Yog vim li cas Sanskrit thiaj li zoo li Lavxias teb sab

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Raws li zaj dab neeg ntawm tam sim no tuag Natalya Romanovna Guseva, nyob rau hauv 1964 lub nto moo, raws li nws, Indian Sanskritologist Durga Prasad Shastri (दुर्गा प्रसाद शास्त्री) tuaj txog hauv lub USSR. Tom qab nyob hauv Moscow rau ib hlis, tus kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab tias cov neeg Lavxias hais qee yam ntawm Sanskrit. Rau qhov kev txiav txim siab no nws tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm ntau lub xov tooj ntawm cov lus Lavxias thiab Sanskrit, thaum lawv lub ntsiab lus coincides.

- Vim li cas, piv txwv li, qee cov lus xws li "koj", "koj", "peb", "te", "thaum", - Shastri xav tsis thoob, - tsuas yog tib yam hauv ob hom lus, thiab lwm yam lus zoo heev, thiab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab "koj", uas "," no "hauv lus Sanskritteb rau "sva" ("pile"), "tad" ("tat"), "etad" ("etat")? Lub tswv yim nyob mus ib txhis ntawm txoj sia thiab kev tuag kuj tau muab cov lus zoo sib xws: " ciaj sia", " ciaj sia" - "jivan", "jiva", thiab "tuag" - "mryttyu". Nws kuj tau muab tawm hais tias Lavxias teb sab prefixes "pro", "re-", "from-", "c (co) -," nis (hauv qab) - "sab hauv. lus Sanskrit"Pra-", "para-" (pr), "ut-" "sa (sam) -", "nis (nish) -". Thiab los ntawm cov nram qab no thiab undoubted zoo sib xws ntawm ntau hom. Piv txwv li, lo lus "floats" sib phim hauv lus SanskritPaplavate, thiab "ua luam dej" - "pariplavate".

Tus kws kho mob Sanskritologist tau pom zoo sib xws hauv kev hloov pauv - parade, fart-pardat, haus - prapiti, ntog - utpad (t), qhib - utkrita, sail tawm - utchal, coincidence - sampadana, cov kwv tij - sabhratri, muab - ut (d) yog, poob - nishpad. Nws txawm pom tias lo lus "tsev neeg" piv rau Sanskrit verb "samya", uas nyob rau hauv lus Sanskrit txhais tau tias "ua ke." Tom qab nug lwm tus neeg Khab, Natalya Guseva tau kawm tias lawv kuj xav tsis thoob ntawm qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov lus Lavxias "ua", "tsim", " sawv", "kom qhuav", "ua noj", "kom ci", "kom ntog", "roar" thiab tsis muaj teeb meem pom nyob rau hauv lawv cov keeb kwm Sanskrit "bhu", "budh", "stha", "shush", "var", "pach", "pad", "rav". Lawv zoo siab heev thaum lawv hnov lo lus "qhuav" nyob rau hauv Soviet bakeries, txij li thaum lawv paub nws cov ntawv "shushka", thiab rusk txhais ua sukhan (सूखन).

Lo lus "mane", "caij nplooj ntoos hlav", "virgin", "nqaij", "dub", "nas", "hnub" muaj correspondences nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ग्रीवा [mane] - 'rov qab ntawm caj dab', vsTt [vasanta] - 'caij nplooj ntoos hlav', देवी [devi] -' nkauj xwb, ntxhais huabtais', मांस [mamsa] - 'nqaij', तम [tama], मूषक [musaka], दिन [dina] …

Txij thaum ntawd los, orientalist, kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm Sciences, Natalya Guseva, uas nrog Shastri nyob rau hauv nws mus ncig teb chaws thiab pab nws ua ib tug neeg txhais lus (txawm hais tias tsis yog los ntawm Sanskrit nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, tab sis los ntawm lus Askiv), thiab nws Indian phooj ywg Amina Akhuja, ib tug xib fwb ntawm Lavxias teb sab cov ntaub ntawv Delhi University muaj npe tom qab Jawaharlap Nehru - lawv pib tshawb nrhiav "qhov chaw zais cia ntawm cov dej ntws", uas yog, kev tshaj tawm ntawm Arctic kev xav ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm Indo-Europeans.

Qhov kev xav no yog thawj zaug tsim nyob rau hauv 1903 los ntawm tus naas ej Indian nom tswv Bal Gangadhar Tilak nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Lub Arctic Homeland nyob rau hauv lub Vedas." Guseva thiab nws cov koom tes tau txiav txim siab nrhiav kev lees paub ntawm qhov kev xav no hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav Sanskrit chaw npe nyob rau sab qaum teb Lavxias. Rau cov kev tshawb fawb no, cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm qhov kev xav, xws li, piv txwv li, Tus Kws Kho Mob ntawm Philosophy Valery Nikitich Demin, Tus Neeg Sib Tw ntawm Keeb Kwm Kev Tshawb Fawb Svetlana Vasilievna Zharnikova tau tshaj tawm tias kev ntxub ntxaug thiab thuam los ntawm cov zej zog kev tshawb fawb. Txawm hais tias ib tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias teb sab lus, Slavist, philologist, kws tshaj lij ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Oleg Nikolayevich Trubachev, uas tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog "Hyperboreans", tab sis tsuas yog tham txog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm Slavs thiab Indo-Aryans hauv lub tebchaws. Northern Black Sea cheeb tsam, poob rau hauv kev faib khoom. Qhov no yog txaus rau cov kws tshawb fawb tau muab qeb duas ntawm cov nationalists. Cov neeg thuam tau sib cav tias tsis muaj qhov twg, tshwj tsis yog hauv Russia thiab Is Nrias teb, cov kev xav zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem xav txog rau leej twg.

Tam sim no, ob peb tus neeg nco qab tias txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov kws tshawb fawb Askiv, uas tseem tsis tau muaj npe nrov, tau txiav txim siab tias Sanskrit yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm txhua yam lus tsim. Lub tswv yim no tau tshwm sim thawj zaug rau tus thawj coj Askiv hauv Is Nrias teb, William Jones, uas luam tawm Cov Lus Sancrit hauv 1788. Nyob rau hauv nws, nws launched lub tswv yim ntawm tsev neeg Indo-European lus mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tom qab Jones tuag ntawm daim siab mob siab, nws txoj haujlwm tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm German kws sau ntawv Friedrich von Schlegel, uas, piv rau Sanskrit, Persian, Greek thiab German, tuaj txog qhov xaus txog lawv cov keeb kwm. Thawj tus to taub tias thawj hom lus Indo-European yuav tsis yog Sanskrit tag nrho yog Lub Yim Hli Schleicher. Nws yog nws tus uas pib rov tsim thawj hom lus. Pib nrog Schleicher, Sanskrit tau muab tso rau hauv pawg Indo-Aryan, tab sis nws tseem suav tias yog ib hom lus qub tshaj plaws. Lavxias teb sab tau muab los ntawm Qub Slavic, uas, raws li feem ntau ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws, tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st AD.

Raws li Schleicher, tsob ntoo hais lus zoo li no: lub cev ntawm tsob ntoo no sawv cev rau qee yam lus Indo-European, uas yog thawj zaug muab faib ua Ario-Greco-Celtic thiab Slavic-Balto-Germanic macrobranches. Thawj zaug tau muab faib ua ntej rau hauv Aryan thiab Greco-Itklo-Celtic kev taw qhia, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Greek ceg thiab Italo-Celtic, los ntawm cov Celtic thiab Italic sawv daws yuav. Ntawm cov tom kawg yog Latin.

Qhov thib ob macrobranch thawj zaug tau muab faib ua Germanic thiab Balto-Slavic cov lus qhia, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kawg, raws li Schleicher, cov lus Slavic tau tshwm sim los ntawm nws.

Vim li cas cov neeg saib xyuas kev dawb huv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiaj li ntshai? Qhov tseeb yog tias "Hyperboreans" tau los ze rau kev daws qhov tsis paub Lavxias-Sanskrit. Qhov tsuas yog qhov pib uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem hla yog tshaj tawm qhov xaus tias Sanskrit los ntawm Lavxias. Rau qhov kev txiav txim zoo li no, nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, lawv yuav raug ntiab tawm ntawm tog, thiab nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, txoj kev vam meej ntawm kev ywj pheej tseem tuaj yeem raug pov tom qab tuav. Tsuas yog unofficially, nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog nqaim, cov kws tshawb fawb puas tau twv hais tias Sanskrit yog kev txhim kho ntawm ib qho ntawm Proto-Slavic dialects.

Qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag yog dab tsi? Qhov tseeb, Sanskrit tau dhau los ua ib hom lus kawg uas tau rhuav tshem peb cov lus. Vim li cas ho tsis yog lwm txoj hauv kev? Vim li cas tsis Russians los ntawm Sanskrit? Qhov tseeb yog tias cov lus Sanskrit los ntawm cov lus tom qab ntawm peb cov lus, thaum Germanic, Armenian, Celtic thiab txawm Baltic lo lus los ntawm lawv cov ntawv ua ntej.

Siv lo lus "dawb" piv txwv. Nyob ntawm lus Sanskrit nws yog hu ua ғima (हिम), uas yog, yuav luag zoo li Lavxias teb sab lub caij ntuj no. Nws yog paub, tom qab tag nrho, hais tias nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Z yog tsim los ntawm G. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov lus xws li tub huabtais / ntxhais huabtais, ob lub suab tseem alternately. Lo lus हिम yog hais txog Armenian ձմեռն, Lithuanian žiema, Latvian ziema, Latin hiems thiab Greek Greek χεῖμα. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv Germanic lus, uas sib cais los ntawm peb cov neeg hais lus thaum ub ntau dhau los, lus Askiv daus, Dutch sneeuw, Danish sne, Norwegian snø, thiab Swedish snö tag nrho los ntawm cov lus ua ntej Snoigos. Lub hauv paus ntawm lo lus no yog syog-, thiab -os yog tus txiv neej xaus rau qhov nominative, uas yog, hais lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, nominative rooj plaub. Nyob rau hauv ancient Germanic Snoigos hu ua snaiwaz, thiab -os muaj hloov mus rau hauv -az. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ob lub suab -ai- qhia peb tias Germanic lus sib cais los ntawm peb tsis tsuas yog ua ntej poob ntawm -os, tab sis ua ntej lub monophtogization ntawm diphthonic, uas yog, ua ntej lub suab ntawm ob lub suab, uas tshwm sim. nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 20 BC. Hauv Germanic lus, qhov kawg kawg -az poob tawm lig dhau lawm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Gothic, uas muaj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st AD, -az hloov mus rau hauv -s, thiab daus tau raug xaiv los ua snaiws. Hauv Lavxias, synoigos nws thiaj li hloov mus ua daus, thiab ima tau los ua lub caij ntuj no.

Lub xub ntiag ntawm daus nyob rau hauv lus SanskritFeem ntau nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, qhov twg cov daus no tsis pom txawm nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no hnyav tshaj plaws, thaum lub caij ntuj no kub poob rau +18 ° C, qhia tau hais tias cov neeg uas hais nws ib zaug pom cov daus no, thiab tib lub suab ntawm lo lus no nrog peb tso cai. peb hais tias lawv tsis pom nws nyob saum roob Himalayas, thaum lawv mus rau Is Nrias teb, tab sis saib nws nrog peb. Yog hais tias lo lus no twb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, ces cov daus nyob rau hauv lus Sanskrit Nws puas yuav hu ua manku lossis pani raws li nws tau hu tam sim no, raws li hauv Telugu thiab Tamil, lossis yuav tsis muaj lo lus txhua, vim nws tsis yog hom lus Dravidian li Tulu lossis Kannada (tsis txhob totaub nrog Tula. thiab Canada). Los ntawm txoj kev, cov Aryans siv lo lus ғima rau paj paj lawv pom hauv Is Nrias teb.

Lub xub ntiag los yog tsis muaj palatal consonants nyob rau hauv nws kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhia txog lub sij hawm ntawm kev sib cais ntawm ib hom lus los ntawm lub general ib. Nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm tus txheej txheem hu ua palatization los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb phenom, lub back-lingual consonants hloov mus rau hauv mos hissing sawv daws yuav. Yog li, "k" mus rau "h", "j" mus rau "w", thiab "x" rau "w". Ua ntej qhov kev hloov pauv no, piv txwv li, cov lus qhia "chati", uas niaj hnub no cov lus "qhib", "pib", "teev" thiab "ib feem", thiab cov hnub ntawd txhais tau tias "txiav", suab zoo li [katey]. Ib tug xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm no "katey" nyob rau hauv lus Askiv yog cov lus qhia tsis xwm yeem txiav, uas John Hawkins yuam kev suav tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm pre-Germanic substratum. V lus Sanskrit tab sis cov lus qhia no suab zoo li छदि [chati], uas yog, ib yam li peb. Nws kuj qhia tau hais tias Sanskrit cais los ntawm peb hom lus tom qab Germanic. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov xaus "-tei" nyob rau hauv lo lus Sanskrit no twb tau hloov mus rau "-ti", uas ib zaug ua tim khawv rau lub lig kev sib cais ntawm Sanskrit.

Lwm cov pov thawj ntawm kev sib cais lig ntawm Sanskrit los ntawm peb cov lus ib zaug yog tus lej "plaub", suab hauv lus Sanskrit zoo li चतुर् (chatur). Ntev dhau los, thaum tsis muaj Germanic, lossis Romance, lossis Armenian, lossis Greek tseem tsis tau cais tawm ntawm peb hom lus, tus lej no tau zoo li quetvor. Hauv cov lus Germanic, thawj "q" hloov mus rau hauv f, hauv Greek rau τ, hauv Celtic lus rau p, thiab tsuas yog rau hauv lus Sanskrit, hauv Slavic thiab Latvian, thawj lub suab zoo li [h].

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tus lej "xya" yog txuam nrog cov lus qhia "(na) rau ncuav", uas tom qab ntawd suab zoo li sntey. Thiab thaum lub thawv puv, lawv hais tias "spptn", uas yog, nchuav. uas yog, xya txhais tau tias muaj peev xwm. Nyob ntawm lus Sanskrit xya thiaj li suab zoo li सप्त (saptan), thiab nyob rau hauv Germanic lus "p", raws li Grimm txoj cai, tig mus rau hauv "f", raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov qub lus Askiv "seofon" twb tau. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum ntes tau ntawm ob lub suab, "f" tig mus rau "v" raws li hauv Lus Askiv Tshiab "xya", ces mus rau "b" raws li hauv German "sieben".

Lwm qhov laj thawj rau kev sib cais lig ntawm Sanskrit los ntawm Cov Lus Laus Lavxias yog lo lus tus menyuam ».

V lus Sanskrit muaj lus kev (rebhati), lub ntsiab lus qw thiab qw. Muaj tseeb, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav roar zoo li ib tug tsiaj, nyob rau hauv lus Sanskrit muaj lo lus रव (rava), thiab nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav quaj nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg laus txoj kev - lo lus रोदन (rodana). Tab sis nws yog los ntawm cov lus qhia rebhati uas lub npe originated kev (rebha), uas yog, roar, thiab participle रेभण (rebhana), uas yog, roaring. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho lwm yam lus uas sib cais los ntawm peb li thaum ntxov theem ntawm keeb kwm, tus me nyuam yog hu ua cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub tsev menyuam thiab lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov lus denoting tus me nyuam yog ze ze rau qhov chaw mos. Yog li, txhua leej txhua tus paub lo lus Askiv cunt. Nws los ntawm ancient Germanic kuntōn. Los ntawm tib p … dy los ntawm ancient Germanic lo lus kindą, los ntawm txhua tus Germanic kinders tau muab los. Ntxiv mus, Greek γένεσις thiab Latin gēns, nrog rau Latin cunus, lub ntsiab lus tib yam poj niam ntawm qhov chaw mos, los ntawm cov lus ua ntej ntawm lo lus no. Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab thiab Sanskrit, ib tug me nyuam los ntawm ib tug me nyuam lub suab.

Nrog rau lo lus "me nyuam", lo lus "me nyuam yaus" yog tam sim no siv los qhia tib lub tswv yim, muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus uas tam sim no tsis tshua siv daim ntawv "me nyuam". Lo lus no los ntawm dehti Cov poj koob yawm txwv uas muaj lo lus Sanskrit धयति (dayati), uas txhais tau tias "kom nqus." Los ntawm tib lo lus poj koob yawm txwv los lo lus "mis".

Cov lus hais txog lub ntsiab lus no:

Hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus Slavic nrog Sanskrit

Cov lus Lavxias yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Sanskrit