Soviet Union ntawm World Exhibition nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Keeb kwm ntawm Ntiaj Teb Exhibition pib nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Thaum xub thawj, ntawm Expo, cov xeev tsuas yog ntsuas lawv cov kev ua tiav ntawm kev lag luam, tab sis los ntawm 1939 lub futurological nam tau los ua ntej. Tam sim no lub teb chaws xav tsis tau tsuas yog qhia qhov lawv tau ua tiav, tab sis kuj nthuav qhia "teasers" ntawm cov haujlwm yuav los tom ntej, nrog rau kev kwv yees yav tom ntej - nyiam dua tag nrho lub ntiaj teb ib zaug. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub exhibition tau tsim raws li: "Lub ntiaj teb ntawm tag kis."

Socialist realism vam meej nyob rau hauv lub USSR los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Art ntawm 1930s tsis tu ncua qhia txoj hauv kev rau kev coj noj coj ua rau cov pej xeem Soviet, thiab kev koom tes hauv World Exhibition tau tso cai ua kom pom txoj hauv kev daj daj rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws.

Soviet pavilion

Lub pavilion, uas nthuav tawm cov kev ua tiav tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej ntawm USSR, tau tsim los ntawm Boris Iofan. Thaum xyoo 1930s. Nws yog kab tias tus kws tsim vaj tsev tseem ceeb Stalinist. Nws twb tau tsim lub Tsev ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees thiab Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm USSR (aka Lub Tsev ntawm Embankment), Soviet pavilion rau 1937 World Exhibition hauv Paris, thiab tsim lub Palace ntawm Soviets uas tsis tau tshwm sim..

Lub ntsiab facade ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets. Tau qhov twg los: Wikimedia Commons

Iofan's style yog pom tau yooj yim. Qhov tseeb, nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb - txawm tias lawv loj npaum li cas - tau txais kev pabcuam raws li pedestals rau monumental sculptures. Paris pavilion tau crowned los ntawm sculptural pab pawg neeg ntawm Vera Mukhina "Tus neeg ua hauj lwm thiab Collective ua liaj ua teb poj niam", nyob rau hauv lub Palace ntawm Soviets yuav tsum tau ib tug 100-meter Lenin los ntawm Sergei Merkurov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tuam tsev pedestal zoo li muaj cov kauj ruam sib txawv, nrog rau qhov uas ib tus tuaj yeem nce mus rau lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm kev ntseeg siab.

Soviet pavilion hauv New York, 1939 Source: theatlantic.com

Lub exhibition pavilion nyob rau hauv New York tsis yog ib tug pedestal, tab sis qhov tseeb nws encircled thiab visually ntxiv lub obelisk nrog cov duab puab "Tus neeg ua hauj lwm nrog lub hnub qub". Lub pavilion tau ua nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm ib tug nees nees los yog ib lub nplhaib tawg, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm uas muaj ib tug qhib amphitheatre, qhov twg ib tug yuav saib ib tug xov xwm los yog tsuas yog so. Rau cladding ntawm lub tsev, marble tau siv.

Tus neeg ua haujlwm nrog lub hnub qub

Cov neeg ua haujlwm sculptural ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel, uas tau los ua lub crown ntawm Soviet pavilion, tuav lub hnub qub ruby ntawm nws tsa tes - yuav luag zoo li Gorky's Danko. Lub 22-meter duab puab sawv ntawm 54-meter porphyry obelisk. Tus sau ntawm qhov project yog Vyacheslav Andreev, tsis yog tus nto moo tshaj plaws Soviet sculptor (tsis zoo li, piv txwv li, nws tus tij laug Nikolai). Nyob rau hauv kev sib tw, Andreev hla xws li masters ntawm monumentalism li Mukhina thiab Merkurov.

Sculpture "Tus neeg ua haujlwm nrog lub hnub qub". Source: New York Public Library

Cov duab ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm tau ua tiav los ntawm kev tshaj tawm txoj xov zoo. Nws cov duab tau luam tawm hauv phau ntawv, cov ntawv tshaj tawm thiab cov ntawv sau. Feem ntau, cov khoom luam tawm nrog tus neeg ua haujlwm raug xa tawm. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm nto moo tshaj plaws nrog cov duab puab ntawm Andreev tau tsim los ntawm El Lissitzky.

Nws muaj cov lus ntawm Vyacheslav Molotov: "Saib seb peb lub hnub qub tsib-taw Kremlin hlawv li cas. Lawv lub teeb ci ntsa iab nyob deb thiab muaj kev ntseeg siab … Thaum muaj kev tawm tsam tub rog ntawm Soviet Union, tus neeg tawm tsam yuav ntsib ob lub zog ntawm peb cov hlau tiv thaiv tus kheej thiab lub zog ntawm lub teeb ntawm Soviet ruby hnub qub uas ci ntsa iab dhau mus. ciam teb ntawm peb lub tebchaws." Molotov qhia meej tias lub hnub qub ruby yog lub ember los ntawm qhov hluav taws kub ntawm lub ntiaj teb kiv puag ncig yuav tsum flare.

Lissitzky's poster. Tau qhov twg los: etsy.com

Tom qab ua tiav ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia (nws kav ib xyoos thiab ib nrab, txij lub Plaub Hlis 30, 1939 txog rau Lub Kaum Hli 27, 1940), cov duab puab raug xa rov qab mus rau USSR nrog rau cov seem ntawm lub pavilion: nws tau npaj rov txhim kho nws. ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntsiab nkag mus rau V. M. Gorky. Txawm li cas los xij, Soviet Union sai sai nkag mus rau Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, thiab txoj haujlwm no tsis cuam tshuam. Dab tsi tshwm sim rau cov duab puab tsis paub. Tom qab rov qab mus rau transatlantic voyage, nws txoj kev ploj.

Lenin thiab Stalin

Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1939, Stalin muaj 60 xyoo. Txawm hais tias ua ntej ntawd, nws cov duab portraits nyob txhua qhov chaw, thiab hauv xyoo jubilee muaj ntau cov duab. Qhov no tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab nrauv, sab hauv thiab cov khoom pov thawj ntawm Soviet pavilion. Lub propylea tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog plaub-meter bas-reliefs ntawm Lenin thiab Stalin, nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov paintings nthuav tawm, Stalin tau piav qhia ib puag ncig los ntawm Soviet cov menyuam yaus, thiab nws tsis yog cov thawj coj hauv granite.

Cia peb pib nrog keeb kwm yav dhau. Nyob rau hauv 1937, nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub nkag mus rau lub rooj vag No. 1 ntawm lub channel muaj npe tom qab V. I. Moscow txhim tsa 25-meter monuments rau Lenin thiab Stalin los ntawm Merkurov. Cov thawj coj tau txais tos cov nkoj uas tuaj txog ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Nyob rau hauv 1961, Stalin tau overthrown los ntawm lub pedestal, thiab granite Lenin tseem nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw thiab yog txawm lub thib ob siab tshaj monument rau Ilyich nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Monuments rau Lenin thiab Stalin ntawm lawv channel. Moscow. Tau qhov twg los: totalarch.com

Txo cov ntawv luam ntawm cov monuments (kwv yees li 3.5 m) hauv 1939 mus rau New York. Tom qab rov qab mus rau lub Union, cov thawj coj muab faib: ib tug monument rau Lenin tau tsa rau ntawm Bessarabskaya Square nyob rau hauv Kiev. Nyob rau hauv 2013, nws raug thawb tawm ntawm lub pedestal thiab puas.

Lub monument rau Stalin muaj hmoo me ntsis. Cov duab puab raug thauj mus rau Izmailovsky Park nyob rau hauv Moscow (tom qab ntawd nws ris lub npe ntawm Stalin). Tom qab lub cult ntawm tus cwj pwm twb debunked, lub monument raug tshem tawm, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1991 nws tau txiav txim siab los nruab nws nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab qhov chaw - nyob rau hauv lub Muzeon art park. Nyob ntawd koj tuaj yeem pom kev ua haujlwm ntawm Merkurov txawm tias niaj hnub no - txawm tias nrog lub qhov ntswg chipped thiab ploj ntawm ko taw.

Noble neeg ntawm lub tebchaws ntawm lub Soviets

Granite Lenin thiab Stalin sawv ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia vim li cas: lawv tau teeb tsa lub vaj huam sib luag 17-meter "Cov Neeg Noble ntawm Lub Tebchaws ntawm Soviets." Cov duab loj loj tau pleev xim los ntawm ib pab neeg ua yeeb yam hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Vasily Efanov hauv ib hlis thiab ib nrab. Kev ua haujlwm tau mus ib puag ncig, cov kws ua haujlwm ua haujlwm hauv GUM lub tsev ntawm Red Square.

Vaj huam sib luag "Cov Neeg Noble ntawm Lub Tebchaws ntawm Soviets". Source: Pinterest

Lub vaj huam sib luag depicts 60 tus neeg uas lub Soviet Union tau txaus siab rau. Ntawm lawv yog cov kws tsav dav hlau, polar explorers, cov neeg ua haujlwm poob siab, cov kws sau ntawv, kws ua yeeb yam, kws tshawb fawb thiab ntau lwm tus. Lub npe hais tias nyob rau hauv lub USSR lawv tau los ua "noble" tsis yog los ntawm kev yug me nyuam, raws li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, tab sis los ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm lawv cov achievements. Alas, tam sim no lub vaj huam sib luag tsuas tuaj yeem pom hauv cov duab: nws tau hlawv thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj.

Chaw nres tsheb "Mayakovskaya"

Monuments thiab bas-reliefs yog qhov zoo, tab sis dab tsi txog qee yam tseem ceeb dua? Piv txwv li, ib feem ntawm lub neej loj ntawm Mayakovskaya metro chaw nres tsheb tau nthuav tawm ntawm Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv New York. Tau kawg, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los qhia tag nrho cov chaw nres tsheb - qhov no yuav tsum muaj lub pavilion thib ob. Tab sis nrog kev pab los ntawm iav, kws kes duab vajtse Alexei Dushkin tau ua tiav qhov kev xav pom: cov neeg tuaj xyuas zoo li pom lawv tus kheej hauv ib lub tsev loj.

Compartment ntawm Mayakovskaya chaw nres tsheb ntawm lub exhibition. Source: Pinterest

Mayakovskaya, qhib txawm ua ntej lub exhibition, nyob rau hauv 1938, los ua lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj sib sib zog nqus kem-hom chaw nres tsheb. Cov mosaic panels rau lub vault tau tsim raws li cov duab kos ntawm Alexander Deineka. Hauv New York, Dushkin qhov project tau txais txiaj ntsig thawj zaug.

Stalin thiab menyuam yaus

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau lub Ntiaj Teb Exhibition, Vasily Svarog tau pleev xim rau cov duab "I. V. Stalin thiab cov tswv cuab ntawm Politburo ntawm cov menyuam yaus hauv M. Gorky Central Park ntawm Culture thiab Leisure ". Cov zajlus yog raws li ib tug semi-legendary rooj plaub - zoo li nyob rau hauv 1935 Stalin, Molotov, Kaganovich, Ordzhonikidze, Andreev thiab Yezhov tau taug kev nyob rau hauv lub tiaj ua si, thiab lawv nyob ib puag ncig ntawm cov me nyuam.

Cov txiv neej yog, ntawm chav kawm, zoo siab, zoo siab thiab ntse, thiab cov tswv cuab ntawm Politburo tau ntse, siab zoo thiab qhib rau kev sib tham. Tom qab tham nrog cov menyuam yaus, Stalin thiab tuam txhab tham nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm uas tau so nyob ze. Yam tsawg kawg yog qhov lawv tau sau rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm Soviet.

Painting los ntawm Svarog. Tau qhov twg los: Wikimedia Commons

Svarog tau hloov kho rau pawg tswj hwm. Yezhov yuav tsum raug tshem tawm rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb: xyoo 1938.nws twb nyob rau hauv txaj muag, thaum pib ntawm lub exhibition - nyob rau hauv raug ntes. Tus tuag Ordzhonikidze tsis nyob ntawm daim ntaub thiab. Cov chaw tsis muaj nyob ntawm daim ntaub tau raug coj los ntawm Kalinin thiab Voroshilov.

Crystal chaw

Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev nyiam nyob rau hauv Soviet pavilion yog tus ciav dej siv lead ua. Nws yog plaub meters ntawm cov khawv koob ntshiab - nws zoo li qhuas cov neeg tuaj saib tias tus ciav tau tuaj txog tsis yog hla dej hiav txwv, tab sis ncaj nraim los ntawm lub teb chaws fairy tales.

Fountain nyob rau hauv lub Soviet pavilion. Tau qhov twg los: konstantinovka.com.ua

Soviet technologists nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Fyodor Entelis tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab lub teeb ci nrog kev nyuaj heev. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus ciav dej tau siv xya lub hlis - lub sijhawm nruj heev rau qhov project loj. Crystal fragments - 77 daim - tau ua nyob rau hauv ntau lub hoobkas. Ntawm lawv yog cov nroj tsuag Avtosteklo nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Konstantinovka, Donetsk cheeb tsam. Cov nroj tsuag tau tso tseg nyob rau hauv 1996, tab sis lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Konstantinovka tseem adorned nrog cov duab ntawm tus ciav siv lead ua heev.

Daim ntawv qhia lub pov haum

Lwm qhov kev nthuav qhia nto moo ntawm Soviet pavilion yog lub vaj huam sib luag mosaic "Kev Lag Luam ntawm Socialism". Qhov no yog daim ntawv qhia lub cev-geographical ntawm USSR nrog qhov loj ntawm 5, 91 × 4, 5 m, tsim siv cov txheej txheem ntawm Florentine thiab Lavxias teb sab mosaics. Daim ntawv qhia, los ntawm txoj kev, tsis yog lub cim, tab sis ntseeg tau kiag li.

Lub vaj huam sib luag muaj ntau dua 45 txhiab daim hlau ntawm cov pob zeb xim; cov lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm USSR tau cim rau ntawm nws nrog cov pob zeb hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Cov thav ntawv, ntawv thiab ntau cov kab yog ua los ntawm cov nyiaj platinized (gilded). Qhov loj ntawm tag nrho cov splendor no yog 3.5 tons, daim ntawv qhia yog tsim los ntawm mosaic artist Vladimir Frolov. Lub vaj huam sib luag tau sau los ntawm 150 tus neeg.

Vaj huam sib luag "Kev lag luam ntawm Socialism". Tau qhov twg los: vsegei.ru

Daim ntawv qhia tsis tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau New York City. Txoj haujlwm tau pib thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1936, ib xyoos tom qab lub vaj huam sib luag tau nthuav tawm ntawm World Exhibition hauv Paris. Qhov kev vam meej ntawm cov khoom pov thawj tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj, yog li nws tau txiav txim siab rov qab mus ncig ntawm Kev Lag Luam ntawm Socialism.

Tom qab tag nrho cov kev mus ncig, daim npav yuav tsum muaj kev txaus siab ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab chaw tos txais ntawm lub Palace ntawm Soviets. Tam sim no lub vaj huam sib luag yog nyob rau hauv Central Scientific Research Geological Prospecting Museum. Academician F. N. Chernyshev.

Fragment ntawm ib lub vaj huam sib luag. Tau qhov twg los: vsegei.ru

Thaum Lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv New York, Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II tau tawg. Tau ntev, cov teb chaws tsis muaj sij hawm los qhia txog kev ua tau zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua thiab kwv yees cov duab yav tom ntej. Tom ntej no exhibition tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1949-1950. hauv Port-au-Prince - lub peev ntawm Haiti.

Daria Paschenko