Kem ntawm Isaac thiab ntau dua. Ntu 1

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv online txog cov kab ntawm St. Isaac's Cathedral. Ntau tus tsis ntseeg heev txog qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm St. Isaac's Cathedral los ntawm A. Montferrand thiab lawv yog. Tsis tsuas yog nws technically tsis yooj yim sua kom ua txhua kab txawm tias tam sim no, txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau lub sijhawm no, tsuas yog tsis muaj kev sib txuas thev naus laus zis nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb. Yog li kuj tseem muaj cov pov thawj ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj qha ntawm lub neej ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj no ua ntej hnub ua haujlwm rau kev tsim kho lub tsev teev ntuj. Piv txwv li, ntawm no yog ib daim duab los ntawm A. Bryullov uas peb pom peb lub tsev teev ntuj niaj hnub ntawm 3/4. Tsuas yog ob lub colonnades me thiab lwm lub domes uas ploj lawm. Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog nyob rau hauv St. Isaac's Cathedral, qhov twg 4 versions ntawm St. Isaac lub Koom Txoos tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv raws sij hawm, qhov kev xaiv no tsis tuaj. Qhov no yog to taub, vim hais tias nws tsis haum rau lub paradigm xav tau.

Peb yuav tsis mus ntxiv rau hauv keeb kwm, peb tsuas yog kov ntawm kev sab laj. Nws yog qhov zoo kawg nkaus vim lub tsev teev ntuj yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Yuav ua li cas thiab yuav ua li cas nyob rau ntawd.

Cia peb pib nrog cov kab. Cov kab tseem ceeb, uas yog ua los ntawm granite thiab uas hnyav 114 (qee qhov chaw 117) tons. Tam sim no ob peb versions ntawm kev tsim cov kab lus tau tham, cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tsis yog comic. Ib tug neeg xav tias cov kab yog tsim los ntawm casting. Ib tug neeg hais tias txhua kab yog ua los ntawm cib, ntu lossis pob zeb thiab tsuas yog plastered. Feem ntau, qhov no tsis yog monolithic tej yam ntuj tso granite, vim nws yog technologically tsis yooj yim sua kom ua xws kab nrog ib tug chisel thiab los ntawm lub qhov muag, thiab lathes rau ua pob zeb blocks hnyav pua pua tons tsis muaj nyob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th.

Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis suav nrog piv txwv li phau ntawv xuas tes ua nrog rau daim ntawv qhia no:

3. Imitation ntawm granite. Sib tov huv si xuab zeb, pyrite los yog lwm yam loj uas muaj flint nrog freshly burnt thiab crushed txiv qaub nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no feem: 10 xuab zeb los yog pyrite thiab 1 txiv qaub. Txiv qaub, extinguished los ntawm noo noo cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov xuab zeb, corrodes lub flint thiab tsim ib tug nyias txheej nyob ib ncig ntawm txhua silicon grain. Thaum txias, qhov sib tov yog softened nrog dej. Tom qab ntawd muab 10 crushed granite thiab 1 txiv qaub thiab knead rau hauv qhov chaw. Ob qhov sib xyaw yog muab tso rau hauv cov pwm hlau kom cov xuab zeb thiab cov txiv qaub sib xyaw ua rau nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom, thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm granite thiab txiv qaub ua ib lub plhaub sab nraud ntawm 6 mus rau 12 hli (nyob ntawm qhov tuab ntawm cov khoom npaj). Thaum kawg, qhov loj yog nias thiab hardened los ntawm huab cua kom qhuav. Cov xim pleev xim yog hlau ore thiab hlau oxide, uas yog kub tov nrog granular granite.

Yog tias koj xav tau cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus saum toj no los muab qhov tshwj xeeb hardness, tom qab ntawd lawv muab tso rau hauv poov tshuaj silicate rau ib teev thiab raug rau qhov kub ntawm 150 ° C.

Lawv kuj muab ib daim duab zoo li no nrog ib lub thav duab ua los ntawm cov laug cam ntawm qee cov kab. Daim duab no yog siv rau Kazan Cathedral, tab sis peb tab tom tham txog kev siv tshuab hauv cov ntsiab lus, thiab raws li cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev siv tshuab ua vaj tse, qhov no yog li cas tag nrho cov kab tau raug pov tseg, suav nrog txhua kab ntawm St. Isaac's Cathedral.

Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv daim duab no, nws tsis yog lub formwork, raws li feem ntau xav, tab sis tsuas yog lub strapping ntawm FINISHED kem thiaj li yuav fasten lub scaffolding rau nws. Ua tib zoo saib daim duab dua thiab koj yuav pom koj tus kheej. Ib kem npaj tsis yog pheej yig, tej nti, tej tawg yuav txhais tau tias yog ib tug hloov los yog ib tug loj kho ntawm kem, ntawm nws cov nqi? Thiab yog li ntawd, los ntawm kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj, ib qho kim kem tsuas yog kaw, thiab cov laug cam nyob rau hauv txoj kev muaj ib tug bearing load raws li kev txhawb nqa rau scaffolding. Koj yuav tsis raug ntsia rau ntawm kab, puas yog?

Proponents ntawm plaster qhia ib yam dab tsi zoo li no technology.

thiab raws li pov thawj ntawm no yog ib daim duab los ntawm Roman Pantheon. Zoo li lub sijhawm ntawd muaj cov thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov plaster sib tov rov ua cov granite.

Tam sim no cia peb saib ze dua ntawm cov kab lawv tus kheej thiab tag nrho cov versions.

Cia peb pib nrog plaster technology. Peb yuav tsum pib nrog lub fact tias nyob rau hauv ntau yam duab hais nrog plaster tev tawm ntawm txhua kab, nyob rau hauv tib lub Roman Pantheon, piv txwv li, peb pom tsuas yog ib qho kev kho dua tshiab. Ua "tam sim no", ua carelessly, thiab yog vim li cas nws tau txais kev qhuas. Cov khoom siv yog polymer. Tam sim no muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv polymer rau ntau lub pob zeb, lawv tsis tsuas yog siv los ntawm cov neeg tsim kho thiab cov neeg tsim khoom xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov neeg ua tiav, cov tsim qauv thiab txhua yam ntawm lwm cov khoom dai. Lawv ua da dej, chav ua noj countertops, vases, figurines, thiab lwm yam. Ntau yam thev naus laus zis, los ntawm qee qhov sib xyaw ntawm qee qhov kev sib txuas nrog granite chips rau "kua granite".

Txawm hais tias peb lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv qee qhov plaster compositions imitating granite, ces tag nrho cov teeb meem creeps tawm nrog lub tsheb ciav hlau me me uas yuav tsum tau daws.

Thawj qhov teeb meem yog yuav kho li cas. Hauv kev tsim kho niaj hnub no, thaum txheej txheej ntawm plaster siv nrog lub qhov muag kom ruaj khov, plaster mesh yog ib txwm siv. Yav dhau los, lub npe hu ua shingles kuj tau siv ntau zaus, qhov no yog ntoo crate, uas, qhov tseeb, kuj yog ib qho txawv ntawm ib daim phiaj. Lub mesh kuj txhais tau qee yam kev sib txuas ntawm lub hauv paus. Qhov no kuv txhais tau tias thaum "qhib" qee cov txheej ntawm plaster, peb yuav pom qee yam khoom txawv teb chaws los ntawm pob zeb lossis plaster. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm Ixaj cov kab, peb tsis pom lawv.

Thaum pib ntawm tsab xov xwm, kuv tau hais ib nqe lus los ntawm ib tug handicraftsman phau ntawv, qhov twg nws yog sau hais tias ib txheej ntawm plaster yog thov nrog ib tug tuab ntawm 6 mus rau 12 hli. Thiab nws yog lawm. Rau feem ntawm granite crumbs yuav tsis tso cai thinner, thiab yog tias koj ua kom nws thicker, koj xav tau ib tug mesh, los yog tag nrho nws yuav poob sai heev. Txawm tias niaj hnub super-technological thiab super-nplaum ib qho kev sib xyaw plaster tsis tso cai rau daim ntawv thov ntawm ib txheej tuab dua 3-4 cm. Yog tias thicker, ces nyob rau hauv ob peb theem (txheej) los yog nrog rubble. Ntxiv mus. Lub multicomponent muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm plaster sib tov yuav inevitably imply nws tom qab theem, vim hais tias nws yuav tsis muaj peev xwm mus thov nws nyob rau hauv ib tug txawm txheej. Nov yog qhov teeb meem tom ntej. Cov binder muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ib qho nyuaj rau xaiv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ceev thiab hardness nrog lub Cheebtsam (granite chips) ntawm plaster sib tov. Ntawd yog, yog tias koj siv qee yam khoom siv, raws li niaj hnub plasterers ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib co spatulas thiab cov cai, ces ib co feem yuav rhais tawm. Koj ua tsis tau yog tsis muaj nws. Qhov no tuaj yeem zam tau tsuas yog los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej siv siab ceev, xws li cov tshuab niaj hnub. Thiab tom qab ntawd qhov teeb meem tom ntej ntawm txoj kev npaj zoo sib xws yog yuav ua li cas polish nws tag nrho. Thiab yuav ua li cas sau cov kab noj hniav uas tsis tuaj yeem (voids) thiab tawg. Feem ntau, muaj ntau cov lus nug, cov lus teb uas nyuaj heev kom tau txais.

Cov lus nug yuav yog ib txoj kev npaj zoo sib xws rau cov qauv tsim. Peb yuav tsum pib nrog qhov tseeb tias pob zeb yuav tsum tau nchuav rau hauv pwm ib zaug. Qhov no yog tias koj xav kom tsis txhob muaj kev txhawb zog. Raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no, piv txwv li, cov pob zeb ua vaj tse rau qhov dej los yog cov blocks rau cov hauv paus yog cam khwb cia. Cov ntaub ntawv loj nrog kev siv cov pob zeb loj loj hauv ntu hauv ob peb theem yog ib txwm nrum nrog kev txhawb nqa.

Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th muaj peev xwm ntawm ib zaug pouring 114 tons ntawm cov npaj sib tov rau hauv pwm, kuv tsis paub, tab sis nws yog heev nyuaj rau xav txog yuav ua li cas nws yuav saib, txawm lub fact tias cov pob zeb sib tov yuav tsum tau. nyob rau hauv kev txav txhua lub sijhawm, txwv tsis pub cov seem hnyav yuav sai sai rau hauv qab. Tam sim no mixers thiab lwm yam rotating ntim yog siv rau qhov no. Thiab tsis txhob hnov qab txog Alexandria kem hnyav 600 tons (10 railway tanks). Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb tom ntej hauv kev ua vaj tse casting version yuav yog qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov tsua. Lawv tam sim no pom nyob rau hauv tej pob zeb nto. Saib ntawm txoj kev telegraph ncej, piv txwv li. Yog li kuv thiaj li thaij duab qhov ze tshaj plaws. Nws npog hauv qhov tsua.

Nws yuav zoo ib yam txawm tias koj siv ib daim ntawv du, xws li zaj duab xis.

Tej zaum yuav muaj qee cov npuas hauv cov pob zeb sib tov, ntxiv rau, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm crystallization, cua sov tawm, uas ua rau kom tso tawm ntawm vapors, yog li yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi tsis muaj nws. Yuav luag yuav luag, vim hais tias ib txoj hauv kev tshem tawm cov qhov tsua tau tsim - qhov no yog vibro-formwork (vibropress). Ntawd yog, movable formwork. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, cov ntxhua khaub ncaws, dab da dej, countertops, vases, figurines, thiab lwm yam yog tam sim no cam khwb cia, tab sis tag nrho cov no yog cov khoom me me. Kuv tus kheej tsis tuaj yeem xav txog lub vibrating formwork kaum ntawm meters siab nrog kev daws teeb meem ntawm ib puas tons.

Thiab tsis txhob hnov qab txog tag nrho cov teeb meem tshwm sim hauv plaster. Rau daim ntawv cam khwb cia yuav inevitably yuav tsum tau coj mus rau ib tug mob - mus rau theem, grind, putty, polish, thiab lwm yam. Saib, piv txwv li, ntawm kev kho asphalt ntawm peb txoj kev. Qhia tawm heev. Qhov kev txiav ntawm asphalt yog qhov peb pom tsuas yog ntawm cov kab ntawm Isakia. Ntawd yog, Isakia txhua kab muaj cov kab ke ntawm machining nrog cov cuab yeej txiav ceev.

Tam sim no cia peb tsiv mus rau cov kab lawv tus kheej. Daim duab kawg tsis yog xwm txheej. Nws qhia tau hais tias tsis yog tsuas yog tshem tawm qhov tseeb ntawm machining (txiav) nrog cov cuab yeej siv ceev, tab sis kuj qhia tau tias qhov kev kho dua tshiab tam sim no ua li cas. Qhov teeb meem ntawm kab yog muab tshem tawm, qhov cuab lub zog yog ntxig thiab ib qho kev sib xyaw polymer muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog granite chips yog siv. Los yog ib thaj yog ntxig (muab tshuaj). Cov xim dub nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no feem ntau yuav yog ib co primer los yog qub kua nplaum. Tom qab ntawd nws yog tag nrho grinded thiab polished.

Qhov tseeb hais tias cov kab ntawm Isaac yog ib lub pob zeb ntuj tuaj yeem ua pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb hauv qab no. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov tseeb hais tias tsis tsuas yog cov kab yog ua los ntawm xws li granite, tab sis kuj tag nrho cov foundations nyob rau hauv lub cathedral thiab cheeb tsam nyob ib ncig ntawm lub cathedral. Thiab txawm curbs. Thiab feem ntau, yuav luag hauv pem teb ntawm St. Petersburg yog ua los ntawm no granite. Nws tseem nyob ntawm lub forts, thiab nws kuj nyob hauv Kronstadt. Qhov no yog lub npe hu ua rapakivi.

Ntuj kev ntxhib los mos yuav yog cov pov thawj tom ntej. Rapakivi tsis muaj cov qauv zoo nkauj, tsis zoo li grey thiab dub granites. Tab sis txawm li cas los xij, ib qho kev ntxhib los mos, txawm tias tsis hais lus, muaj qhov chaw ua. Yog tias koj taug kev raws lub tsev teev ntuj, koj tuaj yeem pom ntawm no thiab nyob ntawd.

Ntawm no yog cov blocks ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, peb pom ib tug textured duab (kab).

Thiab ntawm no peb ua tib zoo saib ntawm qhov qis thib peb ntawm kab nyob ze. Daim duab txawv. Tam sim no saib ntawm kab tom ntej, ntawm nws muaj ob peb streaks nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov chaw tsaus, nyob rau hauv txoj cai kab nyob rau hauv lub thib peb kem nyob rau hauv nruab nrab kuj muaj ib tug txawv qauv.

Muaj ib daim duab kos rau ntawm kab ntawv hauv qab no.

Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj cov kab tawg ntawm cov foob pob tawg rau ntawm nws. Muaj ib lub pas dej loj loj ntawm sab xis ntawm sab saum toj; Kuv pom qhov chaw no nyob ze rau ntawm qhov pib ntawm tsab xov xwm. Raws li txoj cai, qhov no yog los ntawm kev sib cais los ntawm lub foob pob thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj, tab sis qhov tseeb no zoo li kuv tau raug kuaj ob zaug. Lub foob pob tawg qhov twg, txawm hais tias tsuas muaj ib lub nti loj ntawm ib kem, thiab qee cov shrapnel los ntawm cov khoom me me ntawm lwm qhov? Thiab lawv raug coj mus rau ib leeg. Nws hloov tawm tias lub foob pob tawg qhov chaw ntawm cov kab? Tab sis raws li keeb kwm ntawm nom tswv, tsis muaj ib qho kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj thaum tsov rog. Yog tias qhov tawg tau nyob deb, ces nws tsis paub meej tias cov khoom tawg mus li cas - ib zaug, thiab lub foob pob muaj li cas - ob, yog li ntawm qhov siab ntawm 20 meters los ntawm ib puas-tuj granite thaiv, tsuas yog ib daim loj loj. tawg nrog ib tug splinter.

Los ntawm txoj kev. Qhov tseeb no tsis lees txais ob qho tib si version ntawm plaster, vim hais tias nws yuav ya tawm zoo li ib daim pam nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw, thiab lub version mus rau hauv lub segmented sib dhos ntawm kem. Yog hais tias lub kem muaj cov khoom tivthaiv, ces los ntawm lub tshuab ntawm xws li ib tug muaj zog quab yuam, cov kab nrib pleb yuav inevitably mus raws cov ntu ntawm kem. Cov kab nrib pleb. Peb kuj tsis pom lawv nyob qhov twg. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ntau qhov tawg ntawm cov kab. Tab sis lawv txhua tus tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau ntsug. Cov lus piav qhia feem ntau yog yooj yim. Lub cathedral muaj ib tug drawdown nyob rau hauv lub center. Muaj qhov kev poob qis hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum nws rov tsim kho los ntawm Montferrand. Ntxiv mus, tsis tsuas yog qhov chaw sag, tab sis lub perimeter kuj swelled, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tsim ob colonnades (me me). Niaj hnub no, qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub sab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj yog mus txog 45 cm, ntsug deviation yog 27 cm. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, lub cathedral sagged los ntawm tsuas yog 5 hli. Xav paub ntxiv txog qhov no

Ua ntej. Lwm kem. Ntawm nws, cov qauv kev ntxhib los mos yog pom meej meej raws tag nrho qhov siab.

Vim li cas kuv thiaj them nyiaj ntau rau kev kos duab zoo nkauj. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom rov ua dua nws. Tsis muaj pob zeb siv tshuab, tsis muaj plaster. Peb saib qhov nruab nrab ntawm kab ntawv no.

Lwm kem. Thiab ntawm no peb yuav ua tiav.

Cia peb mus rau qhov tawg. Lawv yuav luag tag nrho ntsug. Thiab qhov no yog qhov nkag siab, vim tias cov kab nrib pleb yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub zog. Lub zog ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm kab yog ntsug, uas txhais tau hais tias tsuas yog kab nrib pleb tuaj yeem mus. Ntawm no, los ntawm txoj kev, qhov tawg mus los ntawm kev ntxhib los mos qauv.

Qee cov kab nrib pleb yog qhov dav heev thiab twb tau kho lawm.

Tab sis qhov tawg no zoo kawg nkaus.

Qhov no tsuas yog transverse tawg uas muaj. Nws raug kaw, uas yog, raws tag nrho cov ncig. Kuv tsis tau txiav txim siab txog qhov kev txiav txim siab, txawm tias qhov no yog ib qho kev ntxhib los mos zoo nkauj, lossis nws yog kev kho zoo heev. Yog tias kho, ces peb muaj ib kem uas muaj 2 ntu. Tej zaum nws yuav poob thiab tawg. Yog tias muaj, tom qab ntawd cov haujlwm yog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab cov neeg tsim khoom yuav tsum tau muab lawv lub sijhawm. Txawm hais tias tag nrho lub tsev teev ntuj yog tsim nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas ib tug tsuas yog marvel, yog li nws tsis yog xav tsis thoob.

Tam sim no yuav ua li cas tiaj tus ntawm cov kab hauv cov lus geometric. Raws li nws muab tawm, lawv tsis heev txawm. Nyob rau hauv saib ntawm lub teev, qhov no tsis pom, tab sis yog tias koj saib ze ntawm lub luminous flux, ces lub curvature ntawm txhua kab yog pom meej heev. Ua tib zoo saib rau ciam teb ntawm lub teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau saum. Nws yog wavy.

Ces nws coj los ze dua.

Qhov no yog dab tsi? Thiab yog vim li cas? Kom paub meej, cia peb saib ntawm lub kaum sab xis sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav no, peb pom tias nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau transverse kem muaj ib qho suab ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj thiab lub teeb me ntsis. Zoo li qee ntu. Yog li ntawd, lawv muab cov kem ib co waviness. Nyob rau hauv tshav ntuj huab cua, qhov segmentation no zoo pronounced. Thaj nws yog qhov tseeb uas tsim lub hauv paus rau lub version nyob rau hauv ntu muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov kab nrog ib co tom qab plaster. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog li ntawd.

Cov kab no tsuas yog siv lub tshuab polishing. Cov kab tsis tau polished los ntawm txhais tes, tab sis los ntawm qee qhov kev siv tshuab nrog kev sib hloov nyob ib ncig ntawm kem. Namely nyob ib ncig ntawm, los ntawm uas thiab xws li ib tug kab. Tam sim no kuv yuav tsis thab kuv tus kheej li cas raws nraim qhov no tau ua tiav thiab tsim lub tshuab qee yam, Kuv yuav tsuas xaiv nws raws li qhov tseeb. Peb muaj cov kab ntawm cov cuab yeej tig ncig ntawm kab. Dab tsi ntawm cutter attachments thiab polishing compounds tau siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kuv kuj yuav tsis tham. Qhov no yog theem nrab. Kuv yuav rov ua dua ib zaug ntxiv daim duab nrog cov qauv textured, tk. nyob rau hauv daim duab no, cov ntu kuj pom meej.

Cov no puas yog cov kab ntawm lub tshuab dhos? Yog lawv ua tau. Tom qab sib tsoo thiab polishing tuaj yeem ua rau ob qho tib si du tawm lub waviness, thiab vice versa, nce nws. Tsib caug-tsib caug. Thiab feem ntau yuav ob leeg ua ke. Qhov tsuas yog qhov tsis meej yog tias kab ke yog machined nrog ib lub cuab yeej uas muaj stroke nyob ib ncig ntawm kem. Los yog kem tau tig.

Qhov no ua tiav part 1, nyob rau hauv thib ob peb yuav mus rau hauv lub cathedral.