Kev rau txim nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm tsarist, yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm ntawv

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kev rau txim yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv "Domostroy", tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub era ntawm Tsar Ivan lub txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, lawv txawm suav nrog cov khoom cais: "Yuav ua li cas tsa koj cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv kev ntshai ntawm Vajtswv" thiab "Yuav ua li cas qhia cov me nyuam thiab cawm lawv los ntawm txoj kev. ntshai."

Kev rau txim yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv "Domostroy", tsim thaum lub sij hawm lub era ntawm Tsar Ivan lub txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, lawv txawm suav nrog cov khoom cais: "Yuav ua li cas tsa koj cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv kev ntshai ntawm Vajtswv" thiab "Yuav ua li cas qhia cov me nyuam thiab cawm lawv los ntawm txoj kev. ntshai."

Rau txim rau koj tus tub thaum nws tseem hluas, thiab nws yuav so koj thaum koj laus, thiab muab kev zoo nkauj rau koj tus ntsuj plig. Thiab tsis txhob tu siab rau tus me nyuam bey: yog hais tias koj rau txim nws nrog ib tug pas nrig (uas yog, ib tug pas nrig. - Ed.), nws yuav tsis tuag, tab sis nws yuav noj qab nyob zoo, rau koj, los ntawm kev tua nws lub cev, cawm nws. ntsuj plig ntawm kev tuag. Hlub koj tus tub, nce nws qhov txhab - thiab tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsis khav ntawm nws. Rau txim rau koj tus tub txij thaum hluas thiab koj yuav zoo siab rau nws hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob, thiab ntawm cov neeg siab phem koj yuav muaj peev xwm khav tau ntawm nws, thiab koj cov yeeb ncuab yuav khib koj. tsa cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv kev txwv thiab koj yuav pom kev thaj yeeb thiab koob hmoov nyob rau hauv lawv. Yog li ntawd, tsis txhob pub nws dawb rein nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, tab sis taug kev raws nws tav thaum nws loj hlob, thiab tom qab ntawd, thaum loj hlob, nws yuav tsis ua txhaum rau koj thiab yuav tsis ua mob rau koj thiab mob ntawm tus ntsuj plig, thiab cov Kev puas tsuaj ntawm ib lub tsev, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom, thiab kev thuam ntawm cov neeg nyob ze, thiab kev thuam ntawm cov yeeb ncuab.

Lub koom haum tau txais cov qauv hnyav, thiab ntau cov lus txib tseem nyob hauv tib neeg lub cim xeeb: "Koj yog leej txiv zoo li cas, yog tias koj tus menyuam tsis ntshai ntawm koj" dab ntxwg nyoog tau loj hlob, tab sis tsis quilted nrog nplawm." Cov kev cai zoo sib xws tau muaj zog hauv cov tsev kawm theological ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, thiab hauv thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv secular, thiab kaw cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th - thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm raug rau txim hnyav heev.

Qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Cov tswv yim ntawm Enlightenment, nrov nyob sab Europe, pib nkag mus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Nws tau ntseeg tias lub neej tshiab tuaj yeem tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum nws coj ib tug neeg ntawm "hom tshiab" - ib qho kev paub, tib neeg, ua raws li qhov laj thawj. Empress Catherine II tau sau rau hauv nws Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Kawm ntawm Cov xeeb ntxwv hauv 1784:

Feem ntau tsis muaj kev rau txim yuav pab tau rau cov menyuam yaus, yog tias nws tsis ua ke nrog kev txaj muag uas lawv tau ua txhaum cai; txawm ntau npaum li ntawd rau cov me nyuam, nyob rau hauv uas nws tus ntsuj plig txaj muag rau qhov phem yog instilled los ntawm cov me nyuam mos, thiab rau qhov no nws yog sau: kom rov hais dua cov tub kawm ntawv thiab ua rau lawv xav nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lub sij hawm uas cov neeg uas, los ntawm kev mob siab rau thiab mob siab rau, ua kom tiav qhov yuav tsum tau. ntawm lawv, yeej kev hlub thiab qhuas los ntawm txhua tus neeg; tab sis rau kev tsis mloog lus thiab tsis saib xyuas, saib tsis taus, tsis nyiam yuav ua raws, thiab tsis muaj leej twg yuav qhuas lawv.

Thiab nyob rau hauv 1785, "Charter rau Nobility" tau luam tawm, uas txwv tsis pub lub cev rau txim rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nom tswv. Nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem tsim raws li Tsev Kawm Ntawv Reform, raws li Charter ntawm 1786, ib qho kev txwv tag nrho rau cov hom kev rau txim no kuj tau qhia.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv tseem tsis tau muaj. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, tsim nyob rau hauv 1811, cov tub ntxhais kawm txhaum raug xa mus rau tom qab rooj, los yog deprived ntawm lawv lyceum uniform rau ib hnub, los yog excommunicated los ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv. Tsis tshua muaj lawv tau muab tso rau hauv lub txim rau lub khob cij thiab dej, qhov chaw uas lawv tau sib tham txog kev kawm nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm.

Txhua yam hloov pauv tom qab hais lus ntawm Decembrists ntawm Senate Square thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1825. Nws tau hais tias cov neeg ntxeev siab loj hlob los ntawm "txoj kev tsis hloov", thiab qhov teeb meem no tau daws los ntawm Nicholas I. Lub tsev kawm ntawv charter ntawm 1828, raws li cov me nyuam ntawm cov chav kawm qis pib kawm nyob rau hauv ib-chav tsev kawm ntawv parish tsev kawm ntawv, bourgeois thiab tub lag luam nyob rau hauv peb lub xyoos cov tsev kawm ntawv, thiab cov nom tswv thiab cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv xya-xyoo gymnasiums, rov qab txoj cai rau lub cev rau txim. Yuav ua li cas rau txim rau cov neeg ua txhaum, cov ntseeg ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv lawv tus kheej txiav txim siab.

Cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem raug ntaus nrog tus pas ntsuas, txhos caug ntawm peas qhuav, lossis ntaus nrog rods. Cov npe ntawm pranks ua raws li cov kev rau txim no ntev heev. Kev tub nkeeg, kev dag, kev tsis mloog lus hauv chav kawm, kev tsim txom, kev sib ntaus, kev ceeb toom, kev sau ntawv tsis zoo, tsis muaj ntaub ntawv sau, kev ua txhaum cai thaum so, haus luam yeeb, tsis hwm cov xib fwb, tsis kam hnav khaub ncaws, thiab txawm tias hla kev pab cuam. Tab sis deb ntawm txhua qhov kev ua phem, cov tub ntxhais kawm raug hem nrog tus pas nrig. Rau kev ua txhaum me me, cov neeg ua txhaum tau txais kev rau txim me me. Kev rau txim rau lub cev tsis tau siv rau cov menyuam ntxhais.

Cov pov thawj ntawm lub sijhawm no tau khaws cia hauv ntau yam haujlwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab classics. Piv txwv li, tus kws sau ntawv Nikolai Pomyalovsky tau lees paub tias nws tus kheej tau raug flogged tsawg kawg yog 400 zaug hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, thiab nws tseem tsis ntseeg tias "Kuv puas hla lossis tseem tsis tau txiav?" Thiab hauv Sketches ntawm Bursa, nws tau piav qhia txog txhua hom kev rau txim:

… Drunkenness, sniffing luam yeeb, autocratic tsis tuaj kawm ntawv, sib ntaus sib tua thiab suab nrov, ntau yam tsis zoo ua si - tag nrho cov no yog txwv tsis pub los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, thiab tag nrho cov no tau ua txhaum los ntawm camaraderie. Lub absurd fucking thiab Spartan rau txim nyuaj rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, thiab lawv tsis harden ib tug ntau npaum li Goroblagodatsky.

Goroblagodatsky, raws li inveterate, feem ntau tau txais los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm; nyob rau hauv xya xyoo nws raug ntaus peb puas zaug thiab ib tug infinite tus naj npawb ntawm lub sij hawm raug rau ntau lwm yam rau txim ntawm lub bursa.

Qhov kev rau txim no tsis yog ib qho kev txaj muag, tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus thiab tag nrho ntawm kev mob thiab qw tias Goroblagodatsky, uas raug ntaus nyob rau hauv pej xeem hauv chav noj mov, nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm tsib puas tus neeg, tsis tsuas yog tsis xav tsis thoob los tshwm nyob rau hauv. pem hauv ntej ntawm nws comrades tom qab flogging, tab sis txawm khav rau lawv.

Lawv muab nws tso rau ntawm lawv lub hauv caug rau ntawm lub rooj zaum ntawm txoj kab nqes, ntawm nws cov tav tav, yuam tus hma hneev rau ob puas hauv ob lub tsho plaub, txiav txim rau nws tuav hauv nws txhais tes tsis txo qis, ib lub pob zeb hnyav rau ib nrab. ib teev lossis ntau dua (tsis muaj dab tsi hais, cov thawj coj tau tsim tawm), kib nws nteg nws nrog tus pas ntsuas ntawm lub xib teg, tuav nws ntawm ob sab plhu, nphoo ntsev rau ntawm nws lub cev uas tau tawg (ntseeg tias cov no yog qhov tseeb) Nws ua siab ntev rau txhua yam Spartan: nws lub ntsej muag tau dhau los ua hnyav thiab hnyav tom qab kev rau txim, thiab kev ntxub ntxaug rau cov tub ceev xwm tau sau rau hauv nws tus ntsuj plig.

Nws "tau txais" tsis yog rau cov tub ntxhais kawm zoo tib yam, tab sis kuj rau cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm tsev neeg imperial. Nicholas kuv thiab nws tus tij laug Mikhail feem ntau raug ntaus nrog cov thawj coj, rab phom ramrod thiab rods los ntawm tus xib fwb Matvey Lamsdorf. Alexander II thiab nws cov menyuam tau raug coj los ua ntau txoj kev ywj pheej: tsis yog kev rau txim rau lub cev, lawv siv kev txwv rau zaub mov, kev lom zem thiab kev sib ntsib nrog cov niam txiv. Tej zaum yog vim li cas tus huab tais-liberator xyoo 1864 tau tshaj tawm tsab cai ntawm kev zam los ntawm kev rau txim rau lub cev ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm cov tsev kawm theem nrab.

Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, qhov kev xyaum no tseem niaj hnub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob deb nroog thiab pawg ntseeg. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tuaj yeem raug rub los ntawm pob ntseg lossis plaub hau, ntaus ntiv tes nrog tus pas ntsuas, lossis muab tso rau hauv kaum. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub gymnasiums, lawv pib nkag mus rau lub misdeeds ntawm cov me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb conduit magazine. Kev ua txhaum tau tshwm sim hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm tus cwj pwm, thiab qhov kev rau txim loj tshaj plaws yog raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv: ib ntus excommunication, los yog muaj cai mus kawm ntawv ntxiv rau lwm qhov, los yog "nrog hma daim pib" - tsis muaj txoj cai mus kawm ntawv ntxiv. nyob qhov twg. Konstantin Paustovsky piav txog cov xwm txheej zoo li no hauv zaj dab neeg "Distant Years":

Kuv pom tsuas yog ib tug menyuam kawm ntawv theem siab raug ntiab tawm nrog daim pib hma. Qhov no yog thaum kuv twb kawm qib 1 lawm. Nws tau hais tias nws ntaus tus kws qhia ntawv German Yagorsky, tus txiv neej tsis zoo nrog lub ntsej muag ntsuab. Yagorsky hu nws ib tug neeg ruam nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawv. Cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab thov kom Yagorsky thov txim. Yagorsky tsis kam. Ces tus tub kawm ntawv ntaus nws. Rau qhov no nws raug ntiab tawm nrog "hma daim pib".

Hnub tom qab, tom qab raug tshem tawm, tus tub kawm ntawv tuaj rau gymnasium. Tsis muaj ib tug neeg saib xyuas tsis kam txwv nws. Nws qhib lub qhov rooj ntawm chav kawm, nqa tawm ib tug Browning (lub npe ntawm rab yaj phom. - Ed.) los ntawm nws lub hnab ris thiab taw rau Yagorsky.

Yagorsky dhia tawm ntawm lub rooj thiab, npog nws tus kheej nrog ib phau ntawv xov xwm, khiav ntawm lub rooj, sim nkaum tom qab cov tub ntxhais kawm gymnasium. "Coward!" - qw tus tub kawm, tig, taug kev mus rau qhov chaw tsaws ntawm ntaiv thiab tua nws tus kheej hauv siab.

Thaum kawg, kev rau txim rau lub cev raug tshem tawm tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1917. Tsoom fwv Soviet tau qhia cov niam txiv thiab cov menyuam txog kev coj noj coj ua tshiab ntawm kev loj hlob. Cov lus tshaj tawm tshaj tawm tau dhau los ua neeg nyiam: "Tsis txhob ntaus tus menyuam - qhov no ua rau nws txoj kev loj hlob qeeb thiab ua rau nws tus cwj pwm tsis zoo", "Lub tsev kawm ntawv yog phooj ywg ntawm menyuam yaus", "Kev ntaus thiab rau txim rau menyuam yaus hauv tsev neeg", "Tsis txhob ntaus lossis rau txim. cov me nyuam, coj lawv mus rau pab tub ceev xwm pioneer", "Tsis txhob cem thiab ntaus cov txiv neej, nws yog qhov zoo dua los yuav lawv phau ntawv" thiab lwm yam.