Kev kawm fascism vam meej nyob rau hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Qhov chaw ntawm Soviet pedagogy tau sai sai los ntawm kev qhuab qhia uas suav nrog kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm, noob caj noob ces, thiab pedagogy. Nws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1920 los ntawm "cov kws paub txog kev puas siab puas ntsws tseem ceeb Soviet" Lev Vygotsky, Aron Zalkind thiab Pavel Blonsky lwm yam. Raws li historian Evgeniya Spitsyna, lub ntsiab ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia no yog kev cais cov menyuam yaus. "", - hais tias Spitsyn.

YUAV UA LI CAS LIBERALS tau pov thawj los ua BOLSHEVIKS

Nws zoo li, Bolsheviks tau ua dab tsi nrog nws? Nws puas zoo li Leon Trotsky Alexander Asmolov, tus thawj coj ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Lub Koom Haum rau Kev Txhim Kho Kev Kawm, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Lavxias teb sab Jewish Congress, uas yog suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab ideologist ntawm kev kawm hloov kho ntawm "tshiab" Russia? Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub liberals thiab Bolsheviks ntawm xyoo 1920s muaj ntau yam sib txawv dua li nws zoo li. Raws li txoj cai, lawv ua raws li kev xav sib txawv. Tus qub tau tsim lub ntiaj teb socialist koom pheej, tom kawg tau tawm tswv yim rau lub ntiaj teb liberal project.

Thiab qhov tseeb, thiab nyob rau hauv lwm rooj plaub, nws yuav tsum tau tsim ib tug tshiab neeg, "reformat" haiv neeg. Cov cuab yeej ntawm Marxists thiab cov neeg lag luam tau hloov mus ua ib yam - eugenic thiab haiv neeg txoj kev xav.

Doctor of Historical Sciences, xib fwb Alexey Lubkov ntseeg hais tias muaj teeb meem heev, yog tias tsis yog marginal pedological tswv yim tau tsim meej meej tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR thiab, vim li ntawd, lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Soviet pedagogy. "", - sau Lubkov.

Thawj thawj zaug hauv peb lub teb chaws, ceg txheem ntseeg ntawm pedology tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1920s tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev qhia txog kev paub yooj yim ntawm Soviet humanitarian kev paub, txhawb nqa los ntawm qee cov nom tswv, tshwj xeeb thiab Nikolai Bukharin … "", - hais tias Alexei Lubkov. Nov yog qhov AM Etkind sau rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Ntau txog L. S. Vygotsky" txog nws tus cwj pwm rau Trotsky:

Hauv Moscow hauv nruab nrab-20s. L. S. Vygotsky, nrog rau tag nrho nws cov entourage, tau nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse thiab kev nom kev tswv ntawm L. Trotsky.… Cov cim ntawm cov kev cuam tshuam no muaj ntau ob qho tib si hauv cov ntawv ntawm L. S. Vygotsky thiab hauv kev koom tes ntawm cov koom haum uas nws tau koom nrog.

I. N. Spielrein

L. Trotsky rov hais dua lub tswv yim no yam tsis tau hais txog tus superhuman Trotskyist tus ntsuj plig ntawm hom kab mob tshiab. sau L. S. Vygotsky.

Tej zaum, txhawm rau kom nkag siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm txoj kev ntseeg no, nws tsim nyog nco qab txog qhov kev xav ntawm overcompensation …

Tom qab L. Trotsky, L. S. Vygotsky tau sau tias "lub kiv puag ncig yog ua kom rov kawm dua ntawm tib neeg." Lub kiv puag ncig yog nyob ruaj khov thiab paub txog hauv kev nco qab zoo li hauv kev ua; los yog ua ntej ntawm lub sijhawm. Yog li ntawd, lub kiv puag ncig tawm xws li qhov chaw loj thiab muaj koob meej rau kev puas siab puas ntsws. Raws li cov cuab yeej muaj zog thiab tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv arsenal ntawm kab lis kev cai, kev puas siab puas ntsws yuav tsum ua haujlwm rau kev hloov pauv, ua rau nws txoj kev hloov pauv lub ntiaj teb.

Nadezhda Khramova Kuv paub tseeb tias pedology nyob rau hauv 1920s - 1930s coj mus rau kev tu siab. Kev nthuav qhia dav dav ntawm feem ntau cov kev xeem tsis raug, cov kev qhia sib txawv, raws li lawv hais tam sim no, nws qhov kev hloov pauv, ua rau muaj kev poob qis hauv kev kawm zoo. “- piav txog tus kws kho mob hlwb. -. . Raws li Evgeny Spitsyn, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1920 - thaum ntxov 1930s, muaj kev xyaum ua ob pawg nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv - pedological thiab pedagogical. Pedologists tau ua qhov kev sim, sau tus menyuam cov ntaub ntawv anthropometric (piv txwv li, lub taub hau loj), pom nws keeb kwm, thiab lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, tus menyuam kawm ntawv tau raug muab rau hauv chav kawm no lossis chav kawm ntawd, rau lub tsev kawm ntawv no lossis lub tsev kawm ntawv - ib txwm lossis tshwj xeeb. Nws yog pedologists uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau tag nrho lub tsev kawm ntawv txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kev kawm ntawv thiab upbringing, cov kws qhia ntawv raug suav hais tias tsuas yog cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv thiab tau nruj tswj los ntawm pedologists.

- txuas ntxiv Spitsyn. - O

Xyoo 1936, nws tau pom tseeb tias kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis tsis tuaj yeem ua tau rau kev kawm thoob ntiaj teb raws li pedology. Yog li ntawd, lub Central Committee ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) tau tshaj tawm tsab cai "Nyob rau pedological perversions nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm cov neeg lub Commissariat rau kev kawm ntawv" txwv tsis pub cov kev ua ub no ntawm pedologists. Cov ntaub ntawv no hais tias:

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Soviet kev kawm rov qab mus rau pre-revolutionary qauv, ntxiv kev paub tshiab thiab ua rau kev kawm universal.

NTAWM LUB NTUJ CEEB TSHEEJ

Cov lus qhia txhua leej txhua tus, thiab nrog kev ua tau zoo, tig los ua qhov tseeb., - sau Nadezhda Khramova.

Nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, Soviet kev kawm thawj zaug nyob rau hauv 500 xyoo tau tsa ib pawg ntawm nws tus kheej cov kws tshawb fawb, uas tau dhau los ntawm kev sib sau ua ke sab hnub poob hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. ", - hais tias Khramova. - ".

Qhov kev tawg zoo li no yog qhov tsis tau pom dua hauv keeb kwm. Ib yam li cov peev txheej ntawm lub teb chaws loj, uas Sab Hnub Poob yeej tsis tau tswj hwm los ua thaj tsam, tsis tau muaj dua. Thaum, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ntxeev siab ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb, USSR poob, thawj qhov uas cov tuam txhab nyiaj thoob ntiaj teb tau pib faib nyiaj rau yog los hloov kho kev kawm. Ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej nruj tshaj plaws ntawm IMF hauv xyoo 1990 rau kev faib nyiaj rau lwm qhov yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom paub txog USE.

QHOV CHAW UA HAUJ LWM NTAWM RUSSIA UA HAUJ LWM

Raws li MGIMO associate professor Olga Chetverikova, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tej yaam num, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm uas nws tau npaj los tsim kho kev kawm, tau koom nyob rau hauv innovation chaw. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho yog kev hloov pauv, kev hloov pauv, ntau pluralism, kev kawm ntau yam, uas yog, txhua yam uas yuav tsum tau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm ib qho chaw kawm. Xyoo 1988, cov chaw tau muab tso rau hauv pab pawg tshawb fawb ib ntus "Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv". Nws tau coj los ntawm Eduard Dneprov, uas tau los ua tus Minister of Education hauv 1990, thiab txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, cov tswv yim qhia tau qhia nyob rau hauv lub xeev.

Thaum ntxov xyoo 1990, cov ntawv cog lus tau kos npe nrog World Bank (IBRD), Cov Nyiaj Txiag Soros, Los ntawm Foundation Carnegie, tsoom fwv ntawm Belgium thiab Netherlands. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv txhawj xeeb txog nyiaj txiag ntawm kev hloov kho hauv kev kawm tom qab Soviet. Feem ntau, raws li yav dhau los Minister of Education Dniprov tau sau tseg hauv nws phau ntawv "", qhov tseem ceeb sab nraud tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev kawm. Tsuas yog peb xyoos xwb, txij xyoo 1991 txog rau xyoo 1993, $ 700 lab raug xa mus rau cov hom phiaj no, xyoo 1992, txoj cai tshiab kev kawm tau qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm "tus qauv kev kawm". Nws xav tias tsis kam lees qhia meej txog qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntawm kev paub ntawm cov ncauj lus thiab kev qhuab qhia, es tsis txhob siv qee lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv uas multivariance yog ua tau.

Xyoo 1994-1995, World Bank tau tsim cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam nrog kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev kawm txuj ci qub qub Soviet. Tom qab tag nrho, yuav tsum muaj kev kawm tshiab, uas yuav. Lub Tuam Txhab Nyiaj Txiag Ntiaj Teb tau thov kom kaw lub koom haum kev cob qhia kws qhia ntawv, tsim "", tshem tawm cov tsev kawm haujlwm ua haujlwm uas tsis tuaj yeem ua cov txheej txheem kho dua tshiab, tsis yog txhawm rau nce kev siv nyiaj rau kev kawm qib siab thiab theem nrab kev kawm txuj ci hauv tag nrho GDP, thiab ntau. ntau. Lawv kuj tau tham txog "kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas", uas tau dhau los ua qhov laj thawj rau kev qhia txog USE.

Nyob rau hauv 1992, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub teg num ntawm lub World Bank uas lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab ntawm Kev Lag Luam tau tsim, uas tau tuav los ntawm Asmeskas cov kws tshaj lij. HSE tau los ua qhov chaw uas saib xyuas thiab txuas ntxiv saib xyuas tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov kho kev kawm. "", - hais txog Chetverikova.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws los ua Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Kev Kawm Ntawv. Nws tseem nyob hauv txoj haujlwm no mus txog rau xyoo 1998. Nyob rau hauv 1997, Asmolov pib luam tawm phau ntawv journal Pedology. Nyob rau hauv cov nplooj ntawv ntawm thawj qhov teeb meem, tus thawj coj tau hais tias qhov kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm qhia txog kev kho kom zoo ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb loj uas tau rhuav tshem los ntawm Stalinist satraps.

FORM OR CONTENT

Olga Chetverikova ntseeg hais tias thawj tiam ntawm cov qauv kev kawm ntawm 1998-1999 tseem cuam tshuam cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo hauv cheeb tsam no. Tsim los ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Kev Lag Luam thiab tau txais los ntawm Ministry of Education thiab Science, tus qauv tshiab 2004 twb tau hloov pauv lawm. Tom qab ntawd tus rector ntawm "ntauwd" Yaroslav Kuzminov tau nthuav tawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom tseem ceeb, uas tau hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau hloov kho tag nrho cov kev kawm. Lub ntsiab lus yog tias, ntawm qhov kev kawm yav dhau los yog raws li: 1) dawb, 2) universality, 3) fundamentality. Txij li thaum lawv tsis kam tshaj tawm tej yam no ncaj qha, lawv sim muab cov txheej txheem kev hwm.

Xibfwb Lubkov tseem ntseeg tias tsoomfwv cov qauv kev kawm hauv lub xeev tam sim no tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. "", Nws hais tias. Raws li Nadezhda Khramova, uas tau ua haujlwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv tau ntau xyoo, txhua qhov kev hloov kho tau ua tiav txhawm rau txhawm rau rhuav tshem txoj kev kawm kom Russia tsis muaj sijhawm rau kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis.

", - hais tus kws kho mob hlwb. - ".

Tab sis cov me nyuam puas siab puas ntsws tau paub ntau xyoo lawm tias cov lus tsis tuaj yeem qhia ua ntej tshaj 10 xyoo. "", - yws Nadezhda Khramova.

Yevgeny Spitsyn nco qab txog yuav ua li cas thaum ntxov 2000s, thaum nws yog ib tug thawj coj ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, muaj tag nrho cov "implantation" ntawm psychologists. "", - hais tias Spitsyn. Psychologists raug ntiav los ua lwm kauj ruam los tsim ib lub tsev kawm ntawv qhia. "" - Spitsyn indignant.

Los ntawm menyuam yaus mus rau kev pabcuam

Nadezhda Khramova ntseeg hais tias qhov nrov ntawm cov tswv yim pedological txuas nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev rhuav tshem kev kawm rau hauv ob "lub tes tsho" - elitist thiab dav: "".

Raws li Yevgeny Spitsyn, nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm childcentrism thiab socialization ntawm cov neeg xiam oob qhab, kev hloov pauv ntawm kev kawm ntawv, ib tug zais segregation ntawm cov me nyuam tab tom ua thiab, qhov tseeb, muaj kev txhawb siab ntawm tib yam pedology, uas tau txwv nyob rau hauv lig. Xyoo 1930s. Tus historian hu qhov no mus kom ze fascist:

Qhov tseeb tias qhov kev ntshai ntawm kev sib tham ntawm Lavxias ntiaj teb yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog pov thawj los ntawm kev pib tsis ntev los no ntawm Civil Initiatives Foundation, uas yog coj los ntawm Alexey Kudrin: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? … Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 2015 hauv Transbaikalia, nws tau sim ua qhov project eugenic pilot, uas yuav tsum npog tag nrho cov me nyuam lub tsev kawm ntawv, los ntawm cov chaw zov me nyuam mus rau cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, qhov kev sim yog npaj yuav ncua mus rau tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm Russia. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab "nyob rau hauv txoj kev Kudrinsky" npau taws mus rau qhov tseeb tias txhua tus menyuam yaus, pib ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua, yuav tsum tau muab faib ua plaub pawg: cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov chav kawm muaj tswv yim, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm pabcuam. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account "kev sib yuav" - menyuam yaus-marginalized, cov menyuam yaus uas muaj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo, cov menyuam yaus tsis zoo. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam lub tswv yim txog tib neeg "kev sib yuav" nws yog hais tias: "". Kev koom tes ntawm cov niam txiv hauv kev xaiv ntawm txoj kev kawm thiab kev tshaj lij ntawm tus menyuam rau nws qhov kev tso npe hauv qhov no lossis qhov "caste" tsis muab.

SAIB LEEJ TWG PHEM

Nws tau dhau los ua ib qho chaw txaus ntshai ntawm kev poob qis ntawm kev kawm. Tab sis tib neeg, raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj kev pom zoo ntawm qhov teeb meem tragic no. Olga Chetverikova tab tom sim qhia nws lub zeem muag.

", - nws hais. - ".

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 2010, txoj cai lij choj "Nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm cov kev pab cuam ntawm lub xeev thiab lub nroog" raug saws. Raws li nws, lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub xeev tau txhais tias yog kev pabcuam thiab xa mus rau tus kheej tes. Qhov tseeb, kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam tau tshwm sim. Tam sim no, raws li txoj cai lij choj, cuam tshuam nrog Txoj Cai Lij Choj, kev kawm, kev saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv, thiab ib lub luag haujlwm hauv lub xeev yuav tsum tau muab faib ua lag luam thiab xa mus rau kev lag luam. Ntxiv mus, Russia tau pib npaj rau kev koom nrog WTO. Tom qab tag nrho, lub koom haum no nws tus kheej yog lub khw muag khoom thiab cov kev pabcuam.

Cov kev cai tseem ceeb tau sau tseg hauv "Lub Tswv Yim rau kev txhim kho tshiab" tau txais los ntawm xyoo 2011. Nws hais tias peb yuav tsum tsim ib tus neeg tshiab nrog cov peev txheej tsim nyog. Ua li no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau hloov txoj kev kawm, kom ua "tshiab" koj yuav tsum tau npaj txij thaum yau. Tus neeg ua lag luam tshiab tshiab dhau los ua tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho kev kawm. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov koom haum tau muab tso rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm kev lag luam ntiag tug.

Nyob rau hauv 2013 tus Minister of Education Dmitry Livanovhais lus ntawm lub rooj sib tham hauv lub xeev Duma, nws tau hais tias Ministry of Education thiab Science ntawm Lavxias Federation npaj kho nws cov phiaj xwm raws li Txoj Haujlwm Kev Kawm-2030 foresight project. Nws tau tsim [1] los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov tuam txhab nyob hauv Skolkovo rau Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no [2] nws ua raws li los ntawm 2013 cov txheej txheem ntawm denationalization thiab privatization ntawm thawj, theem nrab thiab qib siab kev kawm yuav tsum tshwm sim. Cov txheej txheem yuav tsum ua kom tiav los ntawm 2020.

GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP NTAWM COV KEV PAB CUAM RUSSIA

Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov neeg hloov kho, cov kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tsis xav tau hauv Russia. Tom qab tag nrho, nws xav tau kev nqis peev loj, tsuas yog lub xeev tuaj yeem them nyiaj rau nws. Lavxias teb sab oligarchy tsis txaus siab rau qhov kev nqis peev no: "qhov hnyav" kev lag luam hauv tsev yog qhov xav tau lossis cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv raw.

Raws li Olga Chetverikova, cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv tsev koom nrog 5-100 qhov kev pab cuam, lub hom phiaj yog los txhawb peb cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv ntiaj teb kev ntsuas, tau raug xa mus rau kev tswj hwm ntawm Asmeskas kev tswj hwm.

"", - Chetverikova xav.

Kev tsim kho tshiab rau cov neeg hloov kho, hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog lub hom phiaj, tsis yog lub cuab yeej rau kev hloov pauv. "", - hais tias Olga Nikolaevna.

Qhov no tsis yog nyob rau Tebchaws Meskas. Lub teb chaws yog txiav txim los ntawm ib tug nyiaj txiag-tub rog-kev txawj ntse complex, uas muaj xws li cov tsev txhab nyiaj, thiab cov koom haum loj tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm rau cov tub rog-kev lag luam complex thiab cov kev txawj ntse system, thiab loj heev transnational corporations. Cov tsev kawm ntawv loj tshaj plaws tau suav nrog hauv tib txoj haujlwm. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv lub chaw soj nstuam uas tshiab tub rog technologies raug tsim. Piv txwv li, Massachusetts Institute of Technology yog ib feem ntawm lub chaw no. Peb tsis muaj cov koom haum zoo li no.

Tib lub caij nyoog rau peb lub teb chaws kom tsis txhob muaj ib tug foresight project uas tau cog lus rau cov neeg "tsis zoo" rau lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm kev ua si, thiab eugenically "dawb" cov pej xeem tshiab computer interfaces implanted nyob rau hauv lub hlwb yog mus rau nws tus kheej txoj kev.

"- Olga Chetverikova sau tseg. - ".

Elena Serdechnaya

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