Cov zaub mov tau khaws cia tshiab li cas hauv lub sijhawm qub?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Archaeologists tau tshawb pom cov txheej txheem uas khaws cov zaub mov tshiab thiab siv ntev ua ntej lub tub yees.

Hauv kev cais tawm, peb feem ntau nyiam siv cov khoom siv hauv chav ua noj thiab cov tub yees uas tau yuav ntawm hnub tsis paub - piv txwv li, cov kaus poom kua zaub thiab cov zaub khov. Thiab thaum peb yuav xav tias, "Puas yog tib lub hnab ntawm peas uas kuv tau siv los tshem tawm qhov o ntawm kuv pob taws pob taws?" Peb ntseeg tau tias cov ntsiab lus muaj kev nyab xeeb noj. Cov khoom noj uas ploj mus tau khaws cia tau ntau xyoo ua tsaug rau cov txheej txheem niaj hnub no xws li khov, ntim khoom, lub tshuab nqus tsev sealing thiab tshuaj ntxiv.

Tab sis cov neeg thaum ub tau khaws zaub mov li cas?

Qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem uas txhua haiv neeg yuav tsum tau ua, pib txij thaum pib ntawm noob neej: yuav ua li cas khaws zaub mov rau "hnub los nag" - los tiv thaiv cov kab mob, kab thiab lwm yam tsiaj uas xav ua kom lwj. Ntau xyoo dhau los, archaeologists tau pom cov pov thawj ntawm ntau yam txuj ci. Qee qhov ntawm lawv, xws li ziab thiab fermentation, tseem muaj tseeb niaj hnub no. Lwm yam yog kev xyaum ua ntev, xws li dipping butter hauv peat bogs. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem qis-tech thaum ub tau zoo heev, raws li pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias qee cov khoom muaj sia nyob ntau txhiab xyoo.

Txoj kev khaws cia

Yuav kom tau txais ib lub tswv yim ntawm yuav ua li cas cia txoj kev yuav tau siv los ntawm cov neeg thaum ub, archaeologists kawm txog cov kev lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg los ntawm non-industrial societies. Lawv nrhiav tau ntau txoj kev siv tshuab qis uas tau siv ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los. Feem ntau thiab paub zoo yog ziab, salting, haus luam yeeb, pickling, fermentation thiab txias nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tub yees xws li kwj thiab underground pits. Piv txwv li, cov Sami, cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm Scandinavia, ib txwm tua reindeer thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab lub caij ntuj no; cov nqaij yog qhuav los yog haus luam yeeb, thiab cov mis nyuj yog hloov mus rau hauv cheese - "ib tug nyuaj, compact ncuav mog qab zib uas yuav kav mus txog rau xyoo," raws li ib tug ethnographic qhov chaw los ntawm nruab nrab-20th caug xyoo.

Tag nrho cov txheej txheem no ua haujlwm vim tias lawv qeeb zuj zus ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob. Thiab ziab nws zoo tshaj plaws: cov kab mob microorganisms xav tau qee qhov dej noo, uas txhawb kev ncig ntawm cov as-ham thiab pov tseg hauv lawv cov hlwb. Yog tsis muaj dej, kab mob ntsws thiab tuag (los yog tsawg kawg hibernate). Qhuav kuj inhibits oxidative thiab enzymatic kev ua si - lub ntuj tshwm sim ntawm huab cua thiab zaub mov molecules uas ua rau kev hloov ntawm saj thiab xim.

Nrog rau kev siv zog tsawg, txoj hauv kev xws li fermentation thiab ziab tuaj yeem siv tau rau yav dhau los nyob deb. Lawv yog qhov pib zoo tshaj plaws rau cov kws tshawb fawb archaeologists nrhiav kev khaws cov zaub mov qub. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm kev soj ntsuam qee cov tswv yim hauv kev nqis tes ua niaj hnub no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas cov cuab yeej tsim nyog thiab cov khoom pov tseg - cov khoom uas muaj feem yuav muaj sia nyob thiab ntab mus rau saum npoo hauv archaeological excavations, as opposed to real food.

Cov zaub mov seem

Qhov tseeb tiag, tsis txhob nrhiav zaub mov - zoo li 14,000-xyoo-laus daim ntawm jerky mos lwj - archaeologists feem ntau yos hav zoov rau cov kab ntawm kev txuag zaub mov.

Piv txwv li, ntawm qhov chaw khawb av hauv Sweden qhov chaw uas lawv nyob 8,600-9600 xyoo dhau los, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom lub qhov dej zoo li lub qhov dej uas muaj ntau dua 9,000 ntses pob txha, raws li 2016 Journal of Archaeological Science tsab xov xwm. Sab nraum lub trench, seem ntawm perch thiab pike feem ntau pom. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv lub qhov, feem ntau ntawm cov qauv tau sawv cev los ntawm roach, me me, nqaij ntses uas nyuaj rau noj yam tsis muaj kev ua. Cov cim qhia txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kua qaub tau pom nyob ntawm ib feem tsib ntawm cov pob txha roach. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau xaus lus tias lub qhov dej tau siv rau fermentation - ua rau nws yog cov pov thawj qub tshaj plaws ntawm txoj kev no.

Ib yam li ntawd, xyoo 2019, ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Phau ntawv Journal of Anthropological Archaeology uas cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tshawb fawb ntau dua 10,000 cov pob txha tsiaj, kwv yees li 19,000 xyoo, pom nyob rau hauv tam sim no Jordan. Yuav luag 90% ntawm lawv yog cov gazelles, thiab lawv tau pom nyob ib sab ntawm qhov hluav taws kub thiab cov ncej ncej nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 5-20 centimeters, uas tej zaum tuav kab teeb ntawm qee qhov qauv yooj yim. Raws li qhov no, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj txog qhov xaus tias cov pits yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv rau kev haus luam yeeb thiab ziab nqaij.

Ancient khoom noj khoom haus

Qee cov khoom noj khoom haus thaum ub tseem zoo rau niaj hnub no - zoo, lossis tsawg kawg yog siv los tsim cov khoom noj niaj hnub thiab dej qab zib.

Xyoo tas los, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Hebrew University of Jerusalem tau kho cov kab mob poov xab rho tawm los ntawm cov av nplaum thaum ub. Kev txiav txim los ntawm lawv cov duab, cov hlab ntsha no yog npias jugs uas tau pom nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw khawb hauv cov neeg Ixayees niaj hnub no uas muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 2,000 txog 5,000 xyoo. Tom qab tsim cov poov xab dormant thiab ua raws nws cov genome, cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv nws los ua npias. Raws li lawv daim ntawv tshaj tawm xyoo 2019 luam tawm hauv mBio, Beer Judge daim ntawv pov thawj cov tswv cuab pom tias nws haus tau, nco txog lus Askiv ale hauv xim thiab aroma.

Hais txog cov khoom noj khoom haus, txog 500 daim ntawm cov roj thaum ub tau pom nyob rau hauv swamps ntawm Ireland thiab Scotland. Yam tsawg kawg ntawm Hnub Nyoog Bronze, txog 5,000 xyoo dhau los, txog rau thaum xyoo pua 18th, cov neeg nyob hauv cov chaw no nkaum qaub thiab fatty butter nyob rau hauv peat bogs. Cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom sib cav txog qhov laj thawj rau kev nkag mus rau hauv cov roj hauv swamps. Ntawm cov feem ntau yuav yog ritual offerings, cia los yog txhim kho saj.

Ua li ntawd, kev loj hlob ntawm microbial thiab decomposition nyob rau hauv swamps, qhov twg acidic ib puag ncig thiab me ntsis oxygen, raug suppressed. Qee qhov tsis nco qab daim butter muaj ntau txhiab xyoo.

Archaeologists hais tias "swamp" butter yog theoretically noj tau, tab sis lawv tsis raug qhia kom sim nws.

Txawm li cas los xij, 1892 qhov teeb meem ntawm Phau Ntawv Xov Xwm ntawm Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland tau tshaj tawm tias, raws li Reverend James O'Laverty, butter muab tso rau hauv dej rau 6-8 lub hlis "tseem zoo li cheese." Hauv xyoo 2012, tus kws tshawb nrhiav zaub mov Ben Reed tau ua qhov kev sim zoo sib xws. Tom qab kev sim peb lub hlis, cov neeg haus luam yeeb piv Reed cov roj nrog salami tsw thiab moss ntxhiab. Reed nws tus kheej tau sau tseg tias cov roj, uas nws tau tso rau hauv dej rau ib xyoos thiab ib nrab, yog "qab heev."