"Operation Tempest" - ib qho kev taug txuj kev nyuaj ntawm cov Ncej tawm tsam Stalin

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1, 1944, kev tawm tsam pib hauv Warsaw, tau tawm tsam cov neeg German thiab cov neeg Lavxias los ntawm cov tub rog txhawb nqa ntawm tsoomfwv Polish nyob rau hauv exile, vam nrog kev pab los ntawm Red Army los tsim kev tawm tsam tsoomfwv hauv tebchaws Poland …

Lub Warsaw Uprising (Lub Yim Hli 1 - Lub Kaum Hli 2, 1944), pib los ntawm Polish tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv exile nyob rau London, yog tshwj xeeb rau lub xeem tsov rog. Vim hais tias militarily nws tau hais tawm tsam cov Germans, thiab kev nom kev tswv - tawm tsam Russians. Txoj kev taug txuj kev nyuaj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Hauv Tsev (AK), uas nrhiav kev rov qab los hauv tebchaws Poland cov tsoomfwv uas nyob ntawd ua ntej Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II thiab, ua ke nrog Nazis, tab tom npaj kev ua tsis tiav ntawm USSR, tau xaus lawm. Tsis muaj kev sib koom tes nrog Red Army, tsis tuaj yeem yuam lub Vistula rau ntawm qhov dav dav tam sim ntawd tom qab ua tiav qhov kev tawm tsam epic hauv Belarus, Eastern Poland thiab Western Ukraine, nws ua rau kev puas tsuaj tag nrho ntawm Warsaw thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab nrog Wehrmacht. thiab SS cov tub rog, kev tuag ntawm kaum tawm txhiab tus neeg ntxeev siab thiab cov pej xeem.

Lawv suav dab tsi?

Tsoom fwv Polish nyob rau hauv exile nyob rau London, raws li yog feem ntau yam ntxwv ntawm cov Poles, stubbornly tsis kam mus rau lub fact tias muaj tiag. Thiab nws yog raws li nram no. Rov qab rau xyoo 1943, hauv Tehran, USSR, Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Tebchaws Askiv tau pom zoo tias Tebchaws Poland yuav nyob hauv thaj tsam Soviet ntawm kev cuam tshuam thiab raug tso tawm ntawm Germans los ntawm Red Army. Western "kev ywj pheej" ua qhov no nrog Moscow tsis tawm ntawm lub neej zoo - lawv tsis tuaj yeem kov yeej Hitler yam tsis muaj Stalin. Ntxiv mus, Poland rau lawv tsuas yog ib tug pawn ntawm lub chessboard loj.

Muaj cov cim qhia tsis ncaj uas Asmeskas Thawj Tswj Hwm Franklin Roosevelt txhob txwm muab cov Ncej, yam tsis tau thov lawv qhov kev pom zoo, mus rau lub chaw pw hav zoov Soviet, paub tias lawv yuav yog qhov tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws nyob rau ntawd thiab yuav muaj ib hnub ua kom puas tsuaj. Qhov no yog raws nraim li cas tshwm sim, thiab ib feem, los ntawm txoj kev, tau rov qab ua dua tam sim no nrog European Union. Stalin tsis tau pom yav tom ntej kom meej meej, tab sis nws yuav tsis tso cai ib qho kev pib hauv tebchaws Poland, vam tias yuav ua rau nws ua phooj ywg ntawm Moscow ua tsaug rau cov nyiaj pub dawb hauv tebchaws Yelemes. Txhawm rau ua qhov no tseem tsis suav nrog kev sib koom ua ke yav tom ntej German-Polish phiaj xwm rau sab hnub tuaj.

Polish cov neeg raug kaw hauv nroog London thiab cov neeg tsis yog pawg ntseeg uas ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Poland, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Cov Tub Rog Hauv Tsev, muaj lawv tus kheej cov phiaj xwm me me rau yav tom ntej. Lawv xav kom ywj pheej ywj pheej ib feem ntawm Tebchaws Poland, nyiam lub nroog loj xws li Vilna, Lvov lossis Warsaw, nthuav tawm lawv cov neeg koom nrog kev tsim ua tub rog ib txwm muaj thiab dhau los ua tsoomfwv tshiab, ua siab zoo tso cai rau "Soviets" los tso lawv cov ntshav hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov Germans. ntawm Polish av. Thiab yog hais tias Moscow tsis pom zoo nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tsoom fwv hauv teb chaws Poland, tig nws cov riam phom tawm tsam cov tub rog Soviet. Qhov kawg, qhov tseeb, twb tau pib tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm Poland tom qab cov yeeb ncuab zoo sib xws, cov Germans, raug ntiab tawm ntawm qhov ntawd los ntawm Red Army.

Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov tswv yim no, paub zoo rau Moscow, Warsaw Uprising tau xeeb. Dab tsi tsis ua haujlwm hauv Lvov thiab Vilna yuav tsum tau tshwm sim hauv lub nroog Poland nws tus kheej. Cov neeg ntxeev siab kuj tau npaj los koom nrog cov phooj ywg sab hnub poob ntawm USSR ntawm cov av tiv thaiv Soviet, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg Askiv, hauv qhov kev lom zem no, qee zaum parachuting 1st Polish paratrooper brigade rau hauv Warsaw. Qhov tsis pom tseeb ntawm cov phiaj xwm no, tsis lees paub los ntawm cov neeg Askiv thiab Asmeskas, yog qee yam tsis pom tseeb rau Pilsudski cov neeg ua tiav.

Operation Storm

Cov tub rog tawm tsam hauv Warsaw, npaj los ntawm Cov Tub Rog Hauv Tsev, hnub tim uas cov neeg Polish cov nom tswv hauv London tau tawm mus rau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm nws cov thawj coj, pib thaum Red Army tshwm sim nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm Warsaw. Nws zoo li cov Poles uas cov Germans tau khiav thiab lawv tsis tuaj yeem tos. Lub caij no, cov Nazis suav tias Warsaw yog Berlin "cov ntaub thaiv npog" thiab cuam tshuam loj rau hauv nroog, suav nrog cov tub rog tank. Thiab cov tub rog Soviet, thinned tawm hauv ib lub hlis thiab ib nrab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tu ncua, tua mos txwv, tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom siv hauv paus thiab qaug zog, zoo li cov phooj ywg Polish pab lawv, tsis muaj peev xwm ua tiav lub Vistula ntawm kev txav mus los thiab ntes tag nrho lub nroog.

Cov tub rog liab muaj ob peb lub taub hau ntawm lub "German" ntug dej ntawm tus dej Polish loj nyob rau lwm qhov chaw, nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav heev, vim tias Nazis tau txiav txim siab muab lawv pov rau hauv dej. Lub "Tsev Tub Rog", qhov tseeb, tsis yog yuav pab cov tub rog Soviet hla Vistula hauv cheeb tsam Warsaw. Raws li cov neeg koom nrog feem ntau nrog riam phom teeb, nws cov neeg tua rog tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov no. Lawv txoj hauj lwm yog kom tau ib tug foothold nyob rau hauv nroog, qhov twg cov Wehrmacht thiab SS txim, cov uas yog Soviet traitors, pom nws nyuaj rau siv tank. Lawv xav tias peb lossis plaub hnub los tawm tsam nrog cov Germans, uas, raws li cov neeg tawm tsam xav tias, yuav tsum tau tawm. Thiab tom qab ntawd - npaj rau kev tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsoomfwv émigré (pom zoo los ntawm USSR, Pawg Neeg Polish rau Kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws, London cov thawj coj thiab "Tsev Tub Rog" tsis lees paub) thiab dhau los ua tsoomfwv tshiab.

Vim li cas lawv poob?

Cov teeb meem rau cov neeg ntxeev siab, uas suav txog 40 txhiab tus neeg, tau pib thaum cov neeg German tau rub cov tub rog tam sim ntawd thiab pib tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, thiab Soviets tsis muaj lub sijhawm los ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov haujlwm no ntawm sab xub ntiag, txawm tias qhov kev thov ntawm cov kev tawm tsam kev coj noj coj ua los pab nrog "kev tawm tsam tam sim los ntawm sab nraud". Cov phooj ywg sab hnub poob tau cog riam phom, mos txwv thiab khoom noj rau ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab, uas tau poob los ntawm parachute. Cov Tub Rog Liab tau pab nrog cov phom tua hluav taws los ntawm lub txhab nyiaj rov qab ntawm Vistula. Kev sim ntawm Soviet thiab Polish units los ntawm 1st Army ntawm lub Polish Army kom tau ib tug foothold nyob rau lwm yam ntug dej ntawm lub dav dej nyob rau hauv Warsaw, uas muaj, ib txwm tsis ua kom tiav.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tshem tawm qhov kev xav, txawm li cas los xij, Stalin, nco ntsoov ntawm "kev ua txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm Vistula" xyoo 1920, tau ceev faj thiab tsis xav ua haujlwm rau London thiab Warsaw adventurers. Tab sis txawm li ntawd los, nws yog qhov tsis yooj yim sua kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj kev ua txhaum loj hauv cov xwm txheej ntawd.

Tom qab ob lub hlis ntawm kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj, "Cov Tub Rog Hauv Tsev", uas tau nyob hauv qee thaj chaw hauv nroog, tsis tau ua tiav cov hom phiaj ua tub rog lossis nom tswv, tau tso tseg. 17 txhiab tus neeg tawm tsam raug tua thiab tib tus naj npawb surrendered, txog 10 txhiab raug mob. Cov pej xeem pej xeem tuag ntau zaus ntxiv thaum sib ntaus sib tua. Cov Nazis tsis raug kev puas tsuaj loj.

Cov phooj ywg qub

Tus thawj coj ntawm kev tawm tsam, General Tadeusz Komarovsky, yav dhau los Austrian tub ceev xwm uas tawm tsam thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb ntawm Russia, ua tiav cov xwm txheej zoo rau nws cov neeg. Cov neeg German tau kho cov tub rog hauv Tsev ua cov neeg raug kaw hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, tsis yog tub sab uas yuav tsum raug tua ntawm qhov chaw. Nyob rau sab German, kev sib tham rau kev tso siab tau ua los ntawm ib tug phooj ywg qub ntawm Komarovsky - SS Obergruppenfueher (General) Erich von dem Bach, uas nws lub npe tiag tiag yog Zelevsky. Lub Nceeg Vaj no, lossis zoo li Kashubian, paub Komarovsky zoo ua ntej ua tsov ua rog, suav nrog kev ua kis las equestrian. Tom qab tag nrho, Poland thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees tom qab ntawd yog cov phooj ywg ze tshaj plaws, muaj kev sib hlub sib pab, sib koom ua ke ntawm kev rau txim, koom nrog kev faib tawm ntawm Czechoslovakia thiab npaj rau kev sib koom ua ke rau sab hnub tuaj. Cov duab zoo li Komarovsky vam tias yuav tau txais lub hwj chim hauv tebchaws Poland tom qab tsov rog, rau kev ywj pheej los ntawm cov Germans uas tag nrho ntawm 600 txhiab tus tub rog Soviet thiab tub ceev xwm yuav tuag. Thiab nws yuav ruam tiag tiag los pab lawv ntau heev hauv qhov no.

Summing txog

Yog li, Warsaw Uprising ntawm 1944 tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug tub rog swb, tab sis kuj yog ib tug loj loj kev nom kev tswv kev puas tsuaj rau lub Polish émigré tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv London, raws li zoo raws li lub "Tsev Tub Rog" lub hom phiaj lub hwj chim. Nws ua rau lawv txoj haujlwm tsis muaj zog heev, vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm tsoomfwv emigre tseem nyob hauv exile, thiab tsoomfwv tus phooj ywg rau Russia tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Poland rau yuav luag ib nrab xyoo pua.

Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias txij thawj hnub ntawm Warsaw Uprising, Moscow raug liam tias tsis pab nws, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws ua tsis tiav. Qhov no tau ua los ntawm nws cov koom haum txhawm rau txhawm rau zam lub luag haujlwm rau kev puas tsuaj tag nrho ntawm Warsaw, kom dim ntawm kev txhaum rau kev tuag ntawm kaum tawm txhiab tus neeg. Tom qab ntawd lwm qhov kev tshaj tawm pem hauv ntej tau qhib tawm tsam USSR, uas tam sim no cov tub ceev xwm Polish tab tom qhia kev ua siab ntev niaj hnub no. Lawv rov qab tau cov yeej ntawm Nazism thiab cov Cawm Seej ntawm Poles los ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau lub teb chaws los ntawm kev rhuav tshem Soviet tsov rog memorials thiab cuav keeb kwm, uas, uas, tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsum tsis nco qab, nyhav rov qab nws tus kheej yog hais tias qhov tseeb xaus tsis tau los ntawm nws.