"Rum poj niam" ntawm besieged Leningrad

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Qhov tsis meej ntawm cov duab thaiv thaiv

Thaum kuv tau txhais phau ntawv los ntawm Hasso Stakhov "Tragedy on the Neva" (Publishing lub tsev "Tsentrpoligraf, Moscow, 2008), Kuv tau mloog cov kab lus hauv qab no: "Tsuas yog hnub no cov duab los ntawm Soviet archives tau dhau los qhia peb cov khoom qab zib. thiab khoom qab zib ntawm Leningrad confectionery factories rau tog neeg tseem ceeb hauv Smolny. Lawv tau sau hnub tim lub Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1941, thaum muaj ntau pua tus neeg twb tuag tshaib plab txhua hnub” (pp. 7-8).

Ua ncaj ncees, kuv tsis ntseeg tus kws sau ntawv German thaum ntawd. Tab sis los ntawm kev tsim txiaj ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tub rog, raws li yav dhau los tub ceev xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, nws tau xav txog qhov chaw uas Stakhov siv. Nws tau los ua phau ntawv German "Blockade Leningrad 1941-1944" (Rowolt Publishing House, 1992), qhov twg cov duab no tau muab tso rau. Cov kws sau ntawv tau xa mus rau qhov tseeb tias cov duab lawv pom tau koom nrog Central State Archive of Cinematography thiab Photo Documents hauv St.

Thaum mus xyuas nws, nws pom muaj ib phau ntawv German nrog cov duab no. Nyob ze kuv muab tso rau ntawm lub rooj uas nyuam qhuav luam tawm cov duab album "Leningrad thaum lub sij hawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog" (Publishing Printing Service Center, St. Petersburg, 2005) nrog ib tug piav qhia ntawm Valentin Mikhailovich Kovalchuk, kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm Sciences. Hauv nws nplooj ntawv 78 tau nthuav tawm tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov duab "German" xwb.

Lub npe kos npe nyob rau hauv lub tsev yees duab album nyeem: 12.12.1941 2nd confectionery Hoobkas. Lub taub hau ntawm lub khw A. N. Pavlov, tus tswv confectioner S. A. Krasnobaev thiab tus pab E. F. Zakharova tshuaj xyuas cov ncuav tiav … Kovalchuk tau ntseeg ruaj khov tias nws tsuas yog hais txog lub khob cij blockade.

Lub German version ntawm kos npe yog tib yam tsuas yog cov lus kawg. Lawv suab zoo li "kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom tiav". Ntawd yog, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus no tau dav dua.

Kuv tab tom nrhiav rau pem hauv ntej thaum lawv nqa daim duab qub kom paub seb lawv puas yog khob cij lossis lwm yam khoom uas zoo nkaus li zoo li chocolate tuav?

Thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub archive muab daim duab no tso rau ntawm lub rooj, nws tau pom tias nws tau raug coj mus rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 12, 1941 los ntawm tus neeg sau xov xwm A. Mikhailov. Nws yog tus paub zoo TASS photojournalist, uas yog, nws tau thaij duab los ntawm kev txiav txim, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab ntxiv txog qhov xwm txheej.

Nws yog tau hais tias Mikhailov, qhov tseeb, tau txais ib tug nom txiav txim nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav calm down lub Soviet neeg nyob rau hauv lub mainland. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia cov neeg Soviet hais tias qhov xwm txheej hauv Leningrad tsis yog qhov phem heev. Yog li ntawd, ib qho ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus tau raug coj los ua ib yam khoom, uas, raws li nws muab tawm, yeej txuas ntxiv ua cov khoom qab zib rau cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv lub nroog tshaib plab, raws li lub npe hu ua "ntawv sau". Nws tau siv los ntawm cov neeg nyob rau theem ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm Academy of Sciences, cov kws sau ntawv nto moo xws li Vsevolod Vishnevsky, cov tub rog thiab cov thawj coj ntawm pawg neeg siab, cov neeg ua haujlwm lub luag haujlwm ntawm Smolny. Raws li nws tau muab tawm, tsis muaj tsawg ntawm lawv, xav tias tsawg kawg yog tag nrho cov rhiav ntawm lub Hoobkas ua haujlwm rau lawv. Thiab tsis muaj daim npav thaiv thaiv tau siv rau cov khoom no.

Ntxiv mus, nws tau raug cais tawm, nyob rau theem ntawm kev ua tub rog zais cia, zoo li kev tsim cov mos txwv thiab cov khoom siv tub rog.

Nws yog tau hais tias daim duab no tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm Soviet. Tej zaum qhov sib txawv hauv daim duab tau nce tshwj xeeb txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom pom cov khoom tsim tawm, tig lawv mus rau hauv "cov ncuav qab zib npaj tau". Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog kuv kwv yees xwb. Feem ntau yuav, cov neeg siv khoom ntawm daim duab pom tau hais tias qhov no twb dhau lawm thiab muab zais rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntev ntev.

Dab tsi tau sau nyob rau hauv daim duab tam sim tom qab nws cov khoom tsis paub. Daim npav archival rau daim duab tau kos rau lub Kaum Hlis 3, 1974, thiab tom qab ntawd nws yog ib qho ntaub ntawv tau hais txog kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm "cov ncuav qab zib npaj tau". Thaj, lub compiler ntawm daim npav, vim qhov sib txawv ntawm daim duab, tsis pom qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom, tab sis them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau lub ntsej muag haggard. Los yog tej zaum nws tsis xav pom nws. Nws yog lub cim tias daim duab tau txais ib qho kev kos npe zoo sib xws hauv 70s. Lub sijhawm no, ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm tus cwj pwm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Brezhnev thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm CPSU, lub tswv yim tau nthuav dav tias kev tshaib kev nqhis ntawm kev thaiv tau cuam tshuam rau txhua tus yam tsis muaj kev zam, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tog apparatus, raws li ib qho tseem ceeb. ib feem ntawm cov neeg. " Tom qab ntawd cov lus qhuab qhia tau qhia txhua qhov chaw: "Cov neeg thiab tog yog ib qho."

Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsum tau xav tias kev tsim cov khoom qab zib txuas ntxiv ntawm lub Hoobkas khoom noj khoom haus thaum lub caij ntuj no blockade xyoo 1941, raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tam sim no.

Hauv tib lub archive, kuv tau tswj kom pom ob daim duab nthuav ntxiv.

Ntawm thawj ntawm lawv (saib daim duab nyob rau hauv qhov pib ntawm tsab xov xwm), qhov twg ib tug txiv neej tau pom nyob rau hauv ze-up tiv thaiv keeb kwm ntawm ncuav mog qab zib kis thoob plaws lub rooj, muaj cov nram qab no kos npe rau:

« Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua haujlwm foreman ntawm "Enskoy" confectionery Hoobkas "VA Abakumov. Pab neeg nyob rau hauv nws kev coj noj coj ua tsis tu ncua tshaj li tus qauv. Hauv daim duab: Comrade Abakumov txheeb xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom ci ntawm Viennese Pastries. 12.12.1941 Photo: A. Mikhailov, TASS ».

Lwm daim duab qhia txog kev ua Baba Rum. Kos npe nyeem: "12.12.1941. Ua "rum me nyuam mos" ntawm 2nd confectionery Hoobkas. A. Mikhailov TASS "

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov kos npe no, tsis muaj qhov zais cia ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom. Kuv lees txim tias thaum kuv paub tag nrho cov no, nws tau dhau los ua iab heev. Muaj kev xav tias koj raug dag, ntxiv rau txoj kev txaj muag tshaj plaws. Nws tau muab tawm tias kuv tau muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus dag rau ntau xyoo, tab sis nws tseem ua rau kuv xav tias ntau txhiab tus phooj ywg Leningraders tseem nyob hauv qhov dope no.

Tej zaum yog vim li cas kuv thiaj pib qhia tib neeg txog zaj dab neeg ntawm cov duab no hauv ntau cov neeg tuaj saib. Kuv xav paub ntau ntxiv txog lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau qhov no. Cov neeg feem ntau thaum xub thawj tau ntsib cov ntaub ntawv no nrog kev ua siab phem. Thaum kuv pom cov duab, muaj kev ntsiag to, thiab tom qab ntawd tib neeg pib hais lus, zoo li lawv tawg.

Ntawm no yog dab tsi, piv txwv li, Maya Aleksandrovna Sergeeva, tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv thiab Siege ntawm Leningrad, hais. Nws tau pom tias cov xwm txheej zoo li no tau paub rau nws los ntawm cov dab neeg. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1950, nws tseem yog ib tug ntxhais, nws hnov ib zaj dab neeg zoo sib xws ntawm lub dacha ze Leningrad, thaum nws pom ib tug poj niam uas dai 17 lub tsho tiv no kom qhuav. Sergeeva nug: "Leej twg yog cov khoom no?" Nws teb tias lawv tau koom nrog nws txij li kev thaiv. "Yuav ua li cas?" - tus ntxhais xav tsis thoob.

Nws hloov tawm hais tias tus poj niam ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug chocolate Hoobkas nyob rau hauv besieged Leningrad. Chocolates thiab khoom qab zib, nrog rau lwm yam khoom qab zib, tau ua, raws li nws, muaj tsis tu ncua thoob plaws hauv lub blockade. Nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas nws muaj peev xwm haus tag nrho cov khoom qab zib yam tsis muaj kev txwv. Tab sis nws tau txwv nruj heev, nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj ntawm kev tua, coj ib yam dab tsi sab nraud. Tus poj niam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau tuag tshaib plab, thiab tom qab ntawd nws txiav txim siab tshem tawm lub pob chocolate, zais nws hauv qab nws cov plaub hau. Nws muaj cov plaub hau tuab tuab heev, uas nws khaws zoo rau hauv 50s. Qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab txaus ntshai tshaj plaws yog nqa thawj pob khoom nyiag khoom. Tab sis ua tsaug rau qhov no, leej niam muaj sia nyob.

Tom qab ntawd nws pib ua qhov no tsis tu ncua, muag chocolates lossis pauv lawv rau khob cij thiab lwm yam uas xav tau tshwj xeeb hauv khw muag khoom noj. Maj mam, nws pib muaj nyiaj txaus tsis tsuas yog mus yuav qhob cij, tab sis kuj yuav khoom kim heev. Tej zaum 17 lub tsho tiv no tsis yog txhua yam uas nws tau tswj hwm rau hauv kev tshaib plab Leningrad, thaum tib neeg muag txhua yam rau qhov pittance. Qhov no tau tshwm sim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1942 cov pej xeem raug xa mus rau kev khiav tawm hauv kev sib koom ua ke. Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau muab tso rau ntawm phab ntsa hais txog kev muag khoom sai sai, qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov pittance, tau nyob txhua qhov chaw. Speculators coj kom zoo dua qhov no nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw.

Tsis ntev los no kuv tau nyeem hauv A. Panteleev phau ntawv "Living Monuments" ("Soviet Writer, 1967, ntawm p. 125), uas thaum lub sij hawm nruj heev ntawm kev thaiv, kev thov xov tooj tuaj rau Leningrad cheeb tsam pawg neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Kuibyshev, nyob qhov twg tsoom fwv Soviet tau khiav tawm: "Qhia txog kev caij ski hla teb chaws thiab cov neeg tuaj koom".

Tom qab ntawd, thaum kawg kuv lees tias Hasso Stakhov yog lawm, uas tau sau nyob rau hauv "Kev txom nyem nyob rau hauv lub Neva" hais tias "lub carrots yog npaj rau cov liab masters, thiab nplawm thiab tuag rau cov neeg."

Yuri Lebedev