Scythians ntawm Southern Siberia hauv Xeev. Lub Hermitage

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub Xeev Hermitage Tsev khaws puav pheej yog lub tsev khaws khoom loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb ntawm Scythian cov khoom; qhov kev sau no yog paub feem ntau rau cov khoom qub khaws cia hauv permafrost, uas khaws cov organic teeb meem zoo. Hmoov tsis zoo, thiab rau ntau yam tsis muaj kev cia siab tias, permafrost nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Siberia, yuav muaj permafrost hauv Krasnodar (lossis hauv Ukraine), yuav muaj ntau yam khoom qub qub (ntoo, tawv, ntaub, thiab lwm yam). Tab sis cov neeg nyob hauv cov chaw no tau muaj hmoo, yog li cov khoom lag luam nplua nuj ntawm Scythians zoo dua sawv cev hauv kev faus ntawm hav zoov-steppes ntawm Siberia - hauv Altai, Tuva thiab Khakassia.

Ib tug poj niam faus plaster daim npog qhov ncauj tau thov rau pob txha taub hau. Oglakhtinsky faus av. Tashtyk kab lis kev cai, 1st - 7th centuries Khakassia

Txhawm rau nkag mus rau hauv chav tsev ntawm Ancient Siberia Gos. Tsev khaws puav pheej Hermitage, koj yuav tsum mus raws txoj kev ntev Kutuzov.

kos duab

Thiab nyob rau hauv lub vestibule ntawm lub Saltykovsky nkag ib tug muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau twb yog thawj zaug thiab, kuv yuav tsum hais tias, tseem ceeb heev artifacts. Cov no yog ntoo sarcophagi ntawm cov thawj coj Scythian, hollowed tawm ntawm cov ntoo trunks.

Sarcophagus - lawj los ntawm tsob ntoo pob tw. Cedar. faus av Tuekta kurgan 1. Pazyryk kab lis kev cai, VI xyoo pua. BC. Altai

Ib tug sarcophagus-deck, hollowed tawm ntawm ib tsob ntoo pob tw. Pazyryk kab lis kev cai. VI xyoo pua BC. Ob Bashadar Kurgan, Altai.

Carved duab ntawm tsov ntawm lub sarcophagus. Bashadar, roob 2.

Tashtyk plaster faus qhov ncauj qhov ntswg los ntawm Oglakhty faus av, 1st - 7th centuries. Nyob rau hauv lub foreground yog ib tug txiv neej lub npog qhov ncauj, ib tug hairstyle nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug clump ntawm cov plaub hau ntawm lub crown ntawm lub taub hau yog pom nyob rau hauv lub pob txha taub hau.

Qhov ncauj qhov ntswg faus ntawm Tashtyk kab lis kev cai los ntawm Khakassia tau koom nrog cov neeg Caucasian-Mongoloid sib xyaw ntawm Minusinsk Basin. Cov neeg no muaj kev ntees tuag nyob rau hauv complex uas tsis inferior rau cov neeg Iyiv. Lawv raug cov neeg tuag mus rau mummification - lawv tshem tawm cov kab mob hauv nruab nrog cev, lub hlwb thiab sau lub cev nrog cov nyom thiab av nplaum. Lub ntsej muag portrait ua los ntawm plaster tau siv rau lub ntsej muag, muaj kev xav tias nyob rau hauv txoj kev no cov poj niam thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas, cov txiv neej, cov neeg nyob hauv Tashtyk raug faus, cremated, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tshauv ntxiv tau nchuav rau hauv cov menyuam roj hmab tshwj xeeb. Cov menyuam roj hmab tsis yog qhov loj me me rau tus neeg nyob, lawv tau ua los ntawm tawv, nyom thiab av nplaum, lub ntsej muag tau ua tib zoo los ntawm plaster, ua tiav cov duab zoo ib yam. Feem ntau, tus menyuam roj hmab yuav tsum yog qhov ua tiav ntawm tus neeg tuag; rau qhov zoo sib xws ntau dua, tus menyuam roj hmab zoo sib xws tau hnav khaub ncaws ntawm tus neeg tuag.

Tus poj niam daim npog qhov ncauj los ntawm Oglakhty faus av. Tashtyk kab lis kev cai, 1st - 7th centuries

faus menyuam roj hmab bust. Tashtyk kab lis kev cai, 1st - 7th centuries Khakassia.

Larch ncej ntawm lub faus chamber ntawm lub thib tsib Pazyryk mound. Pazyryk kab lis kev cai. IV xyoo pua BC. Altai

Cov txheej txheem ntoo ntawm lub faus chambers ntawm Pazyryk kurgans zoo ib yam li cov chav Phrygian kurgans hauv Asia Me, piv txwv li, hauv kurgan ntawm "King Midas". Muaj cov laj thawj loj uas xav tias muaj qee yam kev sib txuas ntawm Altai thiab Phrygian barrows, txij li thaum xyoo pua 7th. BC. cov Scythians tswj yuav luag tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Asia Minor.

Ib tug peb-meter sarcophagus-deck nyob rau hauv lub faus chamber.

Mummy ntawm ib tug txiv neej los ntawm lub thib tsib Pazyryk mound. Pazyryk kab lis kev cai. IV xyoo pua BC. Altai

Lub cev ntawm ib tug txiv neej 55 xyoo tau txais kev kho mob tshwj xeeb, tag nrho cov viscera raug tshem tawm ntawm lub plab kab noj hniav, pob txha taub hau tau trepanned thiab lub hlwb raug tshem tawm. Txawm tias Herodotus sau hais tias cov Scythians khaws lub cev ntawm tus huab tais tuag tau ntev, nqa nws nyob ib ncig ntawm lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lawv tswj thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd faus nws nyob rau hauv ib tug mound.

Tattoos ntawm lub cev ntawm mummy ntawm ib tug txiv neej los ntawm lub thib tsib Pazyryk mound. Lawv tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog hauv lub teeb infrared.

Tib neeg daim tawv nqaij nrog tattoos. Pazyryk, mound 2, V-IV centuries. BC.

Hauv qab no, lub taub hau mummified. Pazyryk, mound 2, V-IV centuries. BC.

Lub taub hau ntawm tus tub rog Scythian no muaj cov yam ntxwv Mongoloid pom tseeb thiab nws tsis muaj hmoo hauv lub neej - lub pob txha taub hau yog scalped thiab muaj ob peb qhov nyob rau sab saum toj, tej zaum ib txoj siv tau muab tso rau hauv cov qhov, nrog kev pab ntawm lub taub hau uas raug tshem tawm los ntawm eeb. Herodotus sau txog qhov kev cai no:

“Tus tub rog Scythian coj lub taub hau ntawm tag nrho cov neeg raug tua nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau huab tais. Tom qab tag nrho, tsuas yog tus uas coj tus yeeb ncuab lub taub hau tau txais nws feem ntawm lub spoil, txwv tsis pub nws yuav tsis. Cov tawv nqaij ntawm lub taub hau yog ripped tawm raws li nram no: ib tug incision yog ua nyob rau hauv lub taub hau nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog nyob ze ntawm pob ntseg, ces lawv tuav cov plaub hau thiab co lub taub hau tawm ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tom qab ntawd daim tawv nqaij yog ntxuav ntawm nqaij nrog ib tug bovine tav thiab crumpled nrog koj txhais tes. Tus tub rog Scythian siv cov tawv tawv ua phuam rau nws txhais tes, khi nws tus nees rau tus bridle thiab khav theeb khav theeb. Leej twg muaj daim tawv nqaij no feem ntau suav hais tias yog tus txiv siab tawv tshaj plaws."

Anthropomorphic taub hau. Kab laug sab. Tsob ntoo. Pazyryk, mound 1, V-IV centuries. BC.

Reconstruction ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov neeg los ntawm lub Arzhan-2 mound, 7th caug xyoo BC. Tuva.

Ntoo tsheb loj. Thib tsib Pazyryk mound, IV xyoo pua. BC.

Felt ntaub pua plag thiab tourists. Thib tsib Pazyryk mound, IV xyoo pua. BC.

Ntawm no yog piav qhia txog tus vajtswv poj niam zaum uas ntsib tus tub rog ntawm tus nees, ntawm ib sab tes nws tuav tsob ntoo ntawm txoj sia. Tus tub rog yog cov neeg Armenian ntshiab huv, nrog lub qhov ntswg loj thiab lub ntsej muag dashingly curled) Tus vajtswv poj niam yog qhov pom meej tag nrho, txawm hais tias sab sauv ntawm nws lub taub hau yog zais los ntawm lub taub hau zoo nkauj. Cov duab ntawm cov poj niam deities zaum ntawm lub zwm txwv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Asia Minor, raws li txoj cai, lawv txhua tus neeg Cybele.

Felt ntaub pua plag, fragment. Thib tsib Pazyryk mound, IV xyoo pua. BC.

Ob daim duab ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam Kubaba (Cybele) nyob rau hauv ib tug yam ntxwv headdress, 850-900 BC los ntawm New Hittite lub nroog Karkemish. Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Anatolian Civilizations hauv Ankara.

Nees Saddlecloth, xav. Thib tsib Pazyryk mound, IV xyoo pua. BC.

Tau ntaub pua plag. Thib tsib Pazyryk mound, IV xyoo pua. BC.

Cov duab ntawm swans ua los ntawm kev xav. Thib tsib Pazyryk mound, IV xyoo pua. BC.

Ntawm no yog ib qho "cov khoom ua si mos" ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th. BC. Thib tsib Pazyryk mound

Khawv koob. Tawv thiab ntoo. Pazyryk, mound 1, V-IV centuries. BC.

Fragments ntawm nto moo Pazyryk ntaub pua plag, V-IV centuries BC Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov ntaub pua plag yog Western Asia, feem ntau yuav Mussel. Thib tsib Pazyryk mound, IV xyoo pua. BC.

Ntaub pua plag - knotted woolen sheared, tej zaum cov laus tshaj plaws paub hnub no.

Saddle. Thib tsib Pazyryk mound, IV xyoo pua. BC.

Harp. Pazyryk, mound 2, V-IV centuries. BC.

Nees daim npog qhov ncauj. Pazyryk, mound 1, V-IV centuries. BC.

Nees daim npog qhov ncauj. Pazyryk, mound 1, V-IV centuries. BC. Cov neeg Pazyryk yeej xav pom lawv cov nees li mos lwj, yog li thaum lawv faus nrog tus tswv, lawv txuas tshwj xeeb horns rau lawv. Tus mos lwj thiab nws txoj kev tsim txom yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txhua qhov kev kos duab Scythian, thaum lub cult ntawm mos lwj kuj muaj nyob rau hauv Asia Minor, mos lwj feem ntau pom ntawm Phrygian ceramics, nws yog qhov ua tau tias mos lwj cult tau qiv los ntawm Scythians nyob ntawd.

Nees daim npog qhov ncauj. Pazyryk, mound 1, V-IV centuries. BC.

Eagle eeb pads. Ntoo, kub. Hauv av faus Bashadar, mound 2.

Eagles yog heev heraldic, noog ntawm prey yog ib qho tseem ceeb totem ntawm nomads.

Daim npav nrog daim duab ntawm moose. Ntoo ntawm 5th-4th centuries BC.

Ntoo pommel nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug griffin lub taub hau tuav ib tug mos lwj taub hau nyob rau hauv nws lub qhov ncauj. Pazyryk, mound 2, V-IV centuries. BC.

Fragment ntawm lub eeb log. Duab ntawm ib tug reclining eagle-headed griffin. Xav. Pazyryk, mound 2, V-IV centuries. BC.

Saddle log tsheb. Felt, tawv, plaub. Pazyryk, mound 1, V-IV centuries. BC.

Saddle nrog lub log tsheb. Pazyryk, mound 1, V-IV centuries. BC. Raws li koj tau pom, Scythian tej yam yog ci heev, nrog rau cov qauv, appliqués, braids, ib tug yuav tsum xav tias nyob rau hauv lawv cov tsos Scythians yog me ntsis reminiscent ntawm North American Indians.

Ntoo pommel nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm ib tug griffin lub taub hau. Ntoo, tawv. Pazyryk, mound 2, V-IV centuries. BC.

Fragment ntawm tus bridle. Ntoo, tawv, kub. Pazyryk, mound 1, V-IV centuries. BC.

Cauldron, Semirechye, nrhiav tsis tau, V-III centuries. BC