5 rab ntaj legendary thiab axes pom hauv Proto-Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tam sim ntawd nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia tias cov lus "Viking sword" tsis yog tag nrho, yog tias, feem ntau, peb txhais tau tias rab ntaj zoo li cov uas yuav tau tham hauv qab no. Nws thiaj li tshwm sim hais tias cov ntaj ntawm Carolingian hom pib hu ua Viking swords, txawm hais tias, tau kawg, lawv yog ib qho tsis yog ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj sab qaum teb xwb.

1. Ntaj los ntawm Gnezdov faus av,

uas nyob ze Smolensk. Nyob rau hauv lub typology ntawm Jan Petersen, xws swords yog cais raws li hom D. Txawm li cas los, cov ntaj no tseem me ntsis txawv ntawm lwm tus neeg nyob rau hauv nws kov (raws li lub hauv paus ntawm lub typology yog tsuas yog tsim), decorated nrog nyem qauv. Qhov kev ua tiav no pom muaj nyob hauv qee qhov Scandinavian cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Hais txog rab ntaj no, nws tau hais tias nws cov hniav tuaj yeem ua tau nyob rau hauv Rhine Rhiav, thiab tus kov tau muab tso rau hauv Gotland lossis hauv Gnezdovo nws tus kheej, qhov chaw nws tus tswv tau faus. Qhov ntev ntawm rab ntaj yog 92 cm, cov hniav yog 74 cm, dav ntawm lub crosshair yog 5.5 cm.

2. Ntaj ntawm lub qhov ntxa dub

Qhov Carolingian no tau pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb ntawm lub qhov loj hauv Chernigov. Raws li A. N. Kirpichnikov rab ntaj belongs rau hom Z tshwj xeeb thiab tuaj yeem sau hnub tim thib peb ntawm X xyoo pua. Tam sim no, tsuas yog ib feem ntawm rab ntaj tau muaj sia nyob, tab sis thaum lub sijhawm khawb nws qhov ntev tau sau tseg ntawm 105 cm. Nws tau pom zoo, piv txwv li, tus tub rog Scandinavian tau faus rau hauv lub mound, txij li cov kev tshawb pom yog ib daim duab ntawm ib tug tub rog. Bronze deity, txhais los ntawm qee cov kws tshawb fawb raws li tus vajtswv Thor. Lwm version qhia tias lub ancient Lavxias teb sab voivode Pretich tau faus rau hauv lub mound, uas tiv thaiv Kiev los ntawm lub Pechenegs nyob rau hauv 968.

3. Ib rab ntaj los ntawm cov kob ntawm Khortitsa

Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2011, ib tug neeg nuv ntses zoo tib yam los ntawm Zaporozhye ntes tau qhov txawv txav ntawm Dnieper ntawm cov kob ntawm Khortitsa. Raws li nws muab tawm, nws yog Carolingian hom ntaj (uas tseem hu ua ntaj ntawm Viking Age), uas tau raug xa mus rau Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Keeb Kwm Zaporizhzhya Cossacks.

Lub suab nrov tsis txaus ntseeg tam sim ntawd tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm rab ntaj, vim hais tias nws tau sau hnub kwv yees li ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, thiab ntxiv rau, qhov chaw ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom tau tshwm sim nrog thaj chaw kwv yees ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub huabtais Lavxias thaum ub Svyatoslav Igorevich nrog Pechenegs. uas, raws li koj paub, tus huab tais Kiev tuag. Vim li no, ntawm chav kawm, muaj cov lus nrov hais tias rab ntaj yog raws nraim rau Svyatoslav nws tus kheej.

Ntaj tom qab kho dua

Cov ntaj nrhiav tau zoo khaws cia. Hauv kev faib tawm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Norwegian Jan Petersen, Carolingians xws li yog hom V. Qhov ntev ntawm rab ntaj yog 94 cm, thiab qhov hnyav me ntsis tsawg dua ib kilogram, uas feem ntau yog Carolingian swords. Sab saum toj yog ib tug rounded tripartite zoo li npog nrog ib tug qauv inlaid nrog nyiaj, tooj liab thiab tooj dag. Cov hniav dais lub + ULFBERH + T cim.

Ntaj hilt

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau qhov kev lees paub tias rab ntaj no koom nrog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav, tsis muaj pov thawj ntseeg tau ntawm qhov no, thiab qhov no tsis tuaj yeem lees paub nrog qhov tseeb. Yog lawm, lub sijhawm kwv yees ntawm kev ua ntaj thiab lub sijhawm ntawm kev tuag ntawm tus tub huabtais coincide. Thiab nws tau pom nyob rau hauv tib qhov chaw uas, raws li nws yog supposed, lub xeem sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Svyatoslav coj qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li qhov no, nws tsis tsim nyog lees tias Carolingian koom nrog ib tus tub rog zoo, txawm hais tias nws muaj peev xwm hais tias rab ntaj cuam tshuam li cas, yog tias tsis yog rau Svyatoslav nws tus kheej, ces rau nws cov tub rog. Tab sis qhov no, dua, tsuas yog kev xav.

4. Lwm ntaj los ntawm Gnezdovo

Pom nyob rau hauv 2017 thawj zaug hauv 30 xyoo. Raws li Petersen, nws yog hom H. Qhov nrhiav tau zoo khaws cia. Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub ntawm rab ntaj, ua los ntawm cov plaub, ntoo, ntaub thiab tawv, tau raug khaws cia ib nrab. Cov ntaj tuav, kuj yog ua los ntawm ntoo, tau qhwv hauv daim ntaub thiab tawv. A. N. Kirpichnikov sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv Russia hom H ntaj kis tau los ntawm Ladoga mus rau Kiev cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Volga Bulgaria.

5. Ntaj los ntawm Foshevataya (Poltava cheeb tsam)

n yog qhov tshwj xeeb uas nws muaj lub cim ua hauv Cyrillic. Nyob rau ntawm ib sab muaj ib tug inscription "KOVAL", thiab nyob rau lwm yam, raws li tau hais los ntawm A. N. Kirpichnikov, "LYUDOTA" lossis "LYUDOSHA". Cov ntaj hnub los ntawm kwv yees li 1000-1050 xyoo. Qhov kev tshawb pom qhia tias Ancient Russia tau los ua lub xeev thib ob tom qab Frankish Empire muaj nws tus kheej kos npe ntaj.

Sib ntaus sib tua axes, uas yuav zoo li yooj yim thiab pheej yig, tsis zoo li ntaj, riam phom feem ntau dhau los ua haujlwm tiag tiag. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias muaj ntau ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua axes pom nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Russia, peb yuav qhia rau koj txog tsib feem ntau nthuav, nyob rau hauv peb lub tswv yim, qauv. Cia peb ua ib qho kev tshwj tseg tam sim ntawd tias "Ancient Rus" nyob rau hauv lub npe yog xwm yeem, txij li lub sijhawm ntawm XI-XIV centuries yog chronologically them

1. Axe ntawm Andrey Bogolyubsky

tej zaum yog ib tug ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws. Nws yog ua los ntawm cov hlau, thiab cov duab muaj lub pob tw, nthuav dav thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog nyiaj nrog gilding. Lub axes yog nplua nuj nrog cov duab, uas suav nrog, piv txwv li, ib tug zaj pierced los ntawm rab ntaj, uas ua rau tsab ntawv "A". Lwm sab qhia txog "ntoo ntawm lub neej" nrog ob tug noog. Lub "apple" ntawm lubax kuj muaj tsab ntawv "A" nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm Greek alpha. Tsis tas li ntawd, lwm cov qauv yog siv rau lub axes (daim duab peb sab raws ntug ntawm cov hniav). Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau sau hnub tim rau lub axes nyob rau hauv 11th-13th centuries, thiab nws cov duab yog txuam nrog rau sab qaum teb Varangian kab lig kev cai. Los ntawm txoj kev, kev ua tswv cuab ntawm rab hneev rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrey Bogolyubsky yog qhov tsis sib haum xeeb.

2. Ladoga lub kaus mom

tau pom rov qab rau xyoo 1910. Txawm hais tias nws yog ua los ntawm bronze (cov txheej txheem casting), nws tseem muaj cov hlau nqaim. Yuav luag tag nrho saum npoo ntawm tus ncej yog npog nrog cov qauv nyem uas piav txog cov tsiaj qus thiab griffins, thiab daim duab ntawm tus tsiaj flaunted ntawm lub pob tw. Lub ax hnub rov qab mus rau X-XI centuries, thiab nws cov khoom siv yog txuam nrog Scandinavian cawv.

Reconstruction ntawm Ladoga hatchet

3. Kostroma sib ntaus sib tua ax

tau pom nyob rau hauv 1928 nyob ze Kostroma. Daim ntawv no muaj peev xwm qhia tau tias nws tau ua li cas. Nws yog forged los ntawm ib tug hlau bar bent nyob rau hauv ib nrab (qhov no yuav pom los ntawm eyelet). Tus tswv kuj tau dai kom zoo nkauj lubax nrog nyiaj inlay ornaments. Kev sib tham yog nyob rau hauv XII-XIII centuries. A. N. Kirpichnikov sau tseg tias cov tsos ntawm axes ntawm hom no yog txuam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug loj hom ntawm ib tug ua hauj lwm axes, uas tseem nyob rau hauv lub XIV-XV centuries. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li tau sau tseg los ntawm A. N. Kirpichnikov, kev sib ntaus sib tua axes ntawm pab pawg no yog tsawg heev thiab koom rau qhov tseeb monuments ntawm pre-Mongol "zoo nkauj" axes.

4. Sib ntaus sib tua axes ntawm Shekshovsky faus av

Cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws no tau pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th faus neeg nyob ze Suzdal xyoo 2011. Qhov no pom, ntxiv rau cov ornamentation inlaid nrog nyiaj nrog gilding, muaj lub princely "cov cim qhia ntawm Rurikovich" nyob ze rau cov neeg siv los ntawm Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko thiab Yaroslav lub Wise. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov cim qhia tau tshwj xeeb hauv nws tus kheej. Axes ntawm hom no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th. thiab tau siv nyob rau hauv lub XI-XII centuries tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv Scandinavia, lub Baltic States thiab lub Volga Bulgaria.

5. Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Staraya Russa

Qhov no yog qhov tseeb qauv ntawm tag nrho tsib. Nws tau pom nyob rau hauv 2005 thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm ib tug complex, thaj txuam nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntsev. Dendrochronological tsom xam ntawm cov cav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus rau hnub tim nws nyob ib ncig ntawm 1365. Lub axes muaj ib tug elongated thiab me ntsis asymmetrical hniav; nws nto yog inlaid nrog floral qauv ua los ntawm tooj liab los yog tooj dag hlau. Nws zoo ib yam li lwm cov axes pom, piv txwv li, hauv Pskov thiab Novgorod. Pom tau, pom tseeb, hauv XIV-XV centuries, axes ntawm hom no ua me ntsis loj thiab hnyav dua li lawv cov thawj, uas yog txuam nrog kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv.