rau hauv Hiav Txwv Caspian, thiab txawm tias tam sim no nws tseem tab tom sim hla qhov teeb meem no lossis nyob ntsiag to.

Tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias ntawm Central Asia V. V. Bartold qhia nws tus neeg nyob hauv Academy of Sciences:

"Cov ntawv xov xwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no yog Berg cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm Aral Hiav Txwv, tej zaum tau txais hauv Turkestan thiab. Nws yog qhov zoo siab tshwj xeeb rau kuv tias qhov saib ntawm qhov sib txuam ntawm Amu-Darya los ntawm Uzboy hauv xyoo pua 16th. mus rau lub hiav txwv Caspian, uas naturalists yav tas los, los ntawm qhov siab ntawm lawv scientific greatness, tshaj tawm hais tias "tsis pom zoo nrog undoubted ntaub ntawv ntawm geology thiab paleontology," yog tam sim no lees paub nyob rau hauv lub dissertation ntawm lub naturalist raws li tag nrho yog lawm."

Hauv lwm tsab ntawv, hnub tim 15 lub Kaum Ib Hlis, 1910, V. V. Barthold sau tau tias:

"Tsis ntev los no kuv muaj sijhawm los ua kom paub tseeb tias tam sim no qhov tseeb ntawm qhov sib txuam ntawm Amu Darya ua ntej xyoo pua XVI. mus rau lub hiav txwv Caspian, uas txog rau thaum nyuam qhuav raug suav hais tias absurd, raug xa mus rau raws li ib tug feem ntau lees paub qhov tseeb uas tsis xav tau cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj, thiab lawv tsis xav tias nws yuav tsum tau lub npe rau tus neeg uas tsim nws. Rau kuv, qhov kev lees paub zoo li no ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kuv txoj haujlwm yeej ib txwm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li kev hais lus, sau thiab luam tawm qhuas."

Thiab thaum kawg, hauv tsab ntawv sau hnub tim 26 lub Tsib Hlis 1926, qhia txog nws cov haujlwm hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Constantinople, nws sau:

"Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sau npe ntawm ib qho ntawm Biruni cov haujlwm kuv pom cov ntaub ntawv tshiab txog Amu Darya. Nws tau raug tsim thaum kawg uas cov neeg sau ntawv Arab tsis paub dab tsi txog kev tawm ntawm Uzboy los ntawm kev nyuaj siab Sarykamysh thiab suav hais tias cov channel ntawm Uzboy nyob ze Balkhan yog ib qho txuas ntxiv ntawm ceg, zoo li nws tau sib cais los ntawm Amu Darya ntau. siab dua li yav qab teb ciam teb ntawm Khorezm."

Qhov tseeb hais tias cov ntawv keeb kwm Arab tau sau raws sijhawm thiab feem ntau tau muab sau ua ke, peb puas xyoo tom qab cov phiaj xwm mythical ntawm Genghis Khan, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob tsis meej pem.

Tag nrho cov "Arabian tales" qhia tsuas yog hais txog qhov barbarity, savagery thiab lim hiam ntawm cov neeg ntawm Central Asia. Kev tsim cov ntaub pua tsev nyob rau hauv prehistoric lub sij hawm raug tshem tawm ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg no.

Kev tsim cov ntawv Samarkand nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VIII yog muab zais, unsurpassed Khorezm lauj kaub tais diav ntawm lub xyoo pua III, Uighur tsab ntawv uas kuj yog tswv los ntawm cov inhabitants ntawm Bulgaria. Qhov no piav qhia txog ob hom lus ntawm cov nyiaj npib thaum ub ntawm Russia thiab lawv cov kev nplua nuj nyob rau hauv excavations, tsuas yog lawv hu ua Kufic.

N. I. Veselovsky, tshuaj xyuas qhov teeb meem ntawm kev lag luam ntawm ancient Russia thiab Khorezm nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv: "Ib daim ntawv qhia txog keeb kwm thiab Geographical ntaub ntawv txog lub Khiva Khanate los ntawm Ancient Times mus rau tam sim no" (St. Petersburg, 1877), asserts, ntawm lwm yam, hais tias.:

"… nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm peb pom cov ntaub ntawv uas Monk Nestor yuav daim ntawv rau nws cov ntawv sau los ntawm Kharyassk, uas yog, Kharezm tub lag luam" (pp. 31-32) thiab tib lub sijhawm hais txog tib nqe lus hauv Senkovsky tsab xov xwm..

Tab sis cov xov xwm hais tias cov neeg Turkic tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Central Asia ua ke nrog "tuaj txog" ntawm Mongols yog kab liab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov Arab keeb kwm.

Raws li ib feem ntawm "tub rog" ntawm Genghis Khan, lawv nyob ntawm no. Thiab thaj chaw no yog "lub tebchaws" ntawm Turks.

Cov kev sib txuas ntawm tib cov saw thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm provocative slogans nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw: "peb yuav tsum liam" … Qhov no yog dab tsi dag nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, uas yog cov txhaum cai thiab feem ntau txaus ntshai, ua rau. Nws yog txhaum cai, rau nws yog undoubtedly nco qab thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua yuam kev, xws li hauv gnosis.

Tsis tshua muaj neeg nyeem tau xav tias cov ntaub ntawv thaiv kev cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv deprives nws ntawm nws lub tebchaws thiab thaj av.

Ib feem ntawm qhov kev dag no nqis los ntawm Russia ib yam nkaus, qhov twg "txoj kev los ntawm Varangians mus rau Greeks" twb nyob hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm.

Qhov kev dag no yog qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb, vim nws tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv, piv txwv li, rau lej thiab lwm yam kev txiav tawm, uas txhua tus tuaj yeem kho qhov yuam kev los ntawm kev kos yooj yim.

Cia peb rov qab mus rau Khorasms - qhov no yog li cas cov neeg Scythian thaum ub ntawm Sogdiana raug hu ua nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv qub, raws ntug dej ntawm Oxus, rau kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv lub neej ntawm cov neeg no coj mus rau kev tuag ntawm lub xeev Khorezm vim hais tias. kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub pas dej ua ke ntawm Amu Darya.

Ibn Batuta piav txog Khorezm raws li nram no:

Lub ntsiab sect ntawm no yog cov Kadarites, tab sis lawv nkaum lawv heresy, rau lub Sultan yog Uzbek raws li txoj kev ntseeg Sunni.

Muaj melons nyob rau hauv Khovarezm, uas, tshwj tsis yog rau Bukhara, tsis muaj dab tsi yuav muab piv; lawv zoo dua cov Ispagan; lawv cov hauv paus hniav yog ntsuab, thiab sab hauv yog liab. Lawv raug txiav rau hauv daim, qhuav zoo li figs, thiab xa mus rau Is Nrias teb thiab Tuam Tshoj, qhov chaw uas lawv suav hais tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws delicacy."

(Cov Kadarits, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm qhov tseeb Divine predetermination (Jabrit), adhered rau qhov opposite views. Raws li lub Kadarites, ib tug neeg yog kiag li dawb nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev xav thiab kev ua, thiab Vajtswv tsis koom nyob rau hauv no. hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov no lossis qhov kev ua haujlwm tsuas yog tom qab nws txoj haujlwm. Yog li, lawv yog cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm tib neeg).

Cov keeb kwm ntawm Alexander lub Great qhia tau hais tias Khorezm tsis yog ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman ntawm Darius thiab tom qab Persian faj tim teb chaws, tab sis kev nom kev tswv nws yog ib tug nrog rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm niaj hnub European Russia.

Khorezmian historian thiab astronomer Biruni hais tias Khorezmians muaj ib tug era 980 xyoo laus dua lub era ntawm Alexander (Seleucid), i.e. pib los ntawm 1292 BC

Rolinston rightly considers lub sij hawm no "zoo li astronomical tshaj li nom tswv", Zachau pom zoo nrog rau qhov kev xav, piav qhia txog qhov no thiab lwm yam Khorezm era (los ntawm 1200 BC nrog lub tuaj txog ntawm mythical Siyavush nyob rau hauv Khorezm) nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm legends thiab cosmogonic lub tswv yim followers ntawm Zoroaster.

Suffice nws hais tias Khorezm muaj nws tus kheej "nauruz", ua kev zoo siab peb lub lis piam ua ntej Bukhara, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1827 Khan Alla-Kul tshem tawm cov kev cai no.

Jenkinson tau piav qhia txog kev mus ntsib Sultan ntawm Mangishlak hauv nws qhov kev mus rau Samarkand:

"Nrog nws yog lub nroog Christian loj ntawm lub teb chaws qus no, raws li kev hwm ntawm no raws li tus npis sov Roman nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm nws cov neeg ncaj ncees: Tus Sultan thiab lub nroog tau nug kuv ntau yam txog peb lub nceeg vaj, kev cai lij choj thiab kev ntseeg., thiab hais txog vim li cas kuv tuaj ntawm no "…

Nyob rau hauv nws monograph, nyob rau hauv 1946, Soviet archaeologist thiab soj ntsuam ntawm cov neeg ntawm Central Asia SP Tolstov3 qhia ib tug ze kev sib raug zoo ntawm ancient Khorezm thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia: lub Doros lub nroog (lub Gothic diocese ntawm Byzantium) nyob rau hauv Korsun, qhov twg Prince Vladimir yog. ua kev cai raus dej, muaj cov rooj zaum episcopal:

1 - Khotsirskaya (Karasubazar), 2 - Astelskaya (Itil), 3 - Khvalisskaya (Khorezm), 4 - Onogurskaya (Kuban cheeb tsam), 5 - Reterskaya (Terek? Tarki?), 6 - Hunnskaya (Varachan, Semender), 7 - Tamatkhrskaya (Taman)

Thoob plaws hauv nws keeb kwm, Central Asia tau koom ua ke los ntawm inextricable, muaj zog kev sib raug zoo nrog cov cheeb tsam nyob ib sab ntawm cov teb chaws Europe.

Thiab nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm thaum kev cai dab qhuas ciam teb ntawm cov cheeb tsam ntawm domination ntawm thaum ntxov Islam thiab Christianity tseem tsis nyuaj (nws, txawm li cas los xij, tsuas yog ua rau nws nyuaj, tab sis yeej tsis txiav tawm!) Kev sib txuas lus kab lis kev cai, thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub sij hawm no, peb. zaj duab xis belongs rau lub keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm no kev cai dab qhuas ciam teb, - cov kev sib raug zoo twb txawm ntxaum, txawm muaj zog tshaj nyob rau hauv cov laus laus laus laus.

Thiab nws yuav tsis yog qhov tsis zoo yog tias peb hais tias ua ntej VIII-IX centuries. Central Asia (nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, nws sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob) thiab ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Eastern Europe tsuas yog ib feem ntawm ib tug loj loj keeb kwm thiab ethnographic cheeb tsam uas tsim cov kab lis kev cai ntawm ancient Scythian-Sarmatian kab lis kev cai, saturated.

influences ntawm Eastern Hellenism.

Cov ntseeg cov ntseeg ntawm Arian thiab Nestorian cov lus qhia dhau los ntawm tag nrho qhov chaw ntawm Russia thiab Central Asia, uas tawm hauv Sogdian, Uyghur sau ntawv, coj cov nroog loj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj.

Lub hwj chim ntawm Khorezm lub xeev ntawm cov neeg ntawm Central Asia thiab Kazakhstan yog colossal, nws yog txaus kom nco qab lub zog ntawm Serbedars nyob rau hauv Samarkand nyob rau hauv 1337.

Tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg nyiam kev txav mus los, uas tau los ua lub zog los ntawm Timur nrog kev pab (?), tag nrho lub neej ntawm Central Asia thiab sab hnub tuaj Turkestan tuaj txog rau thaum xyoo pua 19th.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev cai dab qhuas, coj los ntawm … Sheikh Khoja Akhrar, ua rau tus duab ntxoov ntxoo tsaus rau txhua yam ntawm lub neej ntawm sab ntsuj plig hauv lub tebchaws.

Tab sis tag nrho thaj chaw loj no yog "kev kawm" rau Ottoman Empire4 thiab kaw rau cov neeg European. Cov tsos ntawm frangi (lub npe menyuam yaus ntawm cov neeg nyob sab Europe) hem lawv nrog kev tuag mob.

Ua ntej Vambery, ob tug neeg Askiv uas nkag mus hauv Bukhara tau raug tua rau pej xeem tom qab raug tsim txom hauv emir lub qhov taub, thiab lawv lub taub hau raug nthuav tawm rau pej xeem saib.

Tsuas yog "dawb huv pilgrims" - dervishes tuaj yeem txav mus los ntawm cov nroog hauv Central Asia. Lub teb chaws feudal-theocratic nyob rau hauv lub npe dav dav "Central Asia", piav qhia meej los ntawm tus neeg ncig tebchaws Vambery.

Cov duab nto moo los ntawm tus kws kos duab V. Vereshchagin "The Apotheosis of War" (los ntawm txoj kev, pleev xim rau hauv Samarkand) nrog lub puab tsaig pob txha taub hau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yuav zoo ua ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov kev lis kev cai.

Kev cai dab qhuas fanatics caum ib qho kev nkag siab, lawv tua tus kws tshawb fawb kawg - Uluk-Bek. Dulati tawm hauv nws lub tebchaws los ntawm kev tsim txom kev ntseeg thiab tawm mus rau Is Nrias teb.

Nrog rau kev tsim kom muaj zog tsarist system nyob rau hauv Russia raws li Peter I, tus kav ntawm Khiva, tib lub xeev nyob rau hauv Central Asia, xa ib tsab ntawv mus rau Peter nyob rau hauv 1706:

Nrog rau qhov kev thov kom tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv yuav lees txais nws thiab tag nrho nws cov kev kawm ua pej xeem. Nws nyob ntawm no tias kev ntseeg kev ntseeg tau tawg tawm, cov lus xaiv tau nthuav tawm tias kev tuaj txog ntawm Russians hauv Uzboy yuav ua rau lawv tsis muaj kev ntseeg.

Thiab, tau tua tus kav, lawv rhuav tshem cov dams pub cov channel ntawm Uzboy los ntawm cov kwj dej, los ntawm qhov no, ntau lab tus neeg nyob hauv raug txim tuag los ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis, thiab lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv raug ntiab tawm ntawm "warpath" - mus nyiag caravans.

Nws tsis yog qhov tseeb uas tswj hwm cov "keeb kwm"; nws yog cov kws sau keeb kwm uas tswj hwm thiab ua haujlwm nrog qhov tseeb, txwv txoj kev saib xyuas. Yuav luag peb centuries Russia tsis paub lub npe ntawm nws "enslavers".

Tsis muaj ib qho ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm chroniclers uas peb tau txais qub txeeg qub teg muaj lub npe no - "Mongol".

Peb centuries tom qab, raws li yog hais tias nyob rau hauv hais kom ua, ntau yam keeb kwm ntawm kev xav txog kev sib tw thiab kev kov yeej tau tshwm sim, qhov twg tag nrho cov dab neeg no tau txais lub npe ntawm cov neeg kov yeej - Mongols thiab "tus phab ej" uas txawm tias Mongols lawv tus kheej tsis txawm xav tias nws muaj.

Niaj hnub nimno tshuaj tiv thaiv historiography mobilizes lub zog loj los tiv thaiv lub tswv yim no, uas yog kiag li tsis sib xws rau keeb kwm kev muaj tiag.

Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsis lees paub cov neeg ntawm Central Asia txoj cai rau keeb kwm kev ywj pheej, kev muaj tswv yim, thiab kev coj noj coj ua qub. Nws piav txog cov neeg no tsuas yog ib qho khoom siv ntawm txhua yam kev kov yeej, thiab Central Esxias kab lis kev cai tsuas yog ib tug cam khwb cia, ib daim qauv ntawm Turkish, Arab los yog cam khwb cia ntawm Suav kab lis kev cai.

Koj puas paub tias papal zais cia archive nyob rau hauv Vatican yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm txhua lub teb chaws thiab tsis tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm sab ntsuj plig, tab sis kuj secular cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab kev puas tsuaj lub xeev.

Lub npe tsis cuam tshuam nrog kaw nkag mus rau lub archive, lat. "Seсretus" txhais tias "detached, aloof."

Tag nrho ntev ntawm archival txee thiab racks yog 90 km. Nov yog qhov uas peb cov keeb kwm khaws cia …

S. F. Oldenburg rov hais dua hais tias Western European cov kws tshawb fawb hauv Central Asia tsis tau ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tiag tiag, tab sis coj cov khoom ntawm qhov chaw, txiav frescoes, dismantled sculptures thiab architectural ntsiab lus, tsis tau kos cov phiaj xwm rau lub qhov tsua thiab cov tuam tsev, thiab yos hav zoov feem ntau rau cov ntawv sau.

Muaj kev nrhiav pom tseeb ntawm kev npog keeb kwm. Thiab cov papal legates tau tibneeg hu tauj coob sau cov ntaub ntawv.

Australian neeg sau xov xwm David Adams, kawm txog cov pov thawj thaum ub, tus kws sau xov xwm sau xov xwm tsim nws tus kheej version ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm Jason thiab Argonauts.

Nws tua cov documentary "Lub Ntiaj Teb Lost ntawm Alexander lub Great", qhov uas nws qhia lub qub channel ntawm Uzboy, footage ntawm lub ruins ntawm ib tug ancient civilization. (tom qab 20 feeb cov channel tau pom).

Nco tseg:

1. Loj kime, uas muaj txog li 12 sazhens nyob rau hauv ntev (21m.) thiab 2 sazhens nyob rau hauv dav (3.5 m), nqa mus txog rau 2,000 - 4,000 poods ntawm cargo, nruab nrab, mus txog rau 6 - 8 sazhens. ntev ntawm 1 - 1, 5 fab ntawm qhov dav, tuaj yeem nqa los ntawm 200 mus rau 1,000 poods.

Bars ntawm willow ntoo yog siv rau kev tsim kho, khi nrog braces ntawm mulberry los yog lwm yam ntoo tawv, fore-posts thiab back-posts feem ntau yog ua los ntawm elm. Cov seams yog caulked nrog paj rwb ntaub plaub, rags thiab reed fluff, tab sis yuav tsis tarry; txawm li cas los xij, kime tshiab feem ntau tsis xau; cov qauv kime nrog ib tug load mus txog 17 vershoks (76 cm), tsis muaj load txog (5 vershoks (25 cm).

Lub neej ua haujlwm ntev ntawm kim kim yog 4-5 xyoos. Kev ua luam dej hauv qab yog ua tiav los ntawm kev nkag mus nrog kev pab ntawm oars, ntxiv rau, ntawm ib qho loj kim muaj txog li 8 tus neeg caij nkoj thiab tus neeg tsav tsheb (darga), uas paub zoo nrog tus dej.

2. Nyob rau hauv peb lub hnub nyoog ntawm kev kub ceev thiab ntau lub tsheb, peb tsis pom qhov deb. Tus nees, uas tag nrho cov keeb kwm sau, txhais tau tias kev thauj mus los rau cov tub rog, yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog zaub mov xwb, tab sis kuj zoo so. Nws txaus kom nco qab d'Artagnan, qhov kev ncua deb ntawm Paris mus rau Le Havre yog 200 km. nyob rau hauv ob peb hnub thiab qhov no yog nyob rau hauv ib tug temperate cheeb tsam. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov suab puam?

Cov ntaub ntawv rau lub canter ntawm ib tug luv luv deb yog 70 km / h, trot ceev ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 3 kilometers yog 55 km / h. Raws li qhov kev ncua deb nce, tus nees ceev yuav txo qis thiab qhov nruab nrab ceev ntawm qhov kev ncua deb tsis tshaj 20 km / h.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, Yamskie chaw nres tsheb nyob rau hauv 30-40 km, qhov twg nees tau pauv rau cov tshiab.

3. S. P. Tolstov -

4. Ntawm no yog ib qho kev rho tawm los ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm Emperor Peter I thiab Ottoman Shah, nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm shah qhov zoo koj yuav pom koj thaj av: (Cov ntawv qub)

Nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tus Tswv uas muaj kev hlub tshua, uas nws muaj kev hlub tshua rau txhua tus. Yog vim li cas rau sau tsab ntawv no thiab cov lus piav qhia tsim nyog ntawm cov cuab yeej raug cai no yog raws li hauv qab no.

Los ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntau ntxiv ntawm tus Tswv thiab Tus Tsim Tsim thiab tus tsim tsis txawj tuag ntawm kev ywj pheej, tus Tswv Vajtswv, uas nws qhuas tshaj txhua yam uas zoo nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, thiab los ntawm txoj kev tshav ntuj ntawm tus qhev ncaj ncees Mecca thiab lub yeeb koob Medyn, tus tiv thaiv. ntawm lub nroog dawb huv ntawm Yeluxalees, thiab lwm qhov chaw;

Sultan ntawm ob lub ntiaj teb no, huab tais ntawm ob lub hiav txwv, muaj zog kav ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, Abyssinian xeev, vam meej Arabia, av ntawm Aden, African Caesaria, Tripoli, Tunisia, Cyprus kob, Rodis, Crete thiab lwm yam dej hiav txwv Islands tuaj;

Emperor ntawm Babylon thiab Bozitri, Laksa, Revan (Erivan), Karsh, Erzerum, Shegerezul, Mussul, Diarbekir, Cancer, Damascus, Aleppa, Sultan ntawm Persitskago thiab Arabian Iraq, Vajntxwv hauv Mesopotamia thiab Npanpiloo, Vajntxwv Kurdistan, Dagestan thiab Trebizond, tus huab tais ntawm lub xeev Rome, Tsulhadra thiab Maras;

Tswv ntawm lub Tatar, Circassian, Abasin, Crimean thiab Desti-Kapchat xeev;

Tus huab tais nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob ntawm Natolia thiab Rumelia, tus tuav ntawm lub zwm txwv Imperial hauv Constantinople, Pruz thiab Adrianople; tus kav lub ntsiab ntawm tsuas yog ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab tsuas yog ntau lub nroog, tus kav loj tshaj plaws thiab Sultan ntawm tag nrho cov Sultans, Vajntxwv ntawm txhua tus Vajntxwv, peb lub luminous tshaj plaws, autocratic Emperor thiab Sovereign, tag nrho cov Muslims ntawm qhov chaw nkaum, Sultan ntawm tus qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Sultan, Sultan Mustafa Khan, tus tub ntawm Sultan Mehmed, uas tej zaum Vajtswv yuav kav mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub ntiaj teb no: ntawm nws Majesty thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov feem ntau qhuas ntawm tag nrho cov Serene Christian Sovereigns, feem ntau xaiv. ntawm cov tswv Christian, thiab lwm yam ….

5) Lub cev:

6) Kev ntxeev siab ntawm Serbedars