TOP 4 scientific technologies poob hauv Asmeskas

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ntau tus neeg tsim khoom koom nrog Tebchaws Meskas nrog lub tebchaws siab tshaj plaws, cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis, Hollywood, Silicon Valley thiab ntau lwm tus. Tau kawg, qhov no yog qee qhov xwm txheej. Tab sis raws li lawv hais, muaj qhov chaw ntawm lub hnub. thiab rau Tebchaws Meskas … Hnub no kuv yuav qhia koj txog plaub lub thev naus laus zis uas Tebchaws Meskas tau ploj lawm. Thiab tej zaum mus ib txhis.

Ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uranium

Tau ntev, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau txiav txim siab tsis ntxiv uranium ntawm nws tus kheej. Lawv tau pib ua qhov no, tab sis siv cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob kim kim, uas siv hluav taws xob ntau dua li cov tshuab centrifuge enrichment. Paub tias nws kim dhau, lawv txiav txim siab yuav cov khoom siv uranium los ntawm USSR, uas yog pheej yig dua.

Vim tsis muaj lub siab xav ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ua txhua yam ntawm lawv tus kheej, Tebchaws Meskas tau poob lub peev xwm los txhawb nws tus kheej uranium. Nyiaj rau kev tsim kho cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis tsim nyog, cov chaw tsim khoom, centrifuges, thiab lwm yam. muaj, tab sis tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nyob ntawd.

Tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Txias, ntau tshaj 600 tons ntawm riam phom-qib uas muaj uranium zoo nyob hauv USSR. Lub USSR diluted nws thiab nkag mus rau hauv ib daim ntawv cog lus nrog lub tebchaws United States rau kev muab cov uranium no rau siv nyob rau hauv American nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Xyoo 1994, USSR thiab Tebchaws Meskas tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus rau kev muab cov uranium no rau Tebchaws Meskas, tab sis xyoo 2013 Russia tau xa 60 tons ntawm uranium kawg rau Asmeskas cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear thiab tam sim no cov neeg Amelikas tsis muaj qhov nqa mus.

Tebchaws Meskas tsis tau rhuav tshem nws tus kheej cov chaw ua pa tawm, tab sis mothballed, tab sis lub sijhawm ua si tawm tsam lawv, txawm tias lawv yog mothballed. Lwm qhov chaw centrifugal URENCO nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Tebchaws Meskas (lawv npog kwv yees li 50-60% ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm US nuclear zog sector, tus so yog them los ntawm European daim ntawv cog lus thiab Techsnabexport).

Nws yog kim dhau los tsim ntawm nws tus kheej, thiab tam sim no cov Lavxias teb sab "Rosatom" tau koom nrog kev yuav khoom ntawm uranium depleted los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, nws ua thiab muag rov qab rau Tebchaws Meskas. Cov neeg Amelikas lawv tus kheej tseem tsis tau muaj uranium enrichment technologies niaj hnub no thiab nyob twj ywm ntawm cov tuam txhab Lavxias.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tau rov sim kho cov thev naus laus zis no, muaj tag nrho cov haujlwm thiab cov haujlwm. Tab sis txhua yam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Piv txwv li, txoj haujlwm "American centrifuge" tsis tau mus qhov twg, nws tau raug xa mus rau lub teb chaws kuaj (ORNL) thiab tau txais nyiaj txiag zoo heev rau kev tsim tawm (qhov project HiLo Uranium). Tab sis kom deb li deb nws yog deb ntawm industrial exploitation. Txawm hais tias Tebchaws Meskas yuav muaj peev xwm tsim cov thev naus laus zis sib tw ntawm nws tus kheej yog cov lus nug ntawm qhov tseeb.

Kev tsim kho Icebreaker

Thaum ntxov 2018, Tus Saib Xyuas ntug dej hiav txwv thiab US Navy tshaj tawm cov phiaj xwm nqis peev txog $ 9.8 nphom los tsim peb lub pas dej khov nab kuab hnyav uas muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm hauv Arctic thiab Antarctic. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm thawj ntawm lawv yog teem rau 2023.

Cov lus tshaj tawm no yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab tos ntev rau cov tub rog Asmeskas. Qhov tshiab tshaj plaws American icebreaker, Polar Sea, twb launched nyob rau hauv 1978 thiab decommissioned nyob rau hauv 2010. Lwm zoo xws li lub nkoj, Polar Star, uas tau nkag mus rau hauv kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv 1976, tam sim no tsuas yog ib tug ua hauj lwm hnyav icebreaker ntawm lub tebchaws United States. US Coast Guard muaj ob lub nkoj me me-chav qaum teb polar nkoj. Qhov sib txawv me me rau Russia (41 icebreakers).

Hauv tsab ntawv tshaj tawm tshiab tshaj tawm lub hlis no, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Tebchaws Meskas tau hais tias US Coast Guard tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv lag luam meej rau tus nqi lossis lub sijhawm teem sijhawm rau nws qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov dej khov hnyav hnyav.

Lub GAO yog US lub koom haum saib xyuas los ntawm Congress los tshuaj xyuas seb tsoomfwv siv nyiaj li cas rau cov neeg them se. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm qhov kev pab cuam icebreaking, lub koom haum tau ua ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas zoo xws li cov nqi ntawm kev hloov pauv huab cua hauv Alaska mus rau kev ntsuam xyuas kev lag luam ntawm qhov drilling hauv Arctic National Reserve.

Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tau tsim tias Coast Guard tau pom zoo rau qhov kev pab cuam icebreaker yam tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas ua ntej ntawm qhov project, tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas thev naus laus zis, tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev pheej hmoo.

Tus nqi kwv yees thiab lub sijhawm ntawm qhov project tau raug thuam hnyav heev. Tus nqi cog lus ntawm lub icebreaker - $ 9.8 billion - tau lees paub tias yog understated thiab tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov nyiaj txiag xav tau ntawm qhov kev pab cuam. Hnub npaj ntawm lub nkoj ua haujlwm tsis yog raws li qhov tseeb kwv yees ntawm lub sijhawm tsim kho, tab sis nyob rau ncua sij hawm rau kev decommissioning ntawm qhov kawg muaj icebreaker, Polar Star.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav, GAO tau xa rau 6 cov lus pom zoo rau Coast Guard, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Lub Tebchaws thiab Navy, raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua "kev soj ntsuam thev naus laus zis ntawm qhov project, kho cov peev nyiaj thiab tsim lub sijhawm rau kev ua raws li cov txheej txheem thiab cov kev coj ua uas twb muaj lawm, thiab tom qab ntawd rov kho cov txheej txheem kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov program. " Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Lub Tebchaws tau pom zoo nrog rau tag nrho rau qhov kev pom zoo.

Zoo, hais lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, lub tebchaws United States tsis tau tsim icebreakers rau ntau tshaj 40 xyoo. Xav txog, lawv tsis tau tsim nws rau ntau tshaj 40 xyoo. Txhua tus neeg uas tau koom nrog kev tsim cov dej khov zaum kawg twb tau so lawm los tsis tau. Cov chaw tsim khoom tau raug kho dua tshiab thiab tau poob qhov kev ua tau zoo (xws li vim tib neeg). Thiab xws li kev lag luam tsis tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib xyoos lossis ob xyoos.

Tsim cov tshuab zoo heev rau lub dav hlau SR-71

Lub Lockheed SR-71 yog lub tswv yim supersonic reconnaissance aircraft ntawm United States Air Force. Nws yog unofficially hu ua "Blackbird" los ntawm lus Askiv. "Blackbird".

Lub peculiarities ntawm no aircraft yog kev kub ceev thiab ya davhlau qhov siab, vim hais tias lub ntsiab missile evasion maneuver yog acceleration thiab nce.

Nyob rau hauv 1976, lub SR-71 "Blackbird" teem ib tug ceev ceev cov ntaub ntawv ntawm manned aircraft nrog turbojet xyaw - 3529.56 km / h. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, FAI tau sau npe 4 cov ntaub ntawv siv tau, tag nrho cov uas cuam tshuam nrog airspeed. Thiab ib qhov siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv kab rov tav davhlau - 25 929 meters. Yog tias leej twg xav tau, niaj hnub F-35 muaj qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 1930 km / h. Ntawd yog, 1976 - 3500 km / h thiab 1930 km / h hauv 2019.

Lub dav hlau no tsuas yog mob taub hau rau peb kev tiv thaiv huab cua. MiG 25 thiab 31 tau qeeb dua nws. Hmoov zoo, nws tsis muaj riam phom.

Lub cav yog lub plawv ntawm lub dav hlau no. J58 Variable voj voog turbojet. Pratt & Whitney yog hybrid ntawm lub cav turbojet thiab lub cav ramjet.

Kuv yuav tsis piav qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub cav no, tab sis nws muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab muaj lub siab xav dhau. Tab sis cia kuv ceeb toom koj tias nws tau pib ua haujlwm xyoo 1966.

Nws twb decommissioned nyob rau hauv 1998. Ntawm no, raws li nrog uranium enrichment, feem ntau yuav. Lawv txiav txim siab tias tsis muaj cov neeg tawm tsam sab laug, thiab yog vim li cas thiaj li nyuaj, kim cav.

Kev tsim cov cav rau cov cuaj luaj hnyav, ib qho analogue ntawm Lavxias RD-180

Kaw-cycle kua-propellant foob pob hluav taws cav nrog tom qab hlawv ntawm oxidizing generator roj tom qab lub turbine, nruab nrog ob chav combustion thiab ob lub nozzles. Tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1990s, raws li lub ntiaj teb no haib tshaj Soviet engine RD-170, tsim los ntawm NPO Energomash im. Academician V. P. Glushko.

Xyoo 1996, qhov project RD-180 yeej qhov kev sib tw rau kev txhim kho thiab muag cov cav rau US tso tsheb Atlas-3 thiab Atlas-5.

Xyoo 1996, General Dynamics tau txais txoj cai siv lub cav. Nws yog thawj zaug siv los ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 24, 2000 ua thawj theem ntawm Atlas IIA-R LV - kev hloov kho ntawm Atlas IIA foob pob hluav taws; Tom qab ntawd lub foob pob hluav taws tau hloov lub npe "Atlas III". Tom qab thawj zaug tso tawm, kev ua haujlwm ntxiv tau ua tiav los lees paub lub cav txhawm rau siv nws ntawm Common Booster Core ntawm theem tseem ceeb ntawm Atlas-5 foob pob hluav taws. Tus nqi ntawm ib lub cav li ntawm 2010 yog $ 9 lab. Yog li, txij li thaum pib ntawm 1999, lub cav RD-180 tau siv rau hauv Atlas-3 thiab Atlas-5 tso tsheb. Los ntawm 01.02.2008 muaj 6 launches ntawm Atlas-3 LV thiab 12 launches ntawm lub Atlas-5 LV, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawm lawv lub cav RD-180 ua hauj lwm flawlessly.

Txij li thaum lub hom phiaj ntawm lub cav qhov kev pab cuam yog tso tawm cov lag luam satellites thiab satellites ntawm US tsoom fwv, Pratt & Whitney tau txiav txim siab los ua tus koom tes tsim khoom ntawm RD-180 txhawm rau ua raws li US txoj cai. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txawm tias muaj ntau cov lus xaiv nthuav tawm hauv Is Taws Nem xov xwm thiab blogs, cov cai patent rau lub cav tsim muaj rau NPO Energomash; Thaum kawg ntawm 2018, tag nrho cov cav ntau lawm yog concentrated nyob rau hauv Russia. Kev muag khoom tau ua los ntawm kev sib koom ua lag luam ntawm Pratt & Whitney thiab NPO Energomash, hu ua JV RD-Amros.

Kuj ceeb tias, xyoo 2008-2009, Energomash qhov poob ntawm kev xa khoom ntawm RD-180 xyaw rau Tebchaws Meskas yog 880 lab rubles, lossis yuav luag 68% ntawm tag nrho cov tuam txhab poob. Lavxias teb sab Audit Chamber pom tias cov cav tau muag tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm lawv cov nqi tsim khoom. Raws li tus thawj coj ntawm NPO Energomash, Vladimir Solntsev, kom txog rau thaum 2010, foob pob ua ntxaij xyaw tau muag ntawm ib tug poob, txij li thaum tus nqi ntawm cov khoom loj hlob ntawm tus nqi siab tshaj tus nqi uas nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau kev muag khoom. Nyob rau hauv 2010-2011, ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev ntsuas tau coj, thiab qhov teeb meem raug kho.

Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub deterioration ntawm Lavxias teb sab-Asmeskas kev sib raug zoo (txij li thaum 2014), cov nom tswv ntawm ob lub teb chaws tau tso tawm cov lus pom zoo kom tsis txhob muab lub cav siv los ntawm cov neeg Amelikas. Tshwj xeeb, kev txwv tsis pub yuav lub cav tau qhia los ntawm kev hloov kho los ntawm John McCain. Txoj kev pib txwv tsis pub siv lub cav rau Asmeskas kev ua tub rog tau ua los ntawm tus thawj coj. Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm tsoom fwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation Dmitry Rogozin.

Raws li kev hloov pauv rau RD-180 hauv Tebchaws Meskas, cov tshuab tshiab tau txiav txim siab, rau kev txhim kho uas Pentagon tsis tu ncua faib nyiaj.

Txawm li cas los xij, thaum Asmeskas lub cav npaj siv, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem teb tau.

Tsis tas li ntawd xyoo 2014, daim ntawv cog lus tau kos npe nrog lub tuam txhab ntiag tug Blue Origin los tsim ib qho analogue ntawm Lavxias RD-180; lawv lub cav BE-4 tshiab (siv methane ua roj) tau qhia thaum ntxov 2017; kev vam meej yog qhia.

Nws cov neeg sib tw, Aerojet Rocketdyne, tau ua tiav thawj qhov kev sim tua hluav taws ntawm prechamber ntawm nws lub cav AR1 thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2017.

Thaum Lub Yim Hli 2018, NASA Tus Thawj Coj Jim Bridenstein tau hais hauv kev xam phaj nrog C-Span tias Asmeskas cov neeg tsim khoom tau ua haujlwm los tsim lwm txoj hauv kev rau Lavxias RD-180 xyaw.

Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2018, Lub Sijhawm Nyiaj Txiag, hais txog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm NPO Energomash, tshaj tawm tias Tuam Tshoj lub tuam txhab Great Wall Kev Lag Luam tau sib tham txog kev yuav khoom siv hluav taws xob tshuab hluav taws xob; Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau sau tseg tias RD-180 txhim kho peb lub zog ntau dua li qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws Suav cav YF-100, uas yog raws li lub cav RD-120 ua ntej.

SpaceX tus thawj coj Elon Musk txaj muag tias Boeing / Lockheed raug yuam kom siv lub tshuab Lavxias ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws Atlas, tab sis lub cav nws tus kheej zoo heev.

Hauv 2018, 11 RD-180 cav tau xa mus rau cov neeg siv khoom Asmeskas.

Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 11, 2019, Elon Musk tshaj tawm hauv nws Twitter txog kev sim ua tiav ntawm Raptor lub cav, tsim los ntawm nws lub tuam txhab SpaceX. Ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas, lub cav pom lub siab ntawm 268.9 bar, uas tshaj cov ntaub ntawv dhau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab RD-180.

Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 12, 2019, tus tsim qauv ntawm NPO Energomash, Pyotr Lyovochkin, tau sau tseg tias lub cav RD-180 tau ntawv pov thawj nrog 10% npoo, uas txhais tau hais tias lub siab nyob rau hauv nws cov combustion chamber yuav siab tshaj 280 cua. Lub Raptor ua haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus roj-rau-gas. Rau xws li cav, theem ntawm siab nyob rau hauv lub combustion chamber tsis yog ib yam dab tsi tawm ntawm qhov dog dig.

Txhawm rau kom nkag siab qhov teeb meem, tag nrho plaub lub thev naus laus zis tau teev tseg yog high-tech. Ntawd yog, tiag tiag high-tech. Cov cuab yeej siv tiag tiag.

Lawv tsis tuaj yeem coj thiab tsim. Peb xav tau cov koom haum tshawb fawb, cov tuam txhab, cov chaw soj nstuam, kev koom tes ntawm ntau pua lub lag luam, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, peb xav tau cov neeg, ntau txhiab tus neeg uas tsim nyog, tsis tshua muaj kev tshwj xeeb.

Ntawd yog, qhov tseeb.tias Tebchaws Meskas tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom lag luam nrog cov npe thev naus laus zis tau ntau xyoo, hais tias lawv tau poob tag nrho cov kev lag luam high-tech.