Peb qhov qub txeeg qub teg - TROYA (Tshooj 1. "Txoj kev ntawm tus nyuj")

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Muaj ib tug Gordian knot nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm ancient sij hawm. Los ntawm nws twist cov hlua ntawm cov lus piav qhia txog feem ntau ntawm cov teb chaws thiab cov thawj coj ntawm Western Europe. Lub hauv paus ntawm keeb kwm ntawm European kev vam meej yog hu ua Troy.

Cia peb sim siv lub sijhawm uas lub griffin los ntawm tus chij ntawm Tatar Caesar tau muab rau peb nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm "Tsis nco qab lub cim ntawm lub teb chaws zoo" thiab sim mus nrhiav qhov tob zais yav dhau los ntawm peb Fatherland. Thiab yog hais tias lub qub txeeg qub tes tsis muaj npe tsuas yog ib qho kev tsim kho ntawm "Renaissance", ces peb yuav tsum sau peb cov keeb kwm qub tshaj plaws, vim tias lwm lub teb chaws yuav tsis tso lawv cov ntawv qub qub rau txhua yam. Tab sis peb yuav tsis qhia peb lub neej yav tas los li cas. Peb yuav muab cov peev txheej canonical, thiab peb yuav caw cov logic tawv ncauj rau peb cov phooj ywg.

Nyob rau hauv obverse annalistic sau ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai (16th caug xyoo), ua ntej lub exposition ntawm peb txhua tus paub cov xwm txheej, ua ntej, tshwj xeeb, keeb kwm ntawm Trojan War yog muab. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias lub hauv paus rau kev nthuav qhia ntawm Trojan keeb kwm hauv Codex Chronicle tsis yog Iliad, tab sis Dareth ntawm Phrygia, nws txoj haujlwm tam sim no suav tias yog apocryphal. Nws tsis raug cais tawm tias cov compilers ntawm Observational Code taug qab keeb kwm ntawm Rus rau cov xwm txheej ntawm Trojan War.

Yog li Troy. Ntau tus twb tau mus txog qhov chaw ruaj khov no, qee qhov ua tiav, qee qhov tsawg dua. Tons ntawm daim ntawv, parchment thiab papyrus tau sau nrog txawm tias ib yam dab tsi khawb hauv Asia Minor, tab sis qhov paub tsis meej ntawm Ilion tseem zoo siab rau lub siab thiab tsis poob nws qhov tseeb. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev nqis tes rau hauv av twb tramped los ntawm cov neeg coob coob ntawm cov neeg tshawb fawb yav dhau los thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm qee qhov kev xav tsis sib haum xeeb. Tab sis tseem, cia peb sim rov qab mus rau lo lus nug nyuaj no. Muaj tseeb tiag, kev sib tham yuav tsum pib ntawm qhov deb.

Muaj tseeb ntau tus twb tau them nyiaj mloog mus rau dab tsi ntau haiv neeg "antique" sau ntawv nyob hauv thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub thiab nws cov cheeb tsam ib puag ncig - koj tuaj yeem tawg koj lub taub hau. Txog tam sim no, kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog leej twg yog leej twg tsis tso tseg.

Lub xyoo pua 19th historian Yegor Klassen tau sau tseg tias: Cov neeg Greek thiab Loos tau muab ntau pawg neeg Slavic lawv lub npe menyuam yaus, xa lawv mus rau thaj chaw, lossis rau lawv qhov tsos, lossis qhov hnyav hauv kev tsov kev rog, lossis txoj hauv kev ntawm lub neej … Los ntawm qhov no, ntau tshaj li tsib caug lub npe tsis tsim nyog uas tsis txhais tau tias muaj dab tsi tshwj xeeb, uas yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg ua ntej yog tias peb xav kom qhia meej qhov kev ntxhov siab no …”Kuv xav tias nqe lus no kuj muaj tseeb rau ntau haiv neeg.

Yuav tsum nres qhov twg, leej twg tshem tawm, thiab leej twg yuav tawm? Nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv "antique", peb yuav twv yuav raug hu tsis pom cov lus teb, vim hais tias muaj ntau contradictions nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm cov neeg tshaj li muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, cia peb ua qhov yooj yim thiab tsuas yog tso ib lub npe rau peb cov poj koob yawm txwv, lub capacious tshaj plaws. Cov Scythians kav ntev tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv annals thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia thiab yog, nyob rau hauv kuv lub tswv yim, lub feem ntau capacious tswvyim. Lub xyoo pua 20th historian G. V. Vernadsky nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm "Ancient Rus" hais tias: "Lub keeb kwm ntawm haiv neeg Scythians belongs rau cov kev sib tham. Cov kev xav tawm tsam tau hais tawm ntawm qhov teeb meem no los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb. Ib txhia, zoo li Newman, suav hais tias cov Scythians yog Mongols; lwm tus, xws li Melenhof, Tomashek, Rostovtsev, tsim txoj kev xav ntawm Iranian keeb kwm ntawm Scythians; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias - Grigoriev, Zabelin, Ilovaisky - qhia tias lawv yuav tsum yog Slavic keeb kwm. Txhua qhov kev xav no yuav tsum muaj yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm qhov tseeb, vim nws zoo li muaj ntau lub npe "Scythians" txhais tau tias cov pab pawg neeg txawv tebchaws."

Ntawd yog, Scythians, piv txwv li hais lus, tuaj yeem suav tias yog ib qho piv txwv qub ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "cov neeg Soviet". Lawv suav nrog ob pawg neeg sedentary thiab nomadic, raws li tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Herodotus (5th caug xyoo BC) thiab lwm cov neeg keeb kwm "antique". Cov lus piav qhia ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Scythians hais txog peb mus rau qhov qub qub heev. Nyob rau hauv lub epitome ntawm Justin (III caug xyoo) ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Pompey Trog (I caug xyoo) "Historiarum Philippicarum", raws li cov chronological indications, nws tsis yog nyuaj rau xam hais tias cov Scythians yeej ib tug yeej nyob rau hauv tsov rog nrog cov Egyptians nyob rau hauv 3700. BC. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias xws li antiquity yog tsis lees paub los ntawm canonical keeb kwm, lub discovery ntawm Arkaim (tig ntawm lub III-II txhiab xyoo BC), kuv xav hais tias, muab rau peb vim li cas yuav tsum xyuam xim rau cov lus tim khawv ntawm Justin. Nws kuj tau hais tias tom qab kev yeej ntawm Scythians hla cov neeg Iyiv, Asia tau ua rau cov neeg Scythians, uas tau them se rau Scythians rau ib thiab ib nrab txhiab xyoo.

Vim qhov tsis sib xws ntawm Justin cov ntaub ntawv nrog Phau Qub keeb kwm thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, kev sib tham ntawm phau Vajlugkub dej nyab, Orosius (V century), coj nws cov ntaub ntawv los ua lub hauv paus, qee qhov hloov pauv cov xwm txheej ntawm Scythian yav dhau los thiab txo qis lawv cov qub txeeg qub teg.. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qhov kev yeej ntawm Scythians hla tebchaws Iyiv hnub rov qab mus rau nruab nrab ntawm 4 xyoo txhiab BC. Lub xyoo pua 6 Gothic historian Jordan qhia txog tib yam kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov neeg Iyiv, tab sis hais txog lawv mus rau lub sijhawm luv ua ntej Tsov Rog Trojan. Nws hu ua Scythian huab tais Tanay tus Gothic huab tais Tanausis. Humanly nws muaj peev xwm to taub nws.

Diodorus (1st century BC) kuj hais txog kev tsov rog ntawm Scythians thiab cov neeg Iyiv: "Tom qab ib pliag, cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov vajntxwv no, txawv ntawm kev ua siab loj thiab kev txawj ntse, ua rau lub teb chaws loj dhau ntawm tus Dej Tanais mus rau Thrace thiab, coj cov tub rog. kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lwm cov kev taw qhia, txuas lawv dominion mus rau lub Egyptian dej Nile." Keeb kwm "Cov lus dab neeg ntawm Slovenia thiab Ruse", yos los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, muab cov lus dab neeg hais txog cov princes, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus huab tais legendary Skif, hu lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Rus. Phau ntawv keeb kwm kuj hais txog kev mus rau tebchaws Iziv. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, keeb kwm ntawm Rus tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Scythian keeb kwm. Lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej ntawm Sloven thiab Rus, thiab lawv tawm ntawm Northern Black Hiav Txwv cheeb tsam mus rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Russia tam sim no, cov keeb kwm hnub rov qab mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 3rd xyoo BC, uas kuj echoes kev yos hav zoov ntawm Arkaim..

Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kwv yees qhov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Scythians thiab ua rau lawv " ploj mus" cov neeg tej zaum yuav rov qab mus rau kev lig kev cai medieval. Pom tau tias, ntau zaj lus tim khawv txog cov Scythians tsis haum rau hauv phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, uas lawv tau pib thaum sau cov chronology uas tseem muaj niaj hnub no. Kuv xav tias cov kws sau ntawv tam sim no-hauv paus txhais lus ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm tsis yog tsawg kawg uas tau tsav los ntawm kev xav rhuav tshem ntawm lawv cov hauv paus hniav thiab yog li faib cov muaj zog tshaj (thiab ib qho ntawm cov neeg qub tshaj plaws) Scythian zej zog.

Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv lub npe "ncav" ntawm Scythian pab pawg neeg (txawm li cas los xij, los yog txhob txwm ua qauv) ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tham txog kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw thoob ntiaj teb ntawm tib neeg. Nrog rau kev lees paub ntawm ancient sij hawm thiab autochthonousness, ob peb units ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub Scythian zej zog, piv txwv li, cov Armenians, muaj hmoo, thiab kuv zoo siab tiag tiag rau lawv.

Tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov Scythians, uas nyob rau niaj hnub no nyob ua ke nyob rau hauv lawv cov pog koob yawg koob thaj av, pom lawv tus kheej tsis muaj keeb kwm keeb kwm tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev dag overestimation ntawm ancient sij hawm ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm haiv neeg. Qhov no tau tsim lub hauv paus ruaj khov rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb tsis txaus ntseeg txog leej twg yog "tus invader" thiab leej twg yog autochthonous. Tab sis cov neeg keeb kwm "antique" tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias leej twg yog tus laus dua, cov neeg Iyiv lossis cov neeg Scythians, thiab qee qhov (piv txwv li, Pompey Trog) suav tias yog cov neeg Scythians thaum ub.

Lub medieval Petavius (1583-1652), ib tug uas koom nyob rau hauv lub muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm chronology (ua tsaug rau Ilya Shapiro rau lub hint, cov khoom yog muab los ntawm no), tsis lag qab lub ancients. Nov yog qhov Petavius sau tias: “Cov neeg Scythians yog ib tug neeg siab tawv, muaj neeg coob thiab cov neeg thaum ub, yeej tsis tso siab rau leej twg, tab sis tsis tshua muaj kev tawm tsam lawv tus kheej kom kov yeej ib tug neeg. Ib zaug muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntev txog leej twg yog neeg qub dua: cov neeg Iyiv lossis cov Scythians, uas tau xaus nrog qhov tseeb tias cov neeg Scythians tau lees paub tias yog cov neeg qub tshaj plaws. Thiab rau lawv cov neeg coob heev lawv tau raug hu ua leej niam ntawm tag nrho cov migrations ntawm haiv neeg. Tus kws tshawb fawb Anacharsis yug hauv lub tebchaws no, uas ncav mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm Danube. Thaj chaw no hu ua Sarmatia lossis Scythians ntawm Tebchaws Europe."

Nws zoo nkaus li kuv tias haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Scythians, i.e. ntawm cov neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm Great Scythia, lub teb chaws Ottoman ntawm Tartaria, lub qub USSR, yog hais tias nws tau hloov txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, nws yog feem ntau yuav tsis radically. Rau qee qhov laj thawj, keeb kwm canonical tsis quav ntsej qhov tseeb tias txawm tias thaum lub sijhawm kov yeej, kev hloov ntawm kev ua pej xeem tsis cuam tshuam txog kev hloov pauv ntawm haiv neeg ntawm cov pejxeem. Thiab los ntawm "ncaj ncees" thiab medieval qhov chaw nws yog tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv Sikthia, thiab tom qab ntawd rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Tartary, nkag mus rau exporters ntawm "universal nqi" yog los ntawm thiab loj kaw.

Cov kev xav tam sim no hais txog qhov tsis zoo "zoo" kev tsiv teb tsaws nrog qhov zoo heev tshwm sim los ntawm tsis muaj neeg thiab lawv ploj mus rau qhov twg, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, tsis zoo li kev ncaj ncees. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb (E. Gabovich, N. Bloch, D. Antich thiab lwm tus) hais txog qhov ua tsis tau ntawm "kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw zoo" ntawm 4th-7th centuries nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas nws yog depicted. Tej zaum lawv yuav cem kuv tias qhov no tsis yog kev tshawb fawb kev kawm, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb BD. Grekov thiab B. A. Cov neeg nuv ntses tiv thaiv autochthonousness hauv ethnogenesis, piv txwv li, Slavs. Thiab ntawm no yog qhov keeb kwm ntawm xyoo pua 19th A. Veltman hais txog qhov tsis zoo "Mongols-Huns", uas tau piav qhia tias yog cov neeg ua txhaum ntawm lub npe hu ua "cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw loj": "Cov Huns tsis tas yuav los ntawm Asia; lawv tau muaj nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe tau ntev, nyob ntawm Dnieper …”Nws txheeb xyuas cov Huns nrog Dnieper Rus. Ntawm no yog ib qho me me los ntawm 1360 qhia txog kev tawm tsam ntawm Huns. Puas yog peb cov griffin nyob rau ntawm daim ntaub thaiv ntawm ib qho ntawm Huns 'warriors? Dub, nyob rau hauv ib tug daj tom qab, ib tug tis peeps tawm ntawm qab lub hniav ntawm ib tug nyob sib ze fighter.

Tam sim no piv cov tsiaj nyaum ntawm Hunnic ntaub thaiv npog nrog Tartar griffin los ntawm 1787 sau ntawm cov chij luam tawm hauv Paris.

Tab sis ib tug dub griffin nyob rau hauv ib tug golden teb, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, yog lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Panticapaeum, lub peev ntawm lub Bosporus lub nceeg vaj, thiab nyob rau hauv lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, lub Perekop lub nceeg vaj (Little Tartary). Raws li canonical yos los ntawm lub xyoo pua 7 BC, cov duab ntawm ib tug griffin tau dav siv los ntawm cov Scythians; nws kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov cim ntawm lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv pre-Roman Russia (peb soj ntsuam griffins nyob rau hauv kom meej nyob rau hauv peb kev kawm yav dhau los). Dab tsi muaj qee qhov kev nkag siab tsis tau "Mongols-Syunnu" ntawm no, Kuv tsis tuaj yeem xav txog.

Hais txog Huns, Veltman kuj hais txog qhov kev xav ntawm lwm tus neeg keeb kwm G. Venelin: "… nws muab lub npe Huns rau cov Bulgars zoo. Qhov kev xav ntawm G. Venelin yog raws li Iornand (Jordan - kuv), uas coj cov Huns tawm ntawm Bulgarorum sedes, thiab ntawm Byzantine sau ntawv, uas mus txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua 10th twb indifferent rau Danube barbarians, tam sim no cov Scythians, tam sim no lub Sarmatians, tam sim no cov Huns, tam sim no Bulgars, ces Russ … "Thiab tus historian G. V. Vernadsky ntseeg hais tias lub npe "Huns" raug ntaus nqi tsis yog rau ib tug neeg, tab sis rau ob peb zaug ib zaug, uas ua tau sib npaug nrog lub tswv yim peb siv, cov Scythians. Nyob rau lub sijhawm, nws yuav ua tau kom nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm Scythians, Tartars thiab niaj hnub. Tab sis tam sim no, thaum kuv hais txog cov Scythians, kuv pib los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias peb tab tom tham txog peb txhua tus, ntau meej txog peb cov poj koob yawm txwv. Lub thesis hais txog ntau haiv neeg ntawm Scythians tej zaum yuav tsum tsis txhob tsa cov lus nug, ntau cov pov thawj hais txog qhov no. Nws tuaj yeem xav tias cov Slavs, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov Rus (Kuv siv cov ntsiab lus no txhob txwm tshaj tawm), tuaj yeem, raws li tam sim no, suav nrog feem ntau ntawm Scythians. Txawm hais tias ib tug xov tooj ntawm medieval Arab historians, piv txwv li, Muhammad ibn Ahmed ibn Iyas al-Hanafi (thaum ntxov 16th caug xyoo), faib cov Rus li ib tug Turk.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov teeb meem no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov kev tshawb fawb no. Nws yog qhov tsawg kawg yog tsis tsim nyog rau cov neeg qub tshaj plaws uas muaj keeb kwm ntawm yuav luag rau txhiab xyoo los sib cav ntawm lawv tus kheej uas nyob rau theem twg ntau dua thiab leej twg yog ib puas lossis ob xyoos laus dua. Qhov no zam txim rau cov hluas. Thiab tsis yog cov xwm txheej qub heev qhia meej tias kev yeej zoo tau ua tiav ua ke.

Yuav kom sau cov kev xav txog cov Scythians, ib tug yuav tsum nco ntsoov hais tias cov legendary yawg koob ntawm Trojans Dardanus Diodorus hu ua Scythian huab tais. Kuv xav tias qhov no muab peb lub laj thawj los hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm Trojans thiab Scythians sib piv. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm Trojan War nyob rau hauv Tus Kheej Chronicle ntawm Ivan qhov txaus ntshai feem ntau yuav qhia tau hais tias ua ntej Schlözer, Miller thiab Bayer coj keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tau xav txog tib yam. Yog li ntawd, keeb kwm ntawm Troy, peb muaj cai xa mus rau Scythian keeb kwm, i.e. mus rau yav dhau los ntawm peb Motherland.

Tam sim no cia peb rov qab mus rau cov npe uas tau muab rau ntau pawg neeg los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv "antique". Lawv cov npe zoo ib yam li cov kwv tij ntxaib, piv txwv li: Thracians thiab Phrygians, Goths thiab Getae, Sarmatians thiab Savromats, Lycians thiab Cilicians, Dandars thiab Dardans, Taurus thiab Tevkras, Cimbri (Cimmers) thiab Cimmerians, Achaeans (hauv tebchaws Greece) thiab Achaeans (hauv North Caucasus). Ntawm chav kawm, peb yuav tsis sau tag nrho cov coincidences. Kwv yees li tib cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm "antique" ua haujlwm dispensed nrog cov npe ntawm cov dej ntws, nroog, thaj chaw. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm maps ntawm lub XVI-XVIII centuries, muab tso ua ke nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub heev "thawj qhov chaw", muaj ntau lub npe ntawm thaj chaw duplicating ib leeg nyob rau hauv qhov chaw deb heev. Troy pom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ib txwm muab rau nws los ntawm canon historians, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Ltalis. Tej zaum nyob rau hauv txoj kev no cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm daim ntawv qhia xav hais tias qhov no yog "Troy tshiab", nrhiav tau los ntawm Trojan migrants? Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov chaw rau xws li kev nyob tshiab, kuv tsis tau hla lub npe "Troy".

Thiab tus nto moo tshaj plaws Trojan tsiv teb tsaws, Aeneas, raug tso tseg yam tsis muaj Troy. Tsis deb ntawm Tiber, nws muaj tseeb, muaj Truya, tab sis seb nws muaj dab tsi ua nrog Aeneas. Nws kuj tseem nthuav kom pom tias Etruscans yog neeg. Thiab nws muaj kev lom zem thaum nws kuj pom cov npe "hma" thiab "cov tub ceev xwm" tsis deb ntawm ib leeg.

Muaj ntau ntau Naples (Novgorods), Caesarea (chaw nyob hauv vaj ntxwv) thiab Sevastopol (lub nroog dawb huv), tab sis qhov no kuj yog ntau dua lossis tsawg dua. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ob lub Iberias (hauv Spain thiab Iberia hauv Georgia), ob tus dej Gipanis (Cov Kab Kab Qab Qab Zib thiab Kuban) thiab ob peb Mizias (hauv Turkey, Bulgaria thiab nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Caspian).

Peb pom ob lub Hellespont (ib lub npe qub ntawm Dnieper thiab lub npe qub ntawm Dardanelles Strait).

Muaj ob lub nroog ntawm Acre nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Azov thiab ib lub ze ntawm Asia Minor Bosphorus. Txawm tias "Khiav ntawm Achilles" cheeb tsam yog bifurcated.

Peb yuav tham txog ob lub Bospores sib cais, thiab qhov kev xav ntawm cov npe ntawm thaj chaw hauv ob qhov chaw yuav qhia tau tias muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm qee yam khoom tseem ceeb ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov. Lawv yuav tawm tsam kuv tias cov cheeb tsam tau tsim thiab lawv tau muab lawv lub npe haiv neeg, raws li lawv tau muab ntau tom qab, piv txwv li, hauv Asmeskas. Tej zaum yuav yog li ntawd. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau lub npe tsis zoo li kuv muaj kev cuam tshuam, thiab kev sib tw nyob ib puag ncig Bosporus yog txhob txwm tshaj tawm. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no tsis piav qhia lub suab zoo sib xws ntawm cov npe ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov cheeb tsam zoo yuav tsis yog peb lub nroog qub ntawm Northern Black Sea cheeb tsam, tab sis cov uas, raws li cov canonical version, raug suav hais tias yog cov tseem ceeb, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txoj hmoo hem lub nroog Mediterranean. Tsis ntseeg kuv? Yog lawm, raws li cov canonical version, Lub Hiav Txwv Dub, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws sab qaum teb ntug dej hiav txwv, belongs rau thaj chaw nyob deb, tab sis saib cov duab qhia chaw ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub ntawm 16th-17th centuries. Koj yuav pom tias ntawm lawv lub Hiav Txwv Dub tsis yog hu ua Euxine Pontus xwb, tab sis kuj yog Mare Maggiore lossis Maior.

Cov uas paub cov lus twb txhais tias qhov no txhais li cas lub ntsiab los yog lub ntsiab hiav txwv. Lawv tab tom sim ntxias peb tias cov neeg Italians yuam kev hloov lawv "maggiore" (lub ntsiab) es tsis yog Greek "mauros" (μαύρος - dub) los ntawm consonance. Nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kuv los txiav txim rau kev kawm ntawm Italians nyob rau lub sijhawm nyob deb, thaum cov nyom ntsuab ntau dua, cov dej tsis sib piv, thiab tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Ltalis tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis cov Islands tuaj thiab, pom tau tias, dej hiav txwv tsis tsawg dua Pacific Dej hiav txwv.. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tswv yim ntawm "lub hiav txwv loj" yog siv los ntawm cov neeg muaj kev paub zoo, xws li Marco Polo (tig ntawm XIII-XIV centuries), nrog rau Fleming Guillaume Rubruck (XIII caug xyoo) hauv nws phau ntawv "Journey to the Eastern. Lub teb chaws". Thiab Venetian Josaphat Barbaro (15th caug xyoo) hauv nws "Journey to Tanu" hu ua Black Sea Majus, i.e. Zoo heev.

Tam sim no cia peb tham nrog Cimmerian Bosporus (Kerch Strait) thiab Thracian Bosporus, uas tam sim no belongs rau Qaib Cov Txwv. Bosporus txhais tau tias yog bull ford lossis "txoj kev ntawm tus nyuj." Appian (1st caug xyoo) nyob rau hauv Mithridates tsov rog sau hais tias Cimmerian Bosporus tshuav nws lub npe rau cov lus dab neeg, raws li Io, hloov mus rau hauv ib tug nyuj tom qab kev sib cuag nrog Zeus, yuav tsum tau ua luam dej hla lub strait, khiav ntawm Hera txoj kev khib. Tab sis muaj ob lub Bosporus, thiab raws li cov lus dab neeg, Io nws thiaj li tau mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws. Yog tias Appian txhais tau tias niaj hnub tim lyiv teb chaws, ces Io tuaj yeem mus rau qhov ntawd los ntawm kev ua luam dej ntawm Cimmerian Bosporus nkaus xwb los ntawm Thracian Bosporus.

Lwm tus cwj pwm ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los yog txuam nrog "txoj kev ntawm tus nyuj" - Alexander lub Great nrog nws Bucephalus (bull-head), uas nws tus khub Antyuriy tau caij nkoj mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv Baltic, tso rau ntawm lub nkoj duab ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Bucephalus (Thaj ib tug nyuj) thiab griffin, qhov chaw uas nws tau los ua tus yawg koob yawg koob ntawm obodritic tsev neeg … Peb pom ob daim duab no ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Mecklenburg.

Cov lus dab neeg ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, uas Zeus, tau hloov mus rau hauv ib tug nyuj, coj mus rau cov kob ntawm Crete, kuj tsim nyog. Yog hais tias Zeus abducted Europe los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Heraclium Cimmerian los yog los ntawm Tanais (Azov), ces Zeus tus nyuj yuav tsum ua luam dej los ntawm ob qho tib si Bospores. Tab sis nws tau nyob ntawm txoj kab no, raws li cov tswv yim ntawm ancients, uas ciam teb ntawm Europe thiab Asia dhau mus.

Nws tuaj yeem xav tias "txoj kev ntawm tus nyuj" tuaj yeem raug hu tsis yog txoj kev los ntawm ib sab ntawm txhua qhov chaw mus rau lwm qhov, tab sis txoj kev hiav txwv ntawm Cimmerian Bosporus thiab Thracian Bosporus. Puas yog "txoj kev ntawm tus nyuj" puas tuaj yeem muab Hiav Txwv Dub rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub hiav txwv tseem ceeb, ua tsaug rau nws nkag mus rau cov lus dab neeg? Nyob rau hauv Azov Hiav Txwv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog, ob txoj kev lag luam loj tau sib sau ua ke: "Great Silk Road" thiab txoj kev "los ntawm Varangians mus rau Greeks." Tab sis tom qab tag nrho "los ntawm Varangians mus rau Greeks" peb mus hla lub Dnieper, koj hais, thiab koj yuav yog, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib feem.

Nws tuaj yeem mus rau hauv Dnieper, tab sis nws nyuaj rau kev nce vim yog qhov nrawm, thiab tej zaum tsis pom zoo.

Lub xyoo pua 19th historian D. Ilovaisky tau sau cov lus hauv qab no: "Nws yog qhov zoo kawg nkaus rau cov neeg Lavxias kom rub lawv lub nkoj rau hauv av qhuav dhau los ntawm txhua qhov nrawm, uas yog, ntawm qhov deb ntawm 70 lossis 80 versts".

Txhawm rau kom sawv ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub, suav nrog tom qab kev sib tw ua tub rog, txoj kev hla Krechensky Strait raws Hiav Txwv Azov tau siv, tom qab ntawd: - Mius (los yog Kalmius), Volchya, Samara, Dnieper; - Don, Seversky Donets, Berestovaya, Orel, Dnipro. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas nws thiaj li tau mus rau hauv lub Dnieper twb nyob rau saum toj ceev ceev, raws li Ilovaisky hais.

Thiab yog tias peb tseem nco ntsoov txog kev rub los ntawm Don mus rau Volga thiab "Great Silk Road", ces peb tuaj yeem nkag siab tias tus tswv ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm Hiav Txwv Azov tau txais cov yuam sij rau hom Klondike hauv nws txhais tes. Yog li ntawd, lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau tag nrho cov kev tsov kev rog nyob rau hauv lub Crimea thiab Dub hiav txwv ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Caucasus yog lub siab xav tswj no heev loj trading hub.

Los ntawm cov saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias kev tswj hwm ntawm Kerch Strait (Cimmerian Bosporus) thiab lub qhov ncauj ntawm Don tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li kev tswj hwm ntawm Thracian Bosporus thiab Dardanelles. Thiab lub hav zoov nyob rau hauv Northern Black Hiav Txwv cheeb tsam raws li lub canonical yos los ntawm lub xyoo pua 7 BC. Cov nroog qub (Panticapaeum, Phanagoria, Tanais, thiab lwm yam) qhia tias Cimmerian Bosporus muaj qhov tseem ceeb txij li thaum ub. Kuv xav tias "txoj kev ntawm tus nyuj", i.e. txoj kev ntawm ob Bospores, tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov lus dab neeg meej vim nws qhov tseem ceeb. Thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm txoj kev lag luam no nrog ntau cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm uas tau tshwm sim nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub txij thaum ub (nco ntsoov, piv txwv li, Darius txoj kev sib tw hauv Scythia lossis Mithridatic tsov rog), hais txog qhov tseeb ntawm cov npe Mare Maggiore (Main Hiav Txwv) thiab Mare Majus (Hiav Txwv Loj).

Tam sim no nws yuav tsis yog superfluous nco ntsoov ib zaug ntxiv hais tias ib tug ntawm cov ancient lub npe ntawm lub Crimea yog Tavrida (Tavrika, Tavria). Hauv encyclopedias peb paub tseeb tias lub npe no los ntawm cov neeg thaum ub ntawm Taurus. Cov kev kawm paub nws zoo dua, tau kawg, tab sis hauv Indo-European cov lus lo lus nrog cov hauv paus ntsiab lus muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw (Greek ταύρος, lat. Taurus, lit. taūras, Slav. Tur). Los ntawm txoj kev, Apolloodorus (II xyoo pua BC) sau hais tias raws li cov lus qhia ntawm lub oracle, lub legendary Ilu tau muab ib tug nyuj. Nws cia nws nyob rau hauv thiab qhov twg tus nyuj nteg, Il nrhiav tau Ilion. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias qhib qhov chaw tshaj tawm cov cim zoo sib xws ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thaum xaiv qhov chaw los tsim lub tsev, txawm hais tias qhov kos npe no yuav zoo thoob ntiaj teb. Tab sis cov Scythians tsis yog ib tug neeg txawv ntawm cov duab ntawm ib tug nyuj.

Thiab, piv txwv li, hauv Phanagoria, Theodosia thiab Panticapaeum, tus nyuj tau minted ntawm npib.

Nyob rau hauv South Slavic cosmology, ib tug nyuj (qee zaum ib tug nyuj los yog ib tug nyuj) yog kev txhawb nqa ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nyob rau hauv Lo Lus hais txog Igor tus tub rog, peb ntsib lub epithet "yuav-tour" nyob rau hauv relation mus, piv txwv li, Prince Vsevolod Svyatoslavovich. Yog, thiab nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg ntawm Russians, cov duab ntawm ib tug nyuj kuj muaj nyob rau hauv.

Kev sib txuas nrog cov lus dab neeg thaum ub hais txog cov nyuj, nrog rau muaj ob qho tib si Taurida thiab Bosporus nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw, muab peb lub hauv paus rau kev xav tias qhov pib ntawm "bull's way" tuaj yeem yog thaj av Northern Dub hiav txwv, thiab tsis yog. Cimmerian Strait ntawm tib lub npe nrog Bosporus. Qhov no version yog indirectly lees paub los ntawm cov lus ntawm Herodotus, uas hu ua Meotida (Hiav txwv ntawm Azov) "Niam ntawm [Euksin's] Pontus." Tam sim no nws paub meej tias yog vim li cas tus neeg sawv cev, tus neeg taug kev thiab kev ntseeg ntawm John de Galonifontibus (tig ntawm XIV thiab XV centuries) nyob rau hauv "Phau Ntawv Kev Paub Txog Lub Ntiaj Teb" hu ua Dub Hiav Txwv tsis yog lub Great, tab sis kuj Tanay Hiav Txwv, i.e. Los ntawm Don Sea! Lub attribution ntawm Scythians los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm qhov chaw rau ancient sij hawm, hais txog lub legendary Hyperborea mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub Scythians, raws li zoo raws li lub discovery ntawm Arkaim, hais lus nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug tsim kev vam meej yog tam sim no los ntawm sab qaum teb. Hiav Txwv Dub txij thaum ub los.

Tag nrho cov saum toj no muab lub hauv paus rau cov lus nug tob tob txog qhov thesis ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub thiab nws sab qaum teb ntug dej hiav txwv raws li sab nrauv ntawm Oycumene. Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, hauv qhov pom ntawm qhov tseeb no, ib tus tuaj yeem ua qhov kev xav tias Hiav Txwv Mediterranean tsis yog "qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb" uas tam sim no tau muab tawm. Cov txiaj ntsig ua ntej ntawm peb cov kev tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog daim iav duab ntawm lub npe nyob ib ncig ntawm ob Bospores thiab txhob txwm zoo sib xws hauv cov npe ntawm cov neeg, kuj tseem qhia tau tias cov canonical version ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Troy yog qhov tsis ntseeg siab. Txaus twb tau sau txog Schliemann txoj kev taug txuj kev nyuaj thiab nws "McKenna kub" kom tsis txhob nkim sijhawm rau nws tus neeg. Cia wb mus saib daim ntawv qhia keeb kwm ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub, muab tso ua ke nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th raws li "antique" qhov chaw. Nws tsuas yog ua pa nrog lub sijhawm qub. Cov npe ntawm cov nroog thiab cov dej ntws rov qab mus rau cov dab neeg qub thiab cov dab neeg qub, suav nrog Tsov Rog Trojan.

Kuv vam tias cov neeg nyeem feem ntau yuav tsis muaj lus nug tam sim no thaum peb yuav pib nrhiav cov lus dab neeg Troy ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Great Don Hiav Txwv, uas nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm kuj hu ua Lavxias teb sab hiav txwv.

Nyeem ntxiv: Tshooj 2. Nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Don