Qiv-Lease: Muab ntim thiab qhov tseem ceeb rau USSR

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nws yog tsim nyog pib nrog lub "decoding" ntawm lub sij hawm "Lend-Lease", tab sis rau qhov no nws yog txaus mus saib rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus Askiv-Lavxias teb sab. Yog li, qiv - " qiv", xauj - " xauj tsev." Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no uas Tebchaws Meskas thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob tau xa cov khoom siv tub rog, riam phom, mos txwv, khoom siv, cov khoom siv raw, khoom noj, ntau yam khoom thiab kev pabcuam rau cov phoojywg hauv Anti-Hitler Coalition. Cov xwm txheej no yuav tsum nco ntsoov thaum kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm.

Txoj Cai qiv-Lease Act tau dhau los ntawm US Congress thaum Lub Peb Hlis 11, 1941, thiab tso cai rau Thawj Tswj Hwm tso cai rau cov hom saum toj no rau cov teb chaws uas "kev tiv thaiv kev ua phem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv Tebchaws Meskas." Kev xam pom tseeb: tiv thaiv koj tus kheej nrog lwm tus txhais tes thiab khaws koj lub zog kom ntau li ntau tau.

Qiv-nqi xa khoom xa tuaj hauv 1939-45 tau txais 42 lub teb chaws, Asmeskas kev siv nyiaj rau lawv muaj ntau dua 46 billion las (13% ntawm tag nrho cov tub rog siv hauv lub tebchaws rau Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob). Lub ntsiab ntim ntawm cov khoom siv (kwv yees li 60%) poob rau hauv tebchaws Askiv; Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los no, feem ntawm USSR, uas ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, yog ntau tshaj qhov qhia: me ntsis ntau dua 1/3 ntawm UK cov khoom siv. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm qhov seem ntawm cov khoom siv poob rau Fabkis thiab Tuam Tshoj.

Txawm tias nyob rau hauv Atlantic Charter, kos npe los ntawm Roosevelt thiab Churchill thaum Lub Yim Hli 1941, nws tau hais txog lub siab xav "kom muab cov USSR nrog cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws uas nws xav tau tshaj plaws." Txawm hais tias Tebchaws Meskas tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus nrog USSR ntawm kev xa khoom ntawm 11.07.42, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm "Lend-Lease Law" tau txuas ntxiv mus rau USSR ntawm 07.11.41 los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm tsab cai (pom meej "rau hnub so"). Txawm tias ua ntej, ntawm 01.10.41 nyob rau hauv Moscow, ib daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe rau ntawm England, lub teb chaws USA thiab lub USSR ntawm kev sib nrig sib khoom xa tuaj rau lub sij hawm mus txog rau 30.06.42. Tom qab ntawd, cov ntawv cog lus zoo li no (lawv hu ua "Protocols") tau txuas ntxiv txhua xyoo.

Tab sis dua, txawm tias ua ntej, nyob rau 31.08.41, thawj caravan tuaj txog hauv Arkhangelsk raws li code lub npe "Dervish", thiab ntau los yog tsawg systematic xa nyob rau hauv qiv-Lease pib nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1941. Thaum xub thawj, lub ntsiab txoj kev ntawm kev xa khoom yog hiav txwv. convoys tuaj txog hauv Arkhangelsk, Murmansk thiab Molotovsk (tam sim no Severodvinsk). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 1530 thauj ua raws li txoj kev no, nyob rau hauv lub composition ntawm 78 convoys (42 - rau lub USSR, 36 - rov qab). Cov kev ua ntawm submarines thiab aviation ntawm fascist lub teb chaws Yelemees, 85 thauj (nrog rau 11 Soviet ships) tau poob, thiab 41 thauj raug yuam kom rov qab mus rau lawv lub hauv paus qub.

Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, lub siab tawv feat ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj ntawm teb chaws Aas Kiv thiab lwm lub teb chaws cov koom haum uas koom nyob rau hauv escorting thiab tiv thaiv convoys los ntawm Northern Route yog heev muaj nuj nqis thiab hwm.

TSEEM CEEB NTAWM LEND-LASE FOR THE USSR

Rau lub Soviet Union, uas tawm tsam nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb muaj zog aggressor, cov khoom siv ntawm cov tub rog, riam phom thiab mos txwv yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav txog lawv cov loj loj poob nyob rau hauv 1941., 13,000 cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab cov phom tiv thaiv tank, 427,000 lub tsheb, cov mos txwv loj, cov khoom tawg thiab phom phom. (Txawm li cas los xij, cov duab tau hais tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov.)

Tab sis peb yeej tsis tau txais raws nraim qhov peb xav tau tshwj xeeb, thiab raws sijhawm (sib nrug los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua uas tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv, muaj lwm yam laj thawj rau qhov ntawd). Yog li, nyob rau lub sijhawm nyuaj tshaj plaws rau peb (Lub Kaum Hli - Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1941), USSR tsis tau muab rau: aircraft - 131, tso tsheb hlau luam - 513, tankettes - 270 thiab lwm yam khoom thauj. Lub sijhawm txij lub Kaum Hli 1941 txog rau thaum Lub Rau Hli 1942 (cov ntsiab lus ntawm 1st Protocol), Tebchaws Asmeskas tau ua tiav nws cov luag haujlwm ntawm: cov foob pob tawg - tsawg dua 30%, cov neeg tua hluav taws - los ntawm 31%, cov tso tsheb hlau luam nruab nrab - los ntawm 32%, lub teeb tso tsheb hlau luam - los ntawm 37%. tsheb thauj khoom - los ntawm 19.4% (16502 hloov 85000)

AVIATION EQUIPMENT DE LIVERY BY LEND-LASE

Hom khoom siv no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Cov dav hlau nyob rau hauv qiv-Lease feem ntau yog los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, txawm hais tias qee qhov (thiab ntau heev) kuj tuaj ntawm UK. Cov duab qhia nyob rau hauv lub rooj yuav tsis coincide nrog rau lwm qhov chaw, tab sis lawv heev kom meej meej qhia lub dynamic thiab nomenclature ntawm aircraft khoom.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv lub davhlau kev ua tau zoo, lub Lend-Lease aircraft nyob deb ntawm sib npaug. Yog li. American fighter "Kittyhawk" thiab lus Askiv "Hurricane", raws li A. I. Shakhurin nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj xyoo 1941, "tsis yog cov piv txwv tshiab ntawm Asmeskas thiab Askiv thev naus laus zis"; Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lawv tau ua tsis tau zoo rau German fighters nyob rau hauv ceev thiab armament. Harry Kane, ntxiv rau, muaj lub cav tsis txaus ntseeg: vim nws tsis kam, tus kws tsav dav hlau Severomorets, ob zaug Hero ntawm Soviet Union B. F. Safonov. Soviet pilots hais ncaj ncees hu tus neeg tua rog no "lub hleb ya".

American fighter "Airacobra", uas tus Hero ntawm lub Soviet Union AI uas, raws li Pokryshkin, "smashed lub German dav hlau mus smithereens." Tab sis vim hais tias ntawm miscalculations nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub Airacobra, thaum lub sij hawm complex evolution thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua, nws feem ntau tsoo mus rau hauv ib tug nyuaj "paj" kiv, lub fuselage deformed, muaj ntau yam xwm txheej thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov neeg tsav dav hlau.

Tsoom fwv Soviet raug yuam kom nthuav tawm qhov kev thov rau cov chaw tsim khoom (Tswb), tab sis tom kawg tsis lees txais nws. Tsuas yog thaum peb tus kws tsav dav hlau A. Kochetkov raug xa mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, uas dhau ntawm lub tshav dav hlau ntawm lub tuam txhab thiab nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws cov thawj coj pom lub deformation ntawm lub Aircobra fuselage nyob rau hauv tus Tsov tus tw cheeb tsam (nws nws tus kheej tswj kom dim nrog ib tug parachute), lub tuam txhab yuav tsum rov tsim nws lub tsheb. Ib qho kev txhim kho tus qauv ntawm cov fighter, cim P-63 "Kingcobra", pib los txog rau theem kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, nyob rau hauv 1944-45, thaum peb kev lag luam yog loj-tsim zoo heev fighters Yak-3, La-5, La- 7, superior nyob rau hauv ntau tus yam ntxwv rau cov neeg Amelikas.

Kev sib piv ntawm cov yam ntxwv qhia tau hais tias cov tsheb American tsis yog qis dua rau tib hom German dav hlau nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov lus qhia yooj yim: bombers kuj muaj qhov zoo dua qub - hmo ntuj pom lub foob pob pom, uas German Ju-88 thiab Xe-111 tsis muaj. Thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ntawm Asmeskas cov neeg tawg rog muaj 12.7 hli rab phom tshuab (cov German muaj 7, 92), thiab lawv cov lej loj.

Kev siv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Asmeskas thiab Askiv lub dav hlau, tau kawg, ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntau, tab sis peb cov kws tshaj lij kuj tau kawm sai heev tsis yog tsuas yog npaj "cov neeg txawv teb chaws" rau kev sib ntaus sib tua missions, tab sis kuj kho lawv. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm British aircraft, Soviet cov kws tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm los hloov lawv cov tsis muaj zog lub tshuab rab phom ntawm 7, 71 hli caliber nrog ntau haib domestic riam phom.

Hais txog aviation, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem hais txog kev muab roj. Raws li koj paub, qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov roj av aviation yog qhov teeb meem hnyav rau peb Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog txawm tias nyob hauv lub sijhawm muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, txwv tsis pub muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv chav sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev cob qhia hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv dav hlau. Thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog xyoo, USSR tau txais nyob rau hauv qiv-Lease 630 txhiab tons ntawm aviation roj av los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas, thiab ntau tshaj 570 txhiab los ntawm Great Britain thiab Canada. 1941 - 1945. Yog li, peb yuav tsum pom zoo nrog cov lus pov thawj ntawm keeb kwm B. Sokolov tias tsis muaj cov khoom siv roj tuaj, Soviet aviation yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm tau zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Great Patriotic War. Unprecedented yog qhov nyuaj ntawm ferrying aircraft los ntawm lub tebchaws United States ntawm lawv tus kheej mus rau lub Soviet Union. ALSIB (Alaska-Siberia) txoj kev dav hlau, tau tso rau xyoo 1942 los ntawm Fairbanks (USA) mus rau Krasnoyarsk thiab dhau mus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntev - 14,000 km). Qhov kev nthuav dav uas tsis muaj neeg nyob hauv Far North thiab taiga Siberia, frosts txog 60 thiab txawm tias 70 degrees, huab cua tsis txaus ntseeg nrog huab cua tsis txaus ntseeg thiab cov daus daus ua rau ALSIB txoj kev taug kev nyuaj tshaj plaws. Ib lub ferry faib ntawm Soviet Air Force ua haujlwm ntawm no, thiab, tej zaum, tsis yog ib tug ntawm peb pilots tso tseg lawv cov tub ntxhais lub taub hau tsis nyob rau hauv ib tug sib ntaus sib tua nrog lub Luftwaffe aces, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ALSIBA txoj kev, tab sis nws feat yog ib yam nkaus thiab zoo kawg li nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej. kab. Txoj kev no tau siv los ntawm 43% ntawm tag nrho cov dav hlau tau txais los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas.

Twb tau nyob rau lub Kaum Hlis 1942, thawj pab pawg neeg Asmeskas cov neeg foob pob A-20 "Boston" tau dhau los ntawm ALSIB ze Stalingrad. Lub dav hlau ua nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov hnyav Siberian frosts - roj hmab cov khoom tawg. Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau muab ib daim ntawv qhia rau cov neeg Amelikas tam sim no rau cov roj hmab Frost-resistant - tsuas yog qhov no tau cawm qhov xwm txheej …

Nrog rau lub koom haum ntawm kev xa khoom los ntawm hiav txwv hla South Atlantic mus rau thaj av Persian Gulf thiab tsim kev sib sau ua ke nyob rau ntawd, lub dav hlau pib ferried los ntawm airfields ntawm Iran thiab Iraq mus rau North Caucasus. Txoj kev huab cua yav qab teb kuj nyuaj: roob toj siab, tsis muaj cua sov, cua daj cua dub. 31% ntawm cov dav hlau tau txais los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tau thauj mus rau nws.

Feem ntau, nws yuav tsum raug lees paub tias cov khoom siv dav hlau nyob rau hauv Qiv-Lease mus rau USSR undoubtedly ua lub luag haujlwm zoo hauv kev nce qib ntawm kev ua phem ntawm Soviet Air Force. Nws tseem tsim nyog xav txog tias txawm hais tias, qhov nruab nrab, cov dav hlau txawv teb chaws suav tsis pub ntau tshaj 15% ntawm lawv cov khoom siv hauv tsev, rau qee hom dav hlau qhov feem pua tau siab dua: rau cov neeg tawg rog pem hauv ntej - 20%, rau cov tub rog pem hauv ntej. - los ntawm 16 mus rau 23%, thiab rau naval aircraft aviation - 29% (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg tsav nkoj tau sau tseg lub nkoj ya "Catalina"), uas zoo nkaus li tseem ceeb heev.

ARMOURED EV

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tub rog, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus naj npawb thiab theem ntawm lub tsheb, tso tsheb hlau luam, ntawm chav kawm, ranked thib ob nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv qiv. Peb tab tom tham tshwj xeeb txog cov tso tsheb hlau luam, txij li cov khoom xa tuaj ntawm tus kheej-propelled phom tsis tseem ceeb heev. Thiab ib zaug ntxiv nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov ntaub ntawv sib raug zoo sib txawv heev hauv ntau qhov chaw.

"Soviet Military Encyclopedia" muab cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam (units): Tebchaws USA - txog 7000; Tebchaws Askiv - 4292; Canada - 1188; tag nrho - 12480.

Phau ntawv txhais lus-siv phau ntawv "The Great Patriotic War 1941 - 45" muab tag nrho cov tso tsheb hlau luam tau txais nyob rau hauv qiv-Lease - 10,800 units.

Qhov tseeb tsab ntawm "Lavxias teb sab thiab USSR nyob rau hauv tsov rog thiab tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th" (M, 2001) muab ib daim duab ntawm 11,900 tso tsheb hlau luam, raws li qhov tseeb ib tsab ntawm "The Great Patriotic War of 1941-45" (M, 1999).).

Yog li, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam nyob rau hauv qiv-Lease yog kwv yees li 12% ntawm tag nrho cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab nws tus kheej-propelled phom uas nkag mus rau Red Army thaum tsov rog (109, 1 txhiab units). Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum xav txog cov yam ntxwv sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Qiv-Lease tso tsheb hlau luam, qee qhov, rau brevity, tshem tawm cov neeg coob coob thiab cov phom tshuab.

Lus Askiv TANKS

Lawv tsim los ntawm feem ntau ntawm thawj ntau ntau ntawm armored tsheb nyob rau hauv qiv-Lease (ua ke nrog American M3 series tanks ntawm ob ntau yam). Cov no yog cov tsheb sib ntaus sib tua tsim los nrog cov tub rog.

Valentine Mk 111

Nws yog suav hais tias yog infantry, hnyav 16, 5 -18 tons; armor - 60 hli, phom 40 hli (ntawm qee lub tso tsheb hlau luam -57 hli), ceev 32 - 40 km / h (sib txawv cav). Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej, nws tau tsim nws tus kheej zoo: muaj ib tug tsawg silhouette, nws muaj kev ntseeg tau zoo, txheeb ze simplicity ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab txij nkawm. Muaj tseeb, peb cov neeg kho yuav tsum tau txuas "spurs" mus rau Valentine's lem kom muaj peev xwm hla teb chaws (tshuaj yej, tsis yog Europe). Lawv tau xa los ntawm Askiv - 2400 daim, los ntawm Canada - 1400 (raws li lwm qhov chaw - 1180).

"Matilda" MK II

Raws li nws cov chav kawm, nws yog ib tug nruab nrab tank hnyav 25 tons, nrog zoo armor (80 mm), tab sis tsis muaj zog phom 40 mm; ceev - tsis ntau tshaj 25 km / h. Qhov tsis zoo - qhov ua tau ntawm kev poob ntawm kev txav mus los hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov khov ntawm cov av ntes tau nyob rau hauv lub kaw chassis, uas yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Tag nrho ntawm 1,084 daim ntawm Matilda raug xa mus rau Soviet Union.

Churchill Mk III

Txawm hais tias nws tau suav hais tias yog tub rog, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov hnyav (40-45 tons) nws tau koom rau hauv chav kawm hnyav. Nws muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg kom pom tseeb - qhov kev taug qab tau pom tau npog lub hull, uas ua rau tus neeg tsav tsheb pom hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nrog rau cov cuab yeej muaj zog (sab - 95 hli, lub hauv pliaj ntawm lub cev - txog li 150), nws tsis muaj riam phom muaj zog (cov phom raug ntsia tsuas yog 40 - 57 hli, tsuas yog rau qee lub tsheb - 75 hli). Tsis tshua muaj ceev (20-25 km / h), tsis zoo maneuverability, txwv visibility txo cov nyhuv ntawm muaj zog armor, txawm hais tias Soviet tankers sau tseg lub Churchills 'zoo combat survivability. Lawv tau xa 150 daim. (raws li lwm qhov chaw - 310 pcs.). Lub cav ntawm "Valentines" thiab "Matildas" tau teeb tsa diesel, ntawm "Churchill" - carburetor.

AMERICAN TANKS

Rau qee qhov laj thawj, qhov ntsuas M3 tau qhia ob lub tank Asmeskas ib zaug: lub teeb M3 - "General Stewart" thiab nruab nrab M3 - "General Lee", aka "General Grant" (hauv kev siv ntau - "Lee / Grant").

MH "Stewart"

Qhov hnyav - 12, 7 tons, armor 38-45 mm, ceev - 48 km / h, armament - 37 mm cannon, carburetor cav. Nrog zoo armor thiab ceev rau lub teeb tank, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog yuav tau nco ntsoov qhov txo maneuverability vim lub peculiarities ntawm kis tau tus mob thiab tsis zoo maneuverability vim tsis txaus adhesion ntawm lem mus rau hauv av. Xa mus rau USSR - 1600 pcs.

M3 "Lee / Grant"

Qhov hnyav - 27.5 tons, booking - 57 mm, ceev - 31 km / h, armament: 75 mm cannon nyob rau hauv lub corps sponson thiab 37 mm cannon nyob rau hauv lub turret, 4 rab phom tshuab. Qhov kev teeb tsa ntawm lub tank (siab silhouette) thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov riam phom tsis muaj hmoo heev. Lub bulkiness ntawm cov qauv thiab qhov chaw ntawm riam phom nyob rau hauv peb tiers (uas yuam kom cov neeg coob mus txog rau 7 tus neeg) ua rau "Grant" yooj yim prey rau yeeb ncuab artillery. Lub aviation roj av cav ua phem rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg coob. Peb hu nws "lub ntxa loj rau xya." Txawm li cas los xij, thaum kawg ntawm 1941 - pib ntawm 1942, 1,400 ntawm lawv tau raug xa mus; nyob rau lub sijhawm nyuaj tshaj plaws thaum Stalin tus kheej faib cov tso tsheb hlau luam ib qho los ntawm ib qho, thiab "Grants" tsawg kawg yog qee yam kev pab. Txij li thaum 1943, lub Soviet Union tau tso tseg lawv.

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws (thiab, raws li, nrov) American tank ntawm 1942-1945 lub sijhawm. M4 Sherman nruab nrab tank tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tsim khoom thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog xyoo (tag nrho ntawm 49324 tau tsim nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas), nws nyob qib thib ob tom qab peb T-34. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev hloov kho (los ntawm M4 mus rau M4A6) nrog cov cav sib txawv, ob qho tib si diesel thiab carburetor, suav nrog ob lub cev muaj zog thiab txawm tias 5 lub cav. Peb tau txais kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb hauv Qiv-Lease nrog M4A2 Shsrmams nrog ob lub diesels ntawm 210 hp txhua, uas muaj cov phom phom sib txawv: 1990 tso tsheb hlau luam - nrog rab phom 75 hli, uas ua rau tsis txaus, thiab 2673 - nrog 76, 2 hli cannon, muaj peev xwm tawm tsam 100 mm tuab armor ntawm thaj tsam li 500 m.

Sherman M4J 2

Qhov hnyav - 32 t, booking: lub hauv pliaj - 76 hli, lub hauv pliaj - 100 hli, sab - 58 hli, ceev - 45 km / h, phom - raws li qhia saum toj no. 2 rab phom tshuab ntawm 7, 62 mm thiab anti-aircraft 12, 7 mm; neeg coob - 5 tus neeg (zoo li peb niaj hnub T-34-85).

Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm Sherman yog ib tug tshem tau (bolted) cam khwb cia pem hauv ntej (qis) ib feem ntawm lub hull, uas yog ib tug cover rau lub kis tau tus mob compartment. Ib qho tseem ceeb kom zoo dua yog muab los ntawm cov cuab yeej rau stabilizing rab phom nyob rau hauv ntsug dav hlau rau qhov tseeb dua kev tua ntawm qhov txav (ntawm Soviet tso tsheb hlau luam nws tau qhia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1950s - lub naT-54A). Electro-hydraulic turret rotation mechanism yog duplicated rau tus neeg tua phom thiab tus thawj coj. Qhov loj-caliber anti-aircraft tshuab rab phom ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus sib ntaus sib tua cov yeeb ncuab ya dav hlau (ib rab phom zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim ntawm Soviet lub tank hnyav IS-2 tsuas yog xyoo 1944.

Rau nws lub sij hawm, "Sherman" muaj txaus txav, txaus siab rau armament thiab armor. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub tsheb yog: kev ruaj ntseg tsis zoo ntawm cov yob, tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab ntawm lub tshuab fais fab (uas yog qhov zoo ntawm peb T-34) thiab muaj peev xwm hla lub teb chaws tsis muaj zog ntawm cov av nplaum thiab khov, kom txog rau thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog Asmeskas tau hloov cov Sherman lem nrog dav dua, nrog spurs. lugs. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau, raws li cov neeg ua haujlwm tank, nws yog lub tsheb sib tw ua tiav, yooj yim rau kev tsim thiab tswj, tswj tau zoo heev, txij li nws tau ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov tsheb thiab cov khoom uas tau zoo los ntawm Asmeskas kev lag luam. Ua ke nrog lub npe nrov "peb caug-plaub", txawm hais tias me ntsis qis dua rau lawv hauv qee yam ntxwv, American "Shermans" nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv Soviet tau koom tes hauv txhua qhov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Red Army xyoo 1943-1945, mus txog ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Baltic, kom deb li deb. Danube, Vistula, Spree thiab Elbe.

Lub tshav pob ntawm Qiv-Lease armored tsheb yuav tsum muaj xws li 5,000 American armored neeg ua hauj lwm nqa (ib nrab-khiav thiab log), uas tau siv nyob rau hauv lub Red Army, suav nrog raws li cov nqa ntawm ntau yam riam phom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog anti-aircraft riam phom rau huab cua tiv thaiv ntawm phom units. (lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm armored thaum lub sij hawm Patriotic ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv lub USSR tsis tau tsim, tsuas yog reconnaissance armored tsheb BA-64K tau ua)

AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsheb thauj mus rau USSR tau tshaj tag nrho cov tsheb sib ntaus sib tua, tsis yog ntau zaus, tab sis los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim loj: tag nrho ntawm 477,785 lub tsheb ntawm tsib caug qauv tau txais, tsim los ntawm 26 lub tuam txhab tsheb hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Askiv thiab Canals.

Tawm ntawm tag nrho cov tsheb, 152,000 Studebaker tsheb thauj khoom ntawm US 6x4 thiab US 6x6 hom tau xa tawm, nrog rau 50501 cov tsheb hais kom ua ("jeeps") ntawm Willys MP thiab Ford GPW qauv; Nco ntsoov hais txog lub zog tag nrho cov tsheb "Dodge-3/4" nrog lub peev xwm nqa ntawm 3/4 tons (li no tus naj npawb hauv cov cim). Cov qauv no yog cov tub rog tiag tiag, feem ntau yoog rau kev ua haujlwm pem hauv ntej (raws li koj paub, ua ntej xyoo 1950, peb tsis tau tsim cov tsheb tub rog, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau siv cov tsheb loj hauv lub tebchaws GAZ-AA thiab ZIS-5).

Kev muab cov tsheb nyob rau hauv Qiv-Lease, uas ntau tshaj 1.5 npaug tshaj lawv tus kheej tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog xyoo (265 txhiab units), undoubtedly, yog ib qho tseem ceeb txiav txim siab rau ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm lub Red Army thaum lub sij hawm loj. -Txoj haujlwm 1943-1945…. Tseeb, rau 1941-1942. Tub rog liab poob 225 txhiab lub tsheb, uas yog ib nrab tsis muaj txawm tias nyob rau hauv kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb.

American "Studebakers", nrog cov hlau ruaj khov nrog lub rooj zaum folding thiab tshem tau cov ntaub pua plag, tau sib npaug rau kev thauj neeg ua haujlwm thiab ntau yam khoom. Muaj kev ua haujlwm siab ceev ntawm txoj kev loj thiab kev muaj peev xwm hla kev hla teb chaws, "Studebakers" US 6x6 ua haujlwm zoo li tsheb laij teb rau ntau lub tshuab phom loj.

Thaum kev xa khoom ntawm "Studebakers" pib, tsuas yog BM-13-N Katyushas tau teeb tsa rau ntawm lawv txhua qhov chaw chassis, thiab los ntawm 1944 - BM-31-12 rau hnyav M31 foob pob hluav taws. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob hais txog lub log tsheb, ntawm uas 3,606 txhiab tau muab - ntau tshaj 30% ntawm domestic log tsheb tsim. Rau qhov no peb yuav tsum tau ntxiv 103 txhiab tons ntawm cov roj hmab ntuj los ntawm "bins" ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman British, thiab rov nco qab txog cov khoom siv roj av, uas tau ntxiv rau peb "neeg" (uas xav tau los ntawm cov motors ntawm "Studebaker). ").

Lwm yam kev siv tshuab, cov khoom siv raw thiab cov khoom siv

Kev xa khoom ntawm railway dov Tshuag thiab cov tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tau pab ntau txoj hauv kev los daws peb cov teeb meem kev thauj mus los thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog xyoo. Yuav luag 1900 chav locomotives raug xa (peb peb tus kheej ua tau 92 (!) Chav locomotives nyob rau hauv 1942-1945) thiab 66 diesel-hluav taws xob locomotives, raws li zoo raws li 11,075 tsheb (nrog rau peb tus kheej zus tau tej cov 1,087). Kev xa khoom ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau (yog tias peb suav tsuas yog cov kab ntsuas dav dav) suav nrog ntau dua 80% ntawm lawv cov khoom siv hauv tsev nyob rau lub sijhawm no - cov hlau xav tau rau kev tiv thaiv. Xav txog kev ua haujlwm hnyav heev ntawm USSR railway thauj hauv 1941-1945, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj no tsis tuaj yeem kwv yees ntau dhau.

Raws li kev sib txuas lus, Tebchaws Meskas tau muab 35,800 lub xov tooj cua, 5,839 tus neeg txais xov tooj thiab 348 lub chaw, 422,000 xov tooj thiab txog li ib lab mais ntawm cov xov tooj hauv xov tooj, uas yog qhov txaus siab rau cov kev xav tau ntawm Red Army thaum tsov rog.

Cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj calorie ntau ntau (hauv tag nrho, 4.3 lab tons) kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev muab zaub mov rau USSR (ntawm chav kawm, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, rau cov tub rog nquag). Tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv qab zib suav txog 42% ntawm nws tus kheej tsim nyob rau xyoo ntawd, thiab cov khoom siv hauv kaus poom - 108%. Txawm hais tias peb cov tub rog thuam hu ua American stew "ob pem hauv ntej", lawv tau noj nrog kev txaus siab (txawm tias lawv tus kheej nqaij nyuj tseem tastier!). Txhawm rau muab cov neeg sib ntaus sib tua, 15 lab nkawm khau thiab 69 lab square metres ntawm cov ntaub plaub tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb.

Nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Soviet tiv thaiv kev lag luam nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, cov khoom ntawm raw khoom, cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv qiv-Lease kuj txhais tau tias ntau heev - tom qab tag nrho, nyob rau hauv 1941 loj ntau lawm chaw rau smelting hlau, hlau, txhuas, ntau lawm. ntawm cov khoom tawg thiab cov hmoov phom tseem nyob hauv thaj chaw uas nyob. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas ntawm 328 txhiab tons ntawm txhuas (uas ntau tshaj nws tus kheej tsim), cov khoom siv tooj liab (80% ntawm nws cov smelting) thiab 822 txhiab tons ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb "raws li zoo li cov khoom ntawm cov ntawv hlau (peb "cov tsheb thauj khoom" thiab "peb-tuj" tau ua nyob rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog nrog ntoo cabins meej vim tias tsis txaus ntawm cov ntawv hlau) thiab cov hmoov phom (siv los ua ib qho ntxiv rau hauv tsev). Kev xa khoom ntawm cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm siab tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nce qib kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev: 38,000 tshuab cuab yeej los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab 6,500 los ntawm Tebchaws Askiv tau ua haujlwm ntev tom qab tsov rog.

ARTILLERY EQUIPMENT

Cov khoom siv qiv-Lease tsawg tshaj plaws yog hom riam phom classic - phom loj thiab riam phom me. Nws ntseeg tau tias qhov sib faib ntawm cov phom loj (raws li ntau qhov chaw - 8000, 9800 lossis 13000 daim) tsuas yog 1.8% ntawm tus lej tsim nyob rau hauv USSR, tab sis yog tias peb xav tias feem ntau ntawm lawv yog phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, ces lawv. sib koom hauv kev tsim khoom hauv tsev zoo sib xws rau lub sijhawm ua tsov rog (38000) yuav nce mus rau ib lub hlis twg. Anti-aircraft phom los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau muab ob hom: 40-mm tsis siv neeg cannons "Bofors" (Swedish tsim) thiab 37-mm tsis siv neeg "Colt-Browning" (tiag tiag American). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog "Bofors" - lawv muaj hydraulic drives thiab yog li ntawd tau coj los ntawm tag nrho cov roj teeb nyob rau tib lub sij hawm siv PU AZO (anti-aircraft artillery fire control device); tab sis cov cuab yeej no (hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke) yog qhov nyuaj thiab kim heev los tsim, uas tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm kev tsim kev lag luam hauv Tebchaws Meskas.

DAIM NTAWV THOV KEV PAB CUAM

Hais txog cov cuab yeej me me, cov khoom siv tsuas yog tsis txaus (151700 units, uas suav nrog qee qhov 0.8% ntawm peb cov khoom tsim tawm) thiab tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm hauv kev ua tub rog ntawm Red Army.

Ntawm cov qauv muab rau USSR: American Colt M1911A1 rab yaj phom, Thompson thiab Raising submachine phom, nrog rau Browning tshuab phom: M1919A4 easel thiab M2 HB loj-caliber; British lub teeb tshuab rab phom "Bran", anti-tank phom "Cov Tub" thiab "Piat" (British tso tsheb hlau luam kuj tau nruab nrog tshuab phom "Beza" - lus Askiv hloov kho ntawm Czechoslovak ZB-53).

Nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej, cov qauv ntawm Qiv-Lease me me caj npab yog tsawg heev thiab tsis nyiam ntau qhov chaw. Peb cov tub rog sim hloov sai sai rau Asmeskas "Thompson" thiab "Rising" nrog PPSh-41 li niaj zaus. PTR "Cov Tub" tau pom tseeb tsis muaj zog dua li ATGM thiab ATGM hauv tebchaws - lawv tsuas tuaj yeem sib ntaus nrog German cov neeg ua haujlwm armored thiab lub teeb tso tsheb hlau luam (tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua tau zoo ntawm PTR "Piat" hauv Red Army units).

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lawv cov chav kawm yog, ntawm chav kawm, American Browning: M1919A4 tau ntsia rau ntawm American armored neeg ua hauj lwm nqa, thiab lub loj-caliber M2 HB tau tsuas yog siv raws li ib feem ntawm anti-aircraft installation, plaub (4 lub tshuab phom M2 HB) thiab triple (37-mm anti-aircraft phom "Colt -Browning" thiab ob М2 НВ). Cov kev teeb tsa no, mounted ntawm Qiv-Lease armored cov neeg ua haujlwm nqa, yog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv huab cua zoo heev rau cov phom phom; lawv kuj tau siv rau kev tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv qee yam khoom.

Peb yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau lub npe tub rog ntawm cov khoom siv qiv, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov khoom no muaj ntau ntau: USSR tau txais 596 lub nkoj thiab cov nkoj hauv tag nrho (tsis suav cov nkoj ntes tau tom qab tsov rog). Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 17.5 lab tons ntawm qiv-Lease cargo raug xa mus raws dej hiav txwv txoj kev, ntawm uas 1.3 lab tons tau poob los ntawm kev ua ntawm Hitler lub submarines thiab aviation; cov neeg tuag ntawm cov heroes-sailors ntawm ntau lub teb chaws muaj ntau tshaj li ib txhiab tus neeg. Kev xa khoom tau muab faib raws cov kev xa khoom hauv qab no: Far East - 47.1%, Persian Gulf - 23.8%, Northern Russia - 22.7%, Hiav Txwv Dub - 3.9%, Raws Txoj Kev Hiav Txwv Northern) - 2.5%.

TAM SIM NO THIAB LUS QHIA TXOG KEV LAG LUAM

Tau ntev, cov kws sau keeb kwm Soviet tsuas yog taw qhia tias cov khoom siv qiv-Lease suav tsuas yog 4% ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv tsev thiab kev ua liaj ua teb thaum tsov rog. Muaj tseeb, los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau hais los saum toj no tuaj yeem pom tau tias nyob rau hauv ntau rooj plaub nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account lub npe tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv khoom siv, lawv cov ntsuas zoo, lub sij hawm xa tuaj rau pem hauv ntej, lawv qhov tseem ceeb, thiab lwm yam.

Hauv kev them rov qab cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv qiv-Lease, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau txais los ntawm cov koom haum lub teb chaws ntau yam khoom thiab kev pabcuam muaj nqis txog $ 7.3 billion. Lub USSR, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, xa 300 txhiab tons ntawm chromium thiab 32 txhiab tons ntawm manganese ore, thiab ntxiv rau, platinum, kub, furs thiab lwm yam khoom tag nrho yog $ 2.2 lab. USSR kuj tau muab cov neeg Amelikas nrog ntau cov kev pabcuam, hauv tshwj xeeb, qhib nws cov chaw nres nkoj sab qaum teb, tau hla ib feem ntawm cov tub rog sib koom ua ke hauv Iran.

08.21.45 Teb chaws As Mes Lis Kas tau tso tseg cov khoom qiv qiv rau USSR. Tsoom fwv Soviet tig mus rau Tebchaws Meskas nrog kev thov kom txuas ntxiv ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev qiv nyiaj rau USSR, tab sis tsis kam lees. Ib lub sijhawm tshiab tau kaj ntug … Thaum feem ntau ntawm lwm lub tebchaws tau muab lawv cov nuj nqis xa tawm, kev sib tham nrog Soviet Union txog cov teeb meem no tau ua nyob rau xyoo 1947-1948, 1951-1952 thiab xyoo 1960.

Tag nrho cov nyiaj qiv-nqi khoom siv rau USSR yog kwv yees li ntawm $ 11.3 billion. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li txoj cai lij choj ntawm qiv-nqi, tsuas yog cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv uas muaj sia nyob tom qab qhov kawg ntawm kev ua phem yuav raug them. Cov neeg Amelikas tau kwv yees li ntawm 2.6 billion las, txawm hais tias ib xyoos tom qab lawv txo cov nyiaj no los ntawm ib nrab. Yog li, Teb Chaws Asmeskas pib thov cov nyiaj them poob haujlwm ntawm $ 1.3 billion, them tshaj 30 xyoo ntawm tus nqi ntawm 2.3% ib xyoos twg. Tab sis Stalin tsis lees txais cov kev thov no ib yam nkaus, hais tias, "Lub USSR them tawm cov nuj nqis ntawm qiv-Lease nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntshav" … Qhov tseeb yog tias ntau cov qauv ntawm cov cuab yeej muab rau USSR tam sim ntawd tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog tau dhau los ua kev coj ncaj ncees thiab xyaum tsis tau sawv cev rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov ntawd yog, Asmeskas kev pab rau cov phooj ywg nyob rau hauv qee txoj kev tau dhau los ua "them" yam tsis tsim nyog thiab tsis siv thev naus laus zis, uas, txawm li cas los xij, yuav tsum tau them rau ib yam dab tsi muaj txiaj ntsig.

Txhawm rau nkag siab tias Stalin txhais li cas thaum nws hais txog "kev them nyiaj hauv ntshav," ib nqe lus los ntawm University of Kansas tus xibfwb Wilson yuav tsum tau hais tias: "Qhov Asmeskas tau ntsib thaum tsov rog yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov kev txom nyem ntawm nws cov phoojywg tseem ceeb. Tsuas yog cov neeg Amelikas tuaj yeem hu ua Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II yog "kev ua tsov rog zoo" vim tias nws tau pab txhawb kev ua neej nyob thiab yuav tsum muaj kev raug mob tsawg dhau los ntawm cov neeg coob coob …

Kev sib tham txog kev them rov qab cov nuj nqis qiv qiv rov pib dua xyoo 1972, thiab nyob rau 1972-18-10 daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe rau ntawm kev them nyiaj los ntawm Soviet Union ntawm $ 722 lab, txog 07/01/01. Nws tau them $ 48 lab, tab sis tom qab cov neeg Asmeskas tau qhia txog kev ntxub ntxaug Jackson-Broom Amendment, USSR tau ncua kev them nyiaj ntxiv raws li qiv-Lease.

Xyoo 1990 g.nyob rau hauv kev sib tham tshiab ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub USSR thiab lub teb chaws USA, lub kawg maturity hnub ntawm cov nuj nqis tau pom zoo - 2030. Txawm li cas los, ib xyoo tom qab, lub USSR poob lawm, thiab cov nuj nqis "rov" rau Russia. Los ntawm 2003, nws yog kwv yees li US $ 100 lab. Hloov kho rau kev nce nqi, Tebchaws Asmeskas tsis zoo li yuav tau txais ntau dua 1% ntawm nws tus nqi qub rau nws cov khoom xa tuaj.

(Cov ntaub ntawv tau npaj rau lub xaib "Kev Tsov Rog ntawm XX xyoo pua" © raws li tsab xov xwm los ntawm N. Aksenov, magazine "Arms". Wars ntawm lub xyoo pua XX")

Qhov tseeb

Xyoo 1945, cov neeg Amelikas tsis muaj lub foob pob muaj peev xwm nqa cov foob pob atomic. Rau cov hom phiaj no, 15 B-29 cov foob pob hnyav tau hloov dua siab tshiab, thaum tag nrho cov cuab yeej thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ntawm lawv …