Qhov koj tsis paub txog Maxim Gorky

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nws lub npe yog Alexey Peshkov, tab sis nws mus rau hauv keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Maxim Gorky. Tus kws sau ntawv proletarian siv ib nrab ntawm nws lub neej nyob txawv teb chaws, nyob hauv tsev loj thiab sawv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm "socialist realism." Nws txoj hmoo yog tag nrho ntawm paradoxes.

Tus txiv neej nplua nuj

Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, Gorky tau portrayed los ntawm Soviet propaganda raws li ib tug proletarian sau ntawv uas tshwm sim "los ntawm cov neeg" thiab raug kev txom nyem thiab xav tau. Tus kws sau ntawv Bunin, txawm li cas los xij, hauv nws cov ntawv sau cia hais txog phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Brockhaus thiab Efron: "Gorky-Peshkov Alexey Maksimovich. Yug nyob rau hauv 1868, nyob rau hauv ib tug kiag li bourgeois ib puag ncig: nws txiv yog tus thawj coj ntawm ib tug loj steamship chaw ua hauj lwm; niam yog tus ntxhais ntawm tus tub lag luam nplua nuj dyer." Nws yuav zoo li tias qhov no tsis tseem ceeb, tus kws sau ntawv niam txiv tau tuag ntxov, thiab nws yawg tau tsa nws, tab sis nws tsis paub meej tias Gorky tau dhau los ua ib tus neeg nplua nuj tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm, thiab nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv nyiaj txiag tsis yog los ntawm cov nqi xwb.

Korney Chukovsky tau sau ntawv zoo siab txog Gorky: "Tam sim no kuv nco qab tias Leonid Andreev tau cem Gorky rau kuv li cas:" Ua tib zoo mloog: Gorky yog ib tug proletarian, thiab txhua yam clings rau cov neeg nplua nuj - rau Morozovs, rau Sytin, mus rau (nws tis npe rau ntau lub npe.). Kuv sim mus rau tib lub tsheb ciav hlau nrog nws nyob rau hauv ltalis - koj yuav mus qhov twg! tawg. Tsis muaj hwj chim: nws taug kev zoo li tus tub huabtais." Poetess Zinaida Gippius tseem tshuav cov kev nco zoo. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 18, 1918, thaum tseem nyob hauv Petrograd, nws tau sau tias: "Gorky yuav cov khoom qub los ntawm "bourgeoisie" uas tuag tshaib plab rau qhov pittance." Raws li koj tuaj yeem nkag siab, Gorky nyob deb ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws rau cov khoom siv kev noj qab haus huv, thiab nws phau ntawv keeb kwm, tsim nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, yog ib tug zoo-fabricated dab neeg uas tseem xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxaws thiab ncaj ncees.

Patriot Russophob

Maxim Gorky ntau dua ib zaug muab laj thawj rau kev tsis ntseeg nws txoj kev hlub. Thaum lub sij hawm muaj kev kub ntxhov "liab ntshai" nws tau sau tias: "Kuv piav qhia txog kev lim hiam ntawm cov kiv puag ncig los ntawm kev ua phem tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub kiv puag ncig ntawm Lavxias teb sab yog ua si tawm ntawm "cov neeg ib nrab qus". "Thaum cov thawj coj ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, cov pab pawg ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse tshaj plaws, raug liam ntawm" tsiaj nyaum", Kuv suav tias qhov kev liam no yog kev dag thiab kev hais lus phem, yam tsis muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm cov nom tswv lossis, ntawm cov neeg ncaj ncees, raws li kev ncaj ncees. kev dag ntxias." "Tus qhev tsis ntev los no" - Gorky tau sau tseg rau lwm qhov - tau los ua "qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws uas tsis muaj kev cia siab."

Political artist

Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tseem ceeb hauv Gorky lub neej yog qhov sib txuas ze ntawm nws txoj haujlwm kev sau ntawv thiab kev nom kev tswv. Nws muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog ob leeg Lenin thiab Stalin. Stalin xav tau Gorky tsis tsawg tshaj li Gorky xav tau Stalin. Stalin muab Gorky nrog txhua yam tsim nyog rau lub neej, cov khoom siv ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tau dhau los ntawm cov channel ntawm NKVD, Gorky muab tsoomfwv ntawm "tus thawj coj" nrog kev raug cai thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 15, 1930, cov ntawv xov xwm Pravda tau luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm Maxim Gorky: "Yog hais tias tus yeeb ncuab tsis tso tseg, nws raug rhuav tshem." Gorky tso cai rau nws tus kheej mus "flirt" nrog lub Soviet tsoom fwv, tab sis tsis ib txwm xav txog tej yam yuav tshwm sim ntawm nws ua. Lub npe ntawm tsab xov xwm no tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov lus hais ntawm Stalinist repressions. Thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, Gorky rov xav mus txawv tebchaws, tab sis Stalin tsis tuaj yeem tso nws mus: nws ntshai tias tus kws sau ntawv proletarian yuav tsis rov qab los. "Tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg" ntseeg tau tias Gorky txawv teb chaws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau Soviet tsoom fwv. Nws yog unpredictable thiab paub ntau dhau.

Bolshevik uas tsis lees txais lub kiv puag ncig

Tau ntev, Gorky tau muab tso rau hauv kev tawm tsam hnyav, Bolshevik uas tau coj lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem kev coj noj coj ua, tab sis tam sim ntawd tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj tawm los ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm kev ywj pheej Novaya Zhizn, Gorky tau tawm tsam Bolsheviks: "Lenin, Trotsky thiab cov uas nrog lawv twb raug tshuaj lom los ntawm cov tshuaj rotten ntawm lub hwj chim, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm lawv tus cwj pwm txaj muag rau txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus, tus cwj pwm thiab rau tag nrho cov sum ntawm cov cai, rau lub yeej ntawm kev ywj pheej fought”. Boris Zaitsev nco qab tias muaj ib hnub Gorky hais rau nws: "Qhov teeb meem, koj paub, yog qhov yooj yim. Ib txhais tes ntawm communist. Thiab muaj ntau lab tus neeg ua liaj ua teb … lab!.. Leej twg ntau dua, lawv yuav txiav tawm. Nws yog ib qho lus xaus. Communist yuav raug txiav tawm."Lawv tsis tau txiav lawv tawm, lawv kuj pom revolvers, thiab Maxim Gorky, uas tau hais tsis zoo txog Bolsheviks thiab Communist, tau los ua pawg thawj coj ntawm tsoomfwv tshiab.

Godfather yog atheist

Gorky txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev ntseeg tsis tuaj yeem hu ua yooj yim. Gorky yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nrhiav sab ntsuj plig, thaum nws tseem hluas nws txawm taug kev mus rau monasteries, tham nrog cov pov thawj, ntsib nrog John ntawm Kronstadt, tau los ua tus tswv ntawm Yakov Sverdlov tus tij laug Zinovy. Gorky thiab Tolstoy muab nyiaj txiag mus rau sab hnub poob rau cov ntseeg Molokan, tab sis Gorky yeej tsis tau los ua neeg ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv 1929, nyob rau hauv lub qhib ntawm lub thib ob All-Union Congress ntawm Militant Atheists, tus kws sau ntawv hais tias "nyob rau hauv txoj kev hlub qhia los ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv, cov ntseeg, muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug rau txiv neej." Maxim Gorky yog ib tug ntawm cov uas tau kos npe rau ib tsab ntawv nrog kev thov kom rhuav tshem lub Cathedral ntawm Khetos tus Cawm Seej. Ib yam dab tsi, tab sis Christian txo hwj chim yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau Gorky. Rov qab rau xyoo 1917, hauv Untimely Thoughts, nws tau sau tias: “Kuv tsis tau hloov siab lees txim rau ib yam dab tsi lossis lwm tus, vim kuv muaj kev ntxub ntxaug rau qhov no. Thiab kuv tsis muaj dab tsi los hloov siab lees txim”.

Yagoda tus phooj ywg, homophobe

Gorky yog heev intolerant rau homosexuals. Nws qhib siab tawm tsam lawv los ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm Pravda thiab Izvestia. Lub Tsib Hlis 23, 1934, nws hu kev nyiam sib deev "kev ua txhaum cai thiab raug txim" thiab hais tias "twb muaj ib lo lus sarcastic:" rhuav tshem kev sib deev - fascism yuav ploj mus!" Txawm li cas los xij, Gorky lub voj voog sab hauv suav nrog cov neeg nyiam sib deev thiab. Yog tias koj tsis kov ntawm qhov chaw muaj tswv yim uas kev nyiam poj niam nyiam poj niam yog qhov tshwm sim, yog tias tsis muaj, ces nthuav dav (Eisenstein, Meyerhold), peb tuaj yeem hais txog tus lwm thawj ntawm OGPU, Heinrich Yagoda, uas Gorky sib txuas lus zoo. Yagoda tau sau ntawv nco txog Stalin tias "cov neeg nyiam poj niam txiv neej tau pib nrhiav neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Red Army txiv neej, Red Navy cov txiv neej thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv", thaum nws tus kheej tsis yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau qhov tshwm sim raug txim, koom nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm nws dacha, thiab tom qab nws raug ntes ib tug dildo. pom ntawm cov khoom ntawm tus qub OGPU tus thawj tswj hwm.

Tus tiv thaiv ntawm Cov Kws Sau Ntawv-Stalinist Tribune

Gorky qhov kev pab cuam rau lub koom haum ntawm cov txheej txheem sau ntawv hauv lub tebchaws tsis tuaj yeem raug lees paub. Nws luam tawm cov ntawv xov xwm, nrhiav tau lub tsev tshaj tawm, lub koom haum Literary yog Gorky qhov project. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm Gorky lub tsev, nyob rau hauv Ryabushinsky lub tsev loj, uas lub sij hawm "socialist realism" yog coined, nyob rau hauv lub mainstream ntawm uas Soviet cov ntaub ntawv tsim rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm. Gorky kuj tau coj mus rau Lub Ntiaj Teb Literature Publishing lub tsev thiab ua ib hom kab lis kev cai "qhov rais mus rau Tebchaws Europe" rau cov neeg nyeem Soviet. Nrog rau tag nrho cov kev ua tsis tau zoo ntawm Gorky, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis nco qab nws lub luag haujlwm tsis zoo hauv kev ua kom pom tseeb qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Stalinist tsoom fwv. Nws yog tus editor ntawm phau ntawv voluminous The White Sea-Baltic Canal muaj npe tom qab Stalin, luam tawm xyoo 1934. Nyob rau hauv nws, Gorky openly tsis skimp rau qhuas "… qhov no yog ib tug zoo heev kev vam meej ntawm loj transformation ntawm cov qub yeeb ncuab ntawm lub proletariat … mus rau hauv lub tsim nyog cov neeg ua hauj lwm cov chav kawm ntawv thiab txawm mus rau cov neeg nyiam ntawm lub xeev-qhov tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm… Txoj cai tswjfwm kev ua haujlwm raug lees paub los ntawm Lub Xeev Txoj Cai Tswjfwm … ib zaug ntxiv brilliantly justified nws tus kheej. " Tsis tas li ntawd, Gorky, los ntawm nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub Soviet txawj sau ntawv Olympus, justified lub repressive txoj cai raws li Stalin. Nws yog ib tug neeg txawj sau ntawv thoob ntiaj teb uas tau mloog thiab ntseeg.