Cov dab neeg ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam Renaissance

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Raws li lub official version, nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 14th-15th centuries, ib tug ntse hloov nyob rau hauv painting - lub Renaissance. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1420s, txhua tus neeg dheev tau zoo dua ntawm kev kos duab. Vim li cas cov duab dheev dhau los ua qhov tseeb thiab nthuav dav, thiab hauv cov duab muaj lub teeb thiab ntim?

Tsis muaj leej twg xav txog qhov no tau ntev. Txog thaum David Hockney khaws lub iav tsom iav.

Thaum nws tab tom saib cov duab kos los ntawm Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Fab Kis xyoo pua 19th. Hockney tau txaus siab pom nws cov duab me me ntawm qhov loj dua, thiab nws nthuav dav rau ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv. Qhov no yog li cas nws stumbled raws li ib tug zais cia sab hauv keeb kwm ntawm painting txij thaum lub Renaissance.

Tom qab ua cov ntawv luam ntawm Ingres 'me me (kwv yees li 30 centimeters) cov duab kos, Hockney xav tsis thoob thaum lawv muaj tiag. Thiab nws kuj xav tias Ingres cov kab ua rau nws nco txog qee yam. Nws muab tawm tias lawv nco nws txog Warhol txoj haujlwm. Thiab Warhol tau ua qhov no - nws tau ua ib daim duab rau ntawm daim ntaub thiab qhia nws.

Cov xwm txheej txaus siab, Hockney hais. Pom tau tias Ingres siv Lub Koob Yees Duab Lucida - ib qho khoom siv uas yog ib qho qauv nrog lub prism uas txuas nrog, piv txwv li, ntawm ib qho chaw sawv ntsug rau lub ntsiav tshuaj. Yog li, tus kws kos duab, saib nws daim duab nrog ib lub qhov muag, pom cov duab tiag tiag, thiab nrog rau lwm tus - kos duab nws tus kheej thiab nws txhais tes. Nws hloov tawm qhov kev tsis pom kev kho qhov muag uas tso cai rau koj kom raug hloov pauv ntawm lub neej tiag tiag rau daim ntawv. Thiab qhov no yog precisely lub "guarantee" ntawm realism ntawm daim duab.

Tom qab ntawd Hockney tau xav txog qhov "optical" hom kev kos duab thiab duab kos duab. Hauv nws lub studio, nws thiab nws pab neeg tau dai ntau pua kev luam tawm ntawm cov duab kos duab tsim ntau pua xyoo rau ntawm phab ntsa. Cov haujlwm uas zoo li "tiag tiag" thiab cov uas tsis yog. Teem los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm creation, thiab los ntawm cov cheeb tsam - sab qaum teb nyob rau sab saum toj, sab qab teb nyob rau hauv qab, Hockney thiab nws pab neeg pom ib tug ntse hloov nyob rau hauv painting nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 14-15 centuries. Feem ntau, txhua tus neeg uas paub tsawg kawg yog me ntsis txog keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab paub - Renaissance.

Tej zaum lawv siv tib lub koob yees duab lucid? Nws tau patented hauv 1807 los ntawm William Hyde Wollaston. Txawm hais tias, qhov tseeb, cov cuab yeej zoo li no tau piav qhia los ntawm Johannes Kepler rov qab rau xyoo 1611 hauv nws txoj haujlwm Dioptrice. Tom qab ntawd, tej zaum lawv siv lwm yam khoom siv kho qhov muag - lub koob yees duab obscura? Tom qab tag nrho, nws tau paub txij li lub sijhawm ntawm Aristotle thiab yog chav tsaus ntuj uas lub teeb nkag los ntawm lub qhov me me thiab yog li hauv chav tsaus ntuj qhov kev kwv yees ntawm dab tsi nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub qhov tau txais, tab sis inverted. Txhua yam yuav zoo, tab sis cov duab uas tau txais thaum pom los ntawm lub koob yees duab pinhole yam tsis muaj lub lens, muab nws me me, tsis yog qhov zoo, nws tsis meej, nws xav tau ntau lub teeb ci, tsis hais qhov loj me. ntawm qhov projection. Tab sis cov lo ntsiab muag zoo yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem ua kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 16th, vim tsis muaj txoj hauv kev kom tau cov iav zoo li no thaum lub sijhawm. Tej yam uas yuav tsum tau ua, xav Hockney, los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd twb tau tawm tsam qhov teeb meem nrog tus kws kho mob Charles Falco.

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ib daim duab los ntawm Jan Van Eyck, tus neeg pleev kob ntawm Bruges thiab Flemish tus neeg pleev kob ntawm Renaissance thaum ntxov, uas muaj qhov tsis paub tseeb. Cov duab kos npe hu ua "Portrait of the Arnolfini Couple".

Daim duab tsuas yog ci nrog ntau cov ntsiab lus, uas yog qhov nthuav heev, vim nws tau pleev xim rau hauv 1434 nkaus xwb. Thiab daim iav ua ib qho lus qhia txog yuav ua li cas tus sau tau tswj kom ua li no ib kauj ruam loj rau pem hauv ntej ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm daim duab. Thiab tseem lub candlestick yog incredibly intricate thiab muaj tiag.

Hockney tau tawg nrog kev xav paub. Nws tau tuav ib daim qauv ntawm xws li ib tug chandelier thiab sim kos nws. Tus kws kos duab tau ntsib nrog lub fact tias xws li ib tug complex yog nyuaj rau kos nyob rau hauv foundations. Lwm qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov khoom siv ntawm cov duab ntawm cov khoom hlau no. Thaum piav qhia txog cov khoom siv hlau, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum tau muab cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb raws li qhov ua tau, vim qhov no muab ntau qhov tseeb. Tab sis qhov teeb meem nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb no yog tias lawv txav mus los thaum tus neeg saib lossis tus kws kos duab txav txav, uas txhais tau tias nws tsis yooj yim los ntes lawv txhua. Thiab cov duab tiag tiag ntawm cov hlau thiab glare kuj yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov duab kos duab Renaissance, ua ntej cov kws kos duab tsis tau sim ua qhov no.

Los ntawm kev tsim ib qho qauv peb-dimensional ntawm lub chandelier, pab pawg Hockney tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov chandelier nyob rau hauv Lub Portrait ntawm Arnolfini khub niam txiv tau kos kom raug hauv kev xav nrog ib qho kev ploj mus. Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog tias cov cuab yeej kho qhov muag zoo li lub koob yees duab obscura nrog lub lens tsis muaj nyob rau ib puas xyoo tom qab cov duab tsim.

Qhov loj me me qhia tau hais tias daim iav hauv daim duab "Portrait of the Arnolfini Couple" yog convex. Yog li ntawd muaj iav ntawm qhov tsis sib xws - concave. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv cov hnub, xws li iav tau ua nyob rau hauv no txoj kev - ib tug iav sphere raug coj, thiab nws cov hauv qab yog them nrog nyiaj, ces txhua yam tsuas yog hauv qab raug txiav tawm. Sab nraub qaum ntawm daim iav tsis tsaus. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias Jan Van Eyck daim iav concave tuaj yeem yog tib daim iav uas tau pom hauv daim duab, tsuas yog los ntawm sab nraub qaum. Thiab txhua tus physicist paub dab tsi daim iav, thaum xav txog, ua haujlwm ib daim duab ntawm qhov cuam tshuam. Nws nyob ntawm no tias nws tus phooj ywg physicist Charles Falco tau pab David Hockney nrog kev suav thiab kev tshawb fawb.

Qhov tseeb, tsom xam ntawm qhov projection yog kwv yees li 30 square centimeters, uas yog raws nraim qhov loj ntawm lub taub hau nyob rau hauv ntau Renaissance portraits.

Qhov no yog qhov loj piv txwv li cov duab ntawm "Doge Leonardo Loredana" los ntawm Giovanni Bellini (1501), ib tug portrait ntawm ib tug txiv neej los ntawm Robert Campen (1430), Jan Van Eyck tus kheej portrait "ib tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv ib tug liab turban" thiab ntau yam ntxiv. thaum ntxov Dutch portraits.

Kev pleev xim yog ib txoj haujlwm them nyiaj ntau, thiab ib txwm ua, txhua yam kev lag luam zais cia tau khaws cia hauv kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws. Nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kws ua yeeb yam uas txhua tus neeg tsis paub tab ntseeg tias cov lus zais tau nyob hauv tes ntawm tus tswv thiab lawv tsis tuaj yeem raug nyiag. Kev lag luam raug kaw rau cov neeg sab nrauv - cov kws ua yeeb yam tau nyob hauv guild, thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm sib txawv feem ntau nyob hauv nws - los ntawm cov neeg ua eeb rau cov uas ua iav. Thiab nyob rau hauv Guild of Saint Luke, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv Antwerp thiab thawj zaug hais nyob rau hauv 1382 (ces zoo sib xws guilds tau qhib nyob rau hauv ntau lub nroog sab qaum teb, thiab ib tug loj tshaj plaws yog lub guild nyob rau hauv Bruges - lub nroog uas Van Eyck nyob) kuj muaj masters, ua. iav.

Yog li Hockney rov tsim dua li cas koj tuaj yeem kos lub chandelier nyuaj los ntawm kev pleev xim los ntawm Van Eyck. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias qhov loj ntawm lub chandelier projected los ntawm Hockney raws nraim qhov loj ntawm lub chandelier nyob rau hauv lub painting "Portrait ntawm Arnolfini khub niam txiv". Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, glare ntawm hlau - ntawm qhov projection, lawv sawv ntsug thiab tsis hloov thaum tus kws kos duab hloov txoj haujlwm.

Tab sis qhov teeb meem tseem tsis tau daws tag nrho, vim hais tias ua ntej qhov zoo ntawm optics, uas yuav tsum tau siv lub koob yees duab pinhole, muaj 100 xyoo lawm, thiab qhov luaj li cas ntawm qhov projection tau txais kev pab los ntawm daim iav yog heev me me.. Yuav ua li cas pleev xim duab loj dua 30 square centimeters? Lawv tau tsim zoo li ib tug collage - los ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev pom, nws tau tig tawm ib hom kheej kheej lub zeem muag nrog ntau cov ntsiab lus ploj mus. Hockney paub qhov no, vim hais tias nws tus kheej tau koom nrog hauv cov duab zoo li no - nws tau ua ntau yam duab collages uas tau ua tiav tib yam nkaus.

Yuav luag ib puas xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1500s, thaum kawg nws tau los ua tau thiab txheej txheem iav zoo - lo ntsiab muag loj tshwm. Thiab thaum kawg lawv tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv lub koob yees duab obscura, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas tau paub txij li lub sijhawm qub. Lub lens lub koob yees duab obscura yog ib qho kev hloov pauv zoo kawg hauv kev kos duab kos duab, vim tias qhov projection tam sim no tuaj yeem yog qhov loj me. Thiab ib qho ntxiv, tam sim no cov duab tsis yog "wide-angle", tab sis kwv yees li ib txwm nam - uas yog, kwv yees li tib yam li niaj hnub no thaum thaij duab nrog lub lens nrog lub focal ntev ntawm 35-50mm.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb meem nrog kev siv lub koob yees duab pinhole nrog lub lens yog tias qhov projection pem hauv ntej ntawm lub lens yog mirrored. Qhov no ua rau muaj coob tus neeg sab laug hauv kev pleev xim rau thaum ntxov ntawm kev siv optics. Raws li nyob rau hauv daim duab no los ntawm 1600s los ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej Frans Hals, qhov twg ob khub ntawm sab laug tes seev cev, ib tug txiv neej laug sab laug yog hem lawv nrog ib tug ntiv tes, thiab ib tug laug-tes liab cov phooj ywg nyob rau hauv tus poj niam hnav ris tsho.

Qhov teeb meem yog daws los ntawm kev txhim kho daim iav rau hauv uas lub lens yog qhia, yog li tau txais qhov tseeb projection. Tab sis pom tau tias, daim iav zoo, tiaj tus thiab loj yuav raug nqi ntau, yog li tsis yog txhua tus muaj nws.

Ua kom pom tseeb yog lwm qhov teeb meem. Qhov tseeb yog tias qee qhov ntawm daim duab ntawm ib txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub canvas nyob rau hauv qhov projection rays tsis pom tseeb, tsis meej. Nyob rau hauv Jan Vermeer txoj haujlwm, qhov twg siv optics pom tau meej, nws txoj haujlwm feem ntau zoo li cov duab, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov chaw tsis pom tseeb. Koj tuaj yeem pom cov duab kos uas lub lens muab - lub npe tsis zoo "bokeh". Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub painting "Lub Milkmaid" (1658), lub pob tawb, lub khob cij nyob rau hauv nws thiab lub xiav vase yog tsis pom zoo. Tab sis tib neeg lub qhov muag tsis tuaj yeem pom "tawm ntawm kev tsom xam".

Thiab nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm tag nrho cov no, nws tsis yog txhua qhov xav tsis thoob tias tus phooj ywg zoo ntawm Jan Vermeer yog Anthony Phillips van Leeuwenhoek, kws tshawb fawb thiab microbiologist, nrog rau tus tswv tshwj xeeb uas tsim nws tus kheej lub tshuab tsom iav thiab lo ntsiab muag. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau los ua tus kws kos duab tom qab tus thawj tswj hwm. Thiab qhov no tso cai rau peb xav tias Vermeer tau piav qhia meej nws tus phooj ywg ntawm ob daim duab - "Geographer" thiab "Astronomer".

Txhawm rau pom ib qho hauv kev ua kom pom tseeb, koj yuav tsum hloov txoj haujlwm ntawm daim ntaub hauv qab cov duab hluav taws xob. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, yuam kev nyob rau hauv proportions tshwm sim. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom ntawm no: lub xub pwg loj ntawm "Anthea" Parmigianino (kwv yees li 1537), lub taub hau me me ntawm "Lady Genovese" Anthony Van Dyck (1626), ko taw loj ntawm cov neeg pluag hauv cov duab los ntawm Georges de La Ncig Saib.

Tau kawg, txhua tus kws kos duab siv lo ntsiab muag txawv. Ib tug neeg rau sketches, ib tug neeg ua los ntawm ntau qhov chaw - tom qab tag nrho, tam sim no nws yog ua tau los ua ib tug portrait, thiab ua kom tiav cov so nrog lwm tus qauv los yog nrog ib tug dummy nyob rau hauv dav dav.

Velazquez kuj tseem yuav luag tsis muaj duab kos. Txawm li cas los, nws masterpiece tseem nyob - ib tug portrait ntawm Pope Innocent lub 10th (1650). Nyob rau txiv lub robes - obviously txhob lo lo ntxhuav - muaj ib tug zoo nkauj ua si ntawm lub teeb. Blikov. Thiab txhawm rau sau tag nrho cov no los ntawm ib qho kev pom, koj yuav tsum tau sim ntau heev. Tab sis yog tias koj ua qhov projection, ces tag nrho cov kev zoo nkauj no yuav tsis khiav tawm - lub glare tsis txav mus, koj tuaj yeem sau nrog raws nraim qhov dav thiab nrawm zoo li Velazquez's.

Tom qab ntawd, ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam muaj peev xwm them taus lub koob yees duab obscura, thiab qhov no tau tso tseg tsis pub leej twg paub. Canaletto nquag siv lub koob yees duab los tsim nws qhov kev pom ntawm Venice thiab tsis zais nws. Cov duab no, vim lawv qhov tseeb, ua rau nws tuaj yeem hais lus Canaletto ua tus tsim ua yeeb yaj kiab. Ua tsaug rau Canaletto, koj tuaj yeem pom tsis tsuas yog daim duab zoo nkauj, tab sis kuj yog keeb kwm nws tus kheej. Koj tuaj yeem pom dab tsi thawj tus choj Westminster nyob hauv London xyoo 1746.

Tus kws ua yeeb yam Askiv Sir Joshua Reynolds muaj lub koob yees duab obscura thiab pom tau tias tsis qhia leej twg txog nws, vim nws lub koob yees duab folds thiab zoo li phau ntawv. Niaj hnub no nws nyob hauv London Science Tsev khaws puav pheej.

Thaum kawg, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, William Henry Fox Talbot, siv lub koob yees duab-lucide - qhov uas koj yuav tsum tau saib nrog ib lub qhov muag thiab kos nrog koj txhais tes, foom phem, txiav txim siab tias qhov kev tsis txaus siab no yuav tsum tau ua tam sim ntawd. nrog ib zaug thiab rau tag nrho, thiab tau los ua ib tug ntawm inventors ntawm tshuaj yees duab, thiab tom qab ib tug nrov nrov uas ua rau nws loj heev.

Nrog rau kev tsim cov duab thaij duab, monopoly ntawm painting ntawm realism ntawm daim duab ploj mus, tam sim no daim duab tau dhau los ua monopoly. Thiab ntawm no, thaum kawg, pleev xim rau nws tus kheej tawm ntawm lub lens, txuas ntxiv txoj hauv kev uas nws tig mus rau xyoo 1400, thiab Van Gogh tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm txhua daim duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Lub invention ntawm kev yees duab yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas tau tshwm sim rau painting nyob rau hauv nws tag nrho cov keeb kwm. Nws tsis yog tsim nyog los tsim cov duab tiag tiag, tus kws kos duab tau dawb. Tau kawg, nws tau siv pej xeem ib puas xyoo los caum cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv lawv txoj kev nkag siab ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab tsis txhob xav txog cov neeg zoo li Van Gogh ua "vwm." Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws ua yeeb yam tau pib siv cov duab zoo li "cov ntaub ntawv siv". Ces cov neeg xws li Wassily Kandinsky, Lavxias teb sab avant-garde, Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock tshwm sim. Tom qab painting, architecture, duab puab thiab suab paj nruag tau dim. Muaj tseeb, Lavxias teb sab kev kawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm painting yog daig nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, thiab niaj hnub no nws tseem yog ib tug txaj muag nyob rau hauv academies thiab tsev kawm ntawv siv photography los pab, thiab lub siab tshaj plaws feat yog suav tias yog ib tug purely technical peev xwm los kos li realistically raws li tau nrog liab qab tes.

Ua tsaug rau ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm cov neeg sau xov xwm Lawrence Weschler, uas yog nyob rau ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm David Hockney thiab Falco, lwm qhov tseeb nthuav tawm: daim duab ntawm Arnolfini ob peb los ntawm Van Eyck yog ib daim duab ntawm ib tug tub lag luam Italian hauv Bruges. Mr. Arnolfini yog ib tug Florentine thiab ntxiv mus, nws yog ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Medici bank (xav tau cov tswv ntawm Florence thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance, yog suav hais tias yog patrons ntawm kos duab ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ltalis). Thiab qhov no hais li cas? Qhov tseeb tias nws tuaj yeem yooj yim coj cov lus zais ntawm guild ntawm St. Lukas - daim iav - nrog nws, mus rau Florence, qhov twg, raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm, Renaissance pib, thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam los ntawm Bruges (thiab, raws li, lwm tus tswv) yog. suav tias yog "primitivists".

Muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob ib ncig ntawm Hockney-Falco txoj kev xav. Tab sis yeej muaj ib tug grain ntawm qhov tseeb nyob rau hauv nws. Raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm kos duab, cov neeg thuam thiab cov neeg sau keeb kwm, nws yog qhov nyuaj rau xav txog tias muaj pes tsawg txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb ntawm keeb kwm thiab kos duab tau ua tiav tsis muaj tseeb, qhov no kuj hloov pauv tag nrho keeb kwm ntawm kos duab, tag nrho lawv cov kev xav thiab cov ntawv.

Qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv optics nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev diminishes cov txuj ci ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam - tom qab tag nrho, cov txheej txheem yog ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm conveying cov artist xav tau. Thiab vice versa, qhov tseeb hais tias muaj ib tug tiag tiag kev muaj tiag nyob rau hauv cov paintings tsuas ntxiv hnyav rau lawv - tom qab tag nrho cov, qhov no yog li cas cov neeg ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, yam, thaj chaw, lub zos zoo li. Cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag.

Lub Hockney-Falco txoj kev xav tau piav qhia los ntawm nws tus kws sau David Hockney hauv BBC David Hockney cov ntaub ntawv "Secret Knowledge", uas tuaj yeem pom hauv YouTube (ib ntu 1 thiab ntu 2 hauv lus Askiv. lang.):