Mysterious card ntawm Tsarevich Godunov

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nws tau raug lees paub tias thawj daim duab qhia chaw ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia tau ua los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws siv cov ntawv xov xwm Lavxias uas tau ploj tom qab. Ntxiv mus, thawj daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev los yog Muscovy nkag mus rau cov kab lis kev cai ncig ntawm Europeans tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th.

Ib qho ntawm thawj daim ntawv qhia zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia yog "Daim Ntawv Qhia ntawm Fyodor Godunov". Nws ntseeg tias tau muab tso ua ke los ntawm nws lossis raws li nws cov lus qhia.

Tshaj tawm hauv Amsterdam los ntawm cov ntawv sau hauv 1613 los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm, Hessel Gerrits. Daim ntawv luam tawm los ntawm Gerrits kuj suav nrog ib qho khoom siv nrog lub tswv yim ntawm Moscow.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov tseeb, lawv kawm txog daim ntawv qhia xwb nyob rau hauv lub lig 18th - thaum ntxov 19th centuries. Tus sau nto moo ntawm cov khoom qub txeeg qub teg suav A. I. Musin-Pushkin nyob rau hauv 1782 tau txais nyob rau hauv Moscow ib tug version ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia engraved nyob rau hauv 1651 (los ntawm lwm Dutch cartographer Nicholas Piscator (1618-1679), kuj hu ua Vischer los yog Fischer), thiab muab nws rau Empress Catherine II.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm daim card. Hauv kev ua si "Boris Godunov" tus tub huabtais tsuas yog tibneeg hu tauj coob kos daim duab qhia chaw …

Daim duab qhia dheev tau nthuav dav rau cov neeg sau keeb kwm thiab cov neeg sau, nws cov ntsiab lus tau raug tshawb fawb zoo, kev tshawb fawb tau sau txog nws (E. Shmurlo, 1832; N. Ustryalov, 1859; I. Stebnitsky, 1889). Thaum Emperor Paul kuv tau tsim lub npe nrov Depot ntawm maps (1801), ib daim ntawv theej ntawm daim ntawv qhia, yav tas los yog Catherine II, nkag mus rau hauv Depot, thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, tus tub rog cartographer Colonel Deiriard tau kos ib daim qauv ntawm nws, uas tag nrho cov npe thiab inscriptions tau muab txhais ua lus Lavxias.

Tab sis, ntau zaus daim npav tau ua si, ntau cov lus nug nws tshwm sim.

Lub npe nthuav dav ntawm daim npav yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub cartouche luxurious (nyob rau hauv qis sab laug ces kaum ntawm daim card) nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim ntaub thaiv npog, framed los ntawm lub sovereign cwj pwm ntawm lub xeev Moscow:

Cov ntawv txhais lus ntawm lub npe tag nrho: MAP NTAWM RUSSIA, ua los ntawm cov ntawv sau sau nrog kev pab ntawm Fedor, tus tub ntawm Tsar Boris, thiab coj mus rau tus dej Dvina thiab Sukhona, ntau npaum li peb ua tau los ntawm ntau cov duab qhia chaw thiab. xov xwm thiab lub Great Ruler, Tsar thiab Grand Duke Michael Fedorovich ntawm tag nrho cov Russia, Autocrat ntawm Vladimir, Moscow thiab Novgorod; Tsar ntawm Kazan, Tsar ntawm Astrakhan, Tsar ntawm Siberia, tus kav ntawm Pskov, Grand Duke ntawm Smolensk, Tver, Yugorsk, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgar, thiab lwm yam, nrog rau tus kav thiab Grand Duke ntawm Nova. -city ntawm Nizov av, thiab lwm yam King ntawm Georgia thiab lwm tus: nplooj siab rau Gessel Gerard nyob rau hauv 1614

Daim ntawv qhia yog kos nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim conical projection, paub txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Ptolemy, lub meridians thiab parallels yog kos ntawm 5 degrees. Lub voj voog qaum teb qaum teb yog plotted, longitude yog suav los ntawm Ferro Island, daim ntawv qhia yog taw qhia rau sab qaum teb.

Nyob rau sab laug sab laug (sab qaum teb sab hnub poob) kaum ntawm daim ntawv qhia muaj ib txoj kev npaj inset ntawm Moscow, uas, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub ntsiab daim ntawv qhia, yog taw qhia rau sab hnub poob - sab hnub poob (raws li qhia los ntawm daim card nyob rau hauv lub qis sab xis ces kaum ntawm lub inset.). Txhua yam khoom ntawm txoj kev npaj (tsev, tsev teev ntuj, sab hauv phab ntsa uas kaw lub Kremlin thiab Kitai-Gorod, thiab sab nrauv phab ntsa nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nroog, lub vaj, dej ntws nrog tributaries, txuas hniav) yog muab nyob rau hauv foundations, los ntawm ib tug noog lub qhov muag saib, uas muab txoj kev npaj. kev nthuav qhia tshwj xeeb. Qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog thiab cov tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhia los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv (qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog - nyob rau hauv cov ntawv loj, cov tsev - nyob rau hauv qis), lub decoding ntawm uas yog muab rau ib sab. Cov npe ntawm qhov pom ntawm Moscow thaum tig ntawm 16th-17th centuries yog raws li nram no:

A. Kremlin-lub nroog, Palace of the Emperor

V. Kitay-gorod, nruab nrab lub zos

D. Skorodom, sab nrauv lub nroog (Earthen nroog)

C. Tsar-city, Tsar's city (White city)

E. Streletskaya Sloboda lossis Tub Rog Txoj Kev

ib. Lub nroog xaj

b. Patriarchal Tsev

c. Tuam tsev ntawm Michael tus thawj tubtxib saum ntuj, lub ntxa ntawm huab tais (cov ntawv tau yuam kev tso rau ntawm Tswb Ntauwd ntawm Ivan lub Great)

d. Execution Ground, qhov twg cov kev pabcuam pej xeem thov Vajtswv tshwm sim thiab cov lus tshaj tawm muaj koob muaj npe

e. Cov khw muag khoom (khoom noj khoom haus arcade)

f. Lub Tsev Hais Plaub

g. Foundry House (Canon Yard)

h. Horse Square (Ne Market)

i. Lub nroog da dej

k. Ntoo yard (wood market)

l. Tsaritsyn Garden

m. Stables.

Txoj kev npaj yog nyob rau hauv ib lub thav duab, nyob rau hauv qab ntug uas muaj ib tug inscription nyob rau hauv Latin: "Moscva. Ad architypum Foedori Borissowitsi "("Moscow. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Fyodor Borisovich"). Txoj kev npaj yog qhov nthuav heev uas yog tias nws tau luam tawm ntawm nws tus kheej, nws yuav tsis qis dua hauv kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb rau daim duab qhia ntawm tag nrho lub xeev. Raws li txoj cai ntug ntawm daim ntawv qhia, nyob rau hauv lub thav duab, ib tug panoramic lub hom phiaj ntawm lub nroog ntawm Arkhangelsk yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug me me inset, qhwv nyob rau hauv ib tug oval, saum toj no uas muaj ib tug linear scale nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab versts, thiab nyob rau hauv uas ib tug. linear scale nyob rau hauv German mais yog qhia. Peb daim duab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab khaub ncaws - hom Muscovites - yog engraved ncaj qha saum toj no saib ntawm Arkhangelsk.

Daim ntawv qhia qhia lub npe hu ua "ntxhais kab" - txoj kab tiv thaiv ntawm Muscovy, ua los ntawm Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Txoj kab ntawm kev pom, ncab los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm tus dej Psel nyob rau sab qaum teb mus rau Volga ntu nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm lub nroog Saratov, ua haujlwm tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm tus sau cov lus pom ntawm daim ntawv qhia:

Zaseka, suav nrog kev txiav groves thiab ramparts, fenced tawm los ntawm Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich kom tua los ntawm Crimean Tartars ».

Daim ntawv qhia muaj cov lus hais txog thaj chaw: " Crimea los yog Tartaria Perekopskaya"," Tanais, tam sim no tus dej Don, ciam teb ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asia ", kuj muaj inscriptions nrog ethnological ntaub ntawv: "Cheremis Nagorny, yog li lub npe vim hais tias lawv nyob rau hauv roob roob" los yog "Cheremis meadow, thiaj li hu ua los ntawm sheaves ntawm quav nyab.."

Nws ntseeg tau tias, txawm tias qhov tsis raug, rau qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, daim ntawv qhia yog (thiab rau ob peb lub xyoo tseem nyob) daim ntawv qhia tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub xeev Lavxias. Daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Hessel Gerrits txawv ntawm tag nrho cov yav dhau los nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ntau dua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab cov ntsiab lus.

Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm ntawm Gerrits 'daim ntawv qhia tsis yog nug los ntawm historians, thaum, raws li ib txwm, cov keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab maps los ntawm uas nws tau theej tsis tau pom los ntawm leej twg. Cov lus nug tseem qhib li cas Gerrits, uas tsis tau mus rau Russia, tau txais cov khoom siv Lavxias.

1. Tobolsk yog lub peev ntawm Siberia. Qhov no yog lub npe ntawm lub nroog nkaus xwb hauv Tartary

2. Volga RA-dej. Lub npe ntawm tus dej Volga: Wolga olim Rha - Volga, yav tas los Ra (lat.)

3. Piebald Horde. Ib tug txawv txawv tub rog tsim nyob ze Tobolsk

Koj tuaj yeem yuav khoom plig version ntawm daim npav siv qhov txuas no: qub cards.rf