Kev pom tshwj xeeb ntawm Kalgut petroglyphs

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Hauv Altai thiab Mongolia, petroglyphs zoo sib xws tau pom. Archaeologists tau xaus lus tias lawv tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau tib lub qauv, uas muaj ntau yam nrog cov pob zeb kos duab ntawm classical European monuments ntawm Paleolithic. Cov kws tshawb fawb hu ua style Kalgutin thiab piav qhia nws cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Ib tsab xov xwm hais txog qhov no tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Journal Archaeology, Ethnography thiab Anthropology ntawm Eurasia.

Cim nrhiav

"Nyob rau hauv Siberia thiab Far East tsis muaj petroglyphs uas cov kws txawj yuav tsis muaj kev xyiv fab cais raws li Paleolithic era. Qhov tseeb yog tias niaj hnub no tsis muaj txoj hauv kev ncaj nraim ntawm kev sib tham ntawm cov monuments, thiab cov qauv paub tseeb ntawm pob zeb kos duab ntawm lub sijhawm qub yog pom nyob rau hauv Western Europe. Txawm li cas los xij, kuv paub tseeb tias cov duab ntawm Kalgutinsky mine hauv Gorny Altai thiab ntawm Baga-Oygur thiab Tsagaan-Salaa qhov chaw hauv Mongolia yog cov Paleolithic lig, nws tsis zoo li lwm yam, "hais tias tus kws pab tswv yim rau tus thawj coj ntawm Lub koom haum ntawm Archaeology thiab Ethnography ntawm SB RAS Academician Vyacheslav Ivanovich Molodin.

Cov kws tshawb fawb pom cov petroglyphs txawv txawv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1990s. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, excavations ntawm faus mounds ntawm lub Pazyryk kab lis kev cai tau ua nyob rau hauv lub Ukok toj siab, uas nyob ze. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Siberian archaeologists pom lub mummies ntawm warrior thiab "Altai ntxhais huab tais" zoo kawg nkaus khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub permafrost. Cov dluab, NW nyuam qhuav pom tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm maj mam, polished los ntawm ib tug glacier, pob zeb tau ua tsis muaj tsawg nthuav discovery.

Cov figurines carved nyob rau hauv pob zeb yog txawv los ntawm cov kws txawj tau ntsib nyob rau hauv Altai ua ntej. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, lawv ua rau nws nco txog lub pob zeb kos duab ntawm Paleolithic monuments ntawm Fabkis. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm cov cim ntawm Kalgutin petroglyphs, tsis muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm paleofauna, xws li mammoths thiab rhinos, qhia txog lub hnub nyoog qub ntawm lub monument. Tsis muaj ib daim duab ntawm cov neeg ko taw lossis cov neeg caij nees, nrog rau cov tsiaj uas pom tsuas yog hauv cov duab pob zeb lig. Cov heroes ntawm petroglyphs ntawm lub Kalgutinsky mine yog dawb nees, bulls, tshis, tsis tshua muaj mos mos, uas yuav tau ntsib los ntawm ib tug prehistoric artist uas nyob rau hauv lub Holocene thiab ntau ua ntej.

Cov pob zeb saum npoo av, uas cov tsiaj tau ntim khoom, thaum kawg tau npog nrog cov suab puam tan - darkened nyob rau hauv lub cuam tshuam ntawm ultraviolet hluav taws xob thiab lwm yam tej yam kev mob. Raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm archaeologists, qhov no kuj yog pov thawj tsis ncaj ncees ntawm lub hnub nyoog qub ntawm petroglyphs.

Tsis zoo li pob zeb paintings, cov xim uas yog hnub tim siv radiocarbon tsom xam, lub hnub nyoog pes tsawg ntawm petroglyphs - silhouettes carved rau hauv pob zeb - yog qhov nyuaj heev los tsim. Qhov no tsuas yog ua tau thaum muaj hmoo zoo, piv txwv li, yog tias cov pob zeb tawg nrog cov duab tawg tau pom nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai txheej nrog rau lwm yam khoom qub. Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua qhov kev tshawb nrhiav, suav nrog txhua qhov tseeb uas tuaj yeem qhia txog kev sib tham.

Ib xyoo caum tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm Kalgutinsky mine monument, cov duab zoo sib xws tau pom nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob Mongolia hauv cov hav ntawm Baga-Oigur thiab Tsagaan-Salaa tus dej, ntawm thaj chaw ciam teb ntawm Ukok toj siab. Ntawm lwm cov Mongolian petroglyphs, muaj cov uas, feem ntau yuav, qhia mammoths, uas yog, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Paleolithic fauna. Ancient txiv neej tuaj yeem kos cov tsiaj no tsuas yog tias nws nyob nrog lawv tib lub sijhawm. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau muab piv rau Mongolian paintings nrog classical qhov tsua paintings ntawm mammoths los ntawm Fabkis lub qhov tsua thiab pom muaj qhov zoo sib xws.

Kev sau ntawv ntawm cov kws kos duab thaum ub

Raws li archaeologists, ob qho tib si petroglyphs yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug archaic yam thiab stylistically nyob ze rau ntau classical monuments ntawm pob zeb kos duab nyob rau hauv Western Europe. Altai thiab Mongolian pom yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj tiag, txhob txwm ua tsis tiav thiab minimalism, nrog rau zoo li qub thiab tsis muaj kev xav, uas feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm Paleolithic era.

Ib qho kev pom zoo sib xws tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas seb tus tib neeg ntawm tus tsiaj lub cev raug kho li cas. Piv txwv li, muaj ob txoj hauv kev rau kev hloov lub taub hau. Hauv thawj kis, nws zoo li daim duab peb sab thiab txuas rau lub caj dab ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm 90 degrees. Cov style no yog txuam nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev luam ntawv, los yog picketage: tom qab tus kws kos duab pleev xim rau sab sauv ntawm lub taub hau, qee zaum tig mus rau hauv lub horn, nws hloov txoj hauj lwm ntawm nws txhais tes thiab pib ib txoj kab tshiab qhia rau sab nraum qab ntawm tus tsiaj.. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thib ob, txoj kab qaum ntawm lub taub hau txuas ntxiv smoothly nrog txoj kab ntawm sab nraub qaum. Cov kab qis ntawm lub taub hau nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si yog ua los ntawm nyias thiab txuas nrog cov kab sab sauv hauv thaj tsam ntawm tus tsiaj lub qhov ncauj.

Ob tug variants muaj nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm lub hind ceg. Qhov no yog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm ob txoj kab ncaj nraim - lub plab thiab sab nrauv ntawm lub caj dab, uas tsis muaj kev nthuav dav ntawm tus ncej puab, los yog kev txhais lus tseeb dua, uas tso cai rau koj los qhia txog lub plab bulging.

Lub caij ntev tshaj plaws ntawm petroglyph feem ntau yog kab rov qab, nws tau ua ntej, thiab tus tsiaj lub cev twb tau sau rau ntawm nws. Lub nraub qaum feem ntau yog khoov mus rau lub hauv caug ntawm lub plab, los yog vice versa - bent nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug hump. Tus Tsov tus tw tsis tuaj lossis yog ib qho txuas ntxiv ntawm kab rov qab, ob txhais ceg feem ntau tsis tiav thiab ib txwm tsis muaj hooves.

Tau ntev, nws tau ntseeg tias Paleolithic pob zeb kos duab tau khaws cia tsuas yog hauv qhov tsua, tab sis tsis yog nyob rau hauv dav hlau qhib (los yog qhib huab cua, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws hais). Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th nyob rau hauv Western Europe, ntau yam monuments tau pom nyob rau hauv ib zaug, ntseeg tau hnub tim mus rau qhov kawg ntawm lub Paleolithic era. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - Foz Côa - nyob rau hauv Portugal.

Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, daim duab peb sab lub taub hau, kev hloov ntawm lub taub hau kab mus rau hauv lub horn kab, tsis muaj kev nthuav dav ntawm tus ncej puab yog cov cim tshwj xeeb ntawm Kalgutin thiab Mongolian petroglyphs, tej zaum yog ib cheeb tsam feature. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv petroglyphs nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab, ob qho tib si daim duab peb sab thiab ntau qhov tseeb version ntawm daim duab ntawm lub taub hau tuaj yeem pom nrog ntau txoj hauv kev hloov mus rau sab nraub qaum. Qhov no tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias peb tab tom ntsib tsis yog ob qho kev sib txawv, tab sis cov txuj ci sib txawv hauv tib lub canon, uas zoo ib yam li cov qauv qub ntawm Paleolithic kos duab.

Analogs ntseeg tau hnub tim rau lub sijhawm Paleolithic tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov monuments hauv Portugal (Fariseo, Canada-Inferno, Rego de Vide, Costalta), Fabkis (Per-non-Peer, Coske, Rukadur, Marsenac) thiab Spain (La Pasiega, Ciega Verde), Covalanas). Archaeologists nco ntsoov qhov zoo sib xws ntawm ib co Mongolian dluab nrog painting nyob rau hauv lub "Cave of a Thousand Mammoths" Ruffignac thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub nto moo Chauvet.

Cov tawv nqaij rhyolite

Yuav kom nkag siab txog yam cuab yeej uas cov duab tau ua nrog: pob zeb lossis hlau, uas yog, tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau nyiam mus rau txoj kev tshawb no. Kalgutinsky mine tau dhau los ua haujlwm txaus ntshai rau lawv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau nyob deb ntawm tam sim ntawd tuaj yeem nkag siab yuav ua li cas cov duab tuaj yeem siv rau rhyolite, pob zeb pob zeb nyuaj, zoo li granite, licked los ntawm glacier.

"Feem ntau, petroglyphs pom ntawm cov pob zeb mos thiab cov shales. Thaum ib tug neeg khob tawm ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv, muaj me me potholes, dents, qhov, uas koj yuav to taub yuav ua li cas nws ua hauj lwm. Ntawm Kalgutinsky mine, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi zoo li no. Kuv tau ua haujlwm hauv ib pab neeg nrog qee tus kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws - Hugh Plisson los ntawm University of Bordeaux thiab Catherine Cretin los ntawm National Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Prehistoric Era hauv Fab Kis, peb tau ua qhov kev sim ntawm qhov chaw uas tsis muaj duab, sim rov ua cov txheej txheem. siv lub pob zeb, tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, "hais Cov Kws Tshawb Fawb ntawm IAET SB RAS, Tus Neeg Sib Tw ntawm Keeb Kwm Kev Tshawb Fawb Lidiya Viktorovna Zotkina.

Tsuas yog cov hlau zoo heev ua haujlwm ntawm rhyolite, uas tib neeg tsis paub txog thaum Lub Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis ntseeg tias cov neeg thaum ub muaj peev xwm them taus siv cov cuab yeej hlau ntau heev, uas yav dhau los muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.

Tsis ntev los no, Vyacheslav Molodin pab neeg tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm lub sijhawm twg cov petroglyphs tuaj yeem tsim tau. Lub pob tsuas ntawm no tau ib zaug npog los ntawm glacier, yog li cov duab tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim ua ntej nws ploj mus. Qhov kev sib tham tau ua tiav los ntawm Fabkis cov kws tshawb fawb geomorphologists los ntawm University of Savoy Mont Blanc. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb xyuas lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov av cosmogenic nuclides. Lawv tsim thaum lub atoms ntawm ib co minerals disintegrate nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm high-zog cosmic particles thiab accumulates nyob rau hauv lub ze-ntog qhov chaw ntawm lub pob zeb. Los ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov nuclides accumulated, nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab lub sij hawm ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm pob zeb nto. Nws muab tawm tias lub glacier tawm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kalgutinsky mine rov qab rau hauv Paleolithic, uas txhais tau hais tias txawm tias cov neeg ua yeeb yam thaum ub muaj lub sijhawm los tawm hauv lawv lub cim rau ntawd.

"Ib zaug peb rov muab ib lub pob zeb hauv zos, uas peb twb tau sim lawm, tab sis pib ua txawv: me ntsis zog, ua siab ntev me ntsis - thiab nws ua haujlwm. Nrog rau cov tshuab me me uas tsis muaj zog, nws tig tawm mus rau hauv lub pob zeb sab saud, thiab tom qab ntawd nws twb tau ua cov pob zeb raws li koj nyiam. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov no yog cov txheej txheem atypical rau lwm thaj tsam ntawm Altai thiab rau Mongolia, "piav Lidia Zotkina. Trasologist sau tseg tias yuav luag tag nrho cov petroglyphs ntawm qhov chaw no, tsis tshua muaj kev zam, yog tsim los ntawm cov cuab yeej pob zeb, tab sis qhov no feem ntau tsis yog lub cim ntawm lub sijhawm, tab sis kev siv thev naus laus zis, uas yog vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv.

Tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom ntawm Kalgutinsky mine ntau cov duab ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntiav ntiav, uas tau lees paub lawv txoj kev xav. Cov petroglyphs darkened dhau lub sij hawm thiab twb NW nyuam qhuav distinguishable tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm lub pob zeb. Tab sis thaum lub cim pebble yog tshiab, nws contrasts nrog rau saum npoo, thiab tsis tas yuav mus tob rau hauv daim duab. Nws yog cov dluab uas tshwm sim ntawm lub monument nyob rau hauv feem ntau. Lwm cov txheej txheem nrog kev pab los ntawm qhov uas nws tau tig mus ua txhaum kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub crust yog kev sib tsoo, uas yog, rubbing cov kab, uas kuj tsis raug rau cov pob zeb kos duab ntawm cheeb tsam.

Los ntawm technology mus rau style

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Kalgutinsky mine cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tua ntawm petroglyphs raug txiav txim los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau xuas nrig ntaus los ntawm cov pob zeb, ces ib tug zoo xws li cov cuab yeej ntawm cov chaw ntawm Baga-Oygur thiab Tsagaan-Salaa nyob rau hauv Mongolia tsis tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov no. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm shale outcrops qhov twg yuav luag txhua yam kev kos duab pob zeb tuaj yeem siv tau.

"Hmoov tsis zoo, peb tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov cuab yeej uas Mongolian petroglyphs tau tsim nrog. Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw lawv khaws cia tsis zoo, lub pob zeb tau weathered, thiab cov dluab tau nyob twj ywm tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi ntawm qhov chaw hloov kho. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, lub picketage yog tuab heev, uas yog vim li cas nws tsis yooj yim sua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm tus kheej. Tseem, peb muaj hmoo: ntawm ib lub sijhawm, lub teeb poob rau hauv txoj hauv kev uas peb tuaj yeem pom cov duab uas tau siv tib qho kev sib tsoo thiab cov txheej txheem nto embossing raws li Kalgutin sawv daws yuav, "saib Lidia Zotkina.

Cov kws tshawb fawb qhia tias cov tswv yim tsim thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov tawv tawv tau ua kom ruaj khov thiab tau siv txawm tias tsis muaj lub hom phiaj xav tau rau lawv. Yog li, lawv, nrog rau cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm kev piav qhia, tuaj yeem suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov cim tshwj xeeb, uas cov kws tshawb fawb hu ua Kalgutin. Thiab qhov tseeb tias mammoths tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov phiaj xwm ntawm petroglyphs, thiab cov duab zoo nyob ze rau European monuments, tso cai rau archaeologists xav tias lawv tau ua thaum kawg ntawm Paleolithic era.

"Qhov no yog qhov tshiab kov rau qhov peb paub txog kev ua tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov neeg thaum ub hauv Central Asia. Kev tshawb fawb paub txog kev kos duab ntawm Paleolithic era hauv cheeb tsam. Qhov no yog lub koob npe nrov ntawm cov duab puab nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Malta hauv thaj av Irkutsk, uas nws muaj hnub nyoog los ntawm 23-19 txhiab xyoo, thiab ntau qhov chaw ntawm Angara. Qhov kev xav tias cov neeg nyob hauv Pleistocene muaj, ntawm lwm yam, pob zeb kos duab ntawm lub dav hlau qhib, haum zoo rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, "Vyacheslav Molodin ntseeg.