Qhov zais cia ntawm microworld tau tshwm sim: ua ntej tsim hluav taws xob, lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau ncab ntev thiab ua thinner

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Qee zaum cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais kev zoo siab txhob qhib qee qhov phenomenon tshiab, tab sis piav rau tag nrho cov xwm ntawm ib tug zoo-paub phenomenon. Nyob rau hauv qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm cov xwm txheej, xws li kev piav qhia ntawm cov neeg paub zoo tuaj yeem ua rau kev tsim cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim nrog qhov kev piav qhia luminosity ntawm lub cev kub heev, ua rau xyoo 1900 los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb German Max Planck. Thiab tam sim no lub npe ntawm Planck nyob mus ib txhis nrog ib ceg tshiab ntawm physics - "quantum mechanics".

Tseem muaj kev sib cav sib cav sib ceg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog qhov no, uas txhais tau hais tias qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tsis tu ncua, uas tau raug suav los ntawm Max Planck empirically, tseem yog qhov tsis paub!

Kuv yuav muab ib qho kev xav:

Nco ntsoov qhov no: hauv quantum physics, "Planck tas li" yog quantum (uas yog, me me, lus "mosaic" daim) angular zog … Nws yog lub tswv yim no (lub zog E txhua qhov system thaum emitting los yog absorbing electromagnetic tawg ntawm zaus ν tsuas tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm ntau lub zog "quantum") tau nthuav tawm rau lub ntiaj teb los ntawm Max Planck hauv xyoo 1900! Txawm li cas los xij, cov phau ntawv ntawm quantum mechanics hais tias " angular zog (angular momentum, angular momentum, orbital momentum, angular momentum) characterizes tus nqi rotational motion … Qhov ntau npaum li cas nyob ntawm seb qhov loj npaum li cas tig, nws faib li cas txog lub axis ntawm kev sib hloov, thiab qhov ceev nws tig li cas. " Ib qhov chaw.

Nws tshwm sim los ntawm qhov no thaum lub sijhawm T siv los tsim ib nthwv dej uas muaj qhov ntev λ lub teeb los yog tshav kub tawg … hluav taws xob muab ib feem ntawm nws txoj kev sib hloov mus rau ib qho loj ntawm tib lub sijhawm quantahla mus rau lawv li angular zog - R.

p = h / dl

Yog li, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias hluav taws xobthaum nws ntsib kev tsis zoo acceleration (braking), nws tsuas emits ib qho photon los yog ib leeg xwb quantumraws li feem ntau tau piav qhia hauv phau ntawv qhia txog "quantum mechanics".

Nws yog ntuj rau ib qho hluav taws xob (los ntawm nws qhov xwm txheej) los tsim cov nthwv dej nyob ib puag ncig nws tus kheej nrog lub voj voog pem hauv ntej, txawm tias nws yog hluav taws xob hauv xov tooj cua lossis hauv qhov chaw kho qhov muag thiab xoo hluav taws xob

Thiab twb tau pib lub voj voog nthwv dej, tsim los ntawm cov hluav taws xob, muaj cov me me "feem" ntawm lub zog - "quanta", thiab raws li cov laus - "corpuscles", cov khoom uas txiav txim siab tag nrho cov phenomena ntawm polarization ntawm lub teeb!

Qhov no yog lub tswv yim ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb German Max Planck! Thiab yog vim li cas nws thiaj li ceev faj txog cov kauj ruam ntxiv ntawm Albert Einstein thiab nws cov neeg nyiam nyiam, ua rau kev tshawb fawb tawm ntawm cov tswv yim tseeb ntawm classical physics …

Thiab twb tau pib lub voj voog nthwv dej uas tsim los ntawm cov hluav taws xob muaj xws li me me "feem" ntawm lub zog - "quanta", thiab raws li cov laus - "corpuscles" (raws li dej muaj cov molecules), cov khoom uas txiav txim siab tag nrho cov phenomena ntawm polarization. teeb!

Yog li, piv txwv li, hauv classical physics Nws ntseeg tau hais tias ib qho hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob txav rov qab los ntawm lub cev ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib (antenna) ua rau lub xov tooj cua hloov pauv ya mus deb ntawm lub kav hlau txais xov ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb.

Ua tib zoo saib ntawm daim duab animated ntawm cov hluav taws xob ntawm xov tooj cua nthwv dej los ntawm "Hertzian vibrator":

Ntxiv mus, ntawm no lub zog yog qhia tsuas yog nrog ib tug alternating hluav taws xob teb, thiab kev txav ntawm kev sib hloov magnetic teb (piv txwv li Maxwell txoj kev xav, nrog nws pab nws piav qhia polarization ntawm lub teeb) vim qee yam tsis qhia.

Meanwhile, raws li cov ntaub ntawv quantum mechanics, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau ib tug electron txav translationally tsis acceleration, acceleration thiab nrog ib tug nce ntawm kinetic zog, los yog deceleration thiab nrog ib tug poob ntawm kinetic zog. Raws li, tsim hluav taws xob quanta (siv nws lub zog rau lawv cov creation) cov electron tsuas yog nyob rau theem nres!

Lo lus nug yog, ua li cas?

Yuav ua li cas txog DC Maxwell's "electromagnetic txoj kev xav ntawm lub teeb", uas yog incompatible nrog no quantum-mechanical tswvyim?

Alas, lub sijhawm tau qhia tias Maxwell txoj kev xav muaj ntau qhov yuam kev loj uas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm ntev dhau los!

Thawj "Tswb" nyob rau hauv no hais txog yog ua los ntawm cov nto moo Nikola Tesla, ib tug pioneer nyob rau hauv kev sib kis ntawm hluav taws xob lub zog tsis muaj xov hlau thiab ib tug pioneer nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm xov tooj cua tswj mechanisms, uas tau tsim thawj lub xov tooj cua tswj qauv ntawm lub nkoj nyob rau hauv 1898!

Xyoo 1934, tau nyob hauv Asmeskas thiab muab cov lus qhuab qhia nyob ntawd, Tesla tau tshaj tawm tias: “Kuv tau qhia tias universal ib puag ncig yog lub cev gaseous uas tsuas yog longitudinal impulses, tsim alternating contraction thiab expansion, zoo ib yam li cov uas tsim los ntawm lub suab tsis nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Yog li, lub wireless transmitter tsis tsim Hertz nthwv dej, uas yog lus dab neeg! Tab sis nws tsim suab nthwv cua saum cuauas nws tus cwj pwm yog zoo li tus cwj pwm ntawm cov suab tsis nyob rau hauv huab cua, tshwj tias cov enormous elasticity thiab tsis tshua muaj tsis tshua muaj kev ceev ntawm qhov nruab nrab ua rau lawv ceev sib npaug rau cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb. " "Pioneer Radio Engineer Gives Views on Power," New York Herald Tribune, Cuaj Hlis 11, 1932.

Qhov thib ob "Tswb" hais txog qhov tseeb tias kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tso tseg lub tswv yim theoretical ntawm D. K. Maxwell sai li sai tau, suab los ntawm peb tus kws tshawb fawb Soviet-Lavxias teb sab. Rimilia Fedorovich Aramenko … Nws yog tus kws kho mob ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb, tus xibfwb, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj Tus Tsim Qauv ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Xov Tooj Cua, tus tsim riam phom plasma hauv Russia. Rau lub zej zog scientific Avramenko yog lub npe hu ua ib tug kws tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv missile tiv thaiv systems thiab tus sau ntawm ib tug guaranteed kev tiv thaiv system raws li lub cev cov ntsiab cai tshiab. Yog li ntawd, vim qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem raug daws, nws tau tso cai rau kev tshawb fawb. Nws qhov kev txaus siab ntawm kev tshawb fawb muaj xws li cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm physics thiab cov teeb meem ntawm kev siv lub cev tshiab tshwm sim los daws teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv, lub zog, kev sib txuas lus, tshuaj, thiab lwm yam.

Yog li, xibfwb R. F. Avramenko, uas tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg tab sis ntseeg lub zog ntawm nws txoj kev pabcuam loj rau kev tshawb fawb, tau sau rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Lub neej yav tom ntej qhib nrog tus yuam sij quantum":

Induction hluav taws xob teb cim nyob rau hauv liab E hauv kev muaj tiag tsis muaj nyob hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev!

Yog li ntawd, electrons muaj loj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tuaj yeem yooj yim tawm ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, lawv nyiam ua kom nrawm thaum raug hluav taws xob zoo, lawv kuj zoo li qeeb thaum raug hluav taws xob tsis zoo lossis thaum lawv sib tsoo nrog lwm cov atomic particles lossis nrog cov nuclei. ntawm atoms.

Zoo li txhua lub cev nrog huab hwm coj, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo li muaj lub zog ntawm inertia thaum acceleration lossis deceleration

Kuv sau saum toj no: "Yog hais tias quantum mechanics lees tias lub electron generates quanta tsuas yog thaum lub sij hawm deceleration, ces lub secrets ntawm creation ntawm quanta yuav tsum tau nrhiav precisely nyob rau hauv lub nuances ntawm cov txheej txheem no.".

Yog li peb tau nkag siab txog cov "nuances".

Tesla hais li cas nyob ntawd? "… Lub wireless transmitter tsis tsim Hertz nthwv dej, uas yog lus dab neeg! Tab sis nws ua suab nthwv dej hauv huab cua, uas coj zoo li suab nthwv dej hauv huab cua …"

Saum toj no yog cov duab ntawm lub voj voog xov tooj cua propagating nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, hauv qab no yog cov duab ntawm ncig acoustic tsis propagating nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.

"Quantum Key", uas muab rau tib neeg R. Yu. Avramenko, tus creator ntawm lub plasma riam phom ntawm Russia, thiab uas kuv nyuam qhuav siv, qhia qhov zais cia hais tias ib tug dawb electron, tsiv unevenly nyob rau saum npoo ntawm ib tug hlau los yog nyob rau hauv lub nqus tsev vacuum, muaj thawj acceleration thiab deceleration, pulsates nyob rau hauv lub volumetric acoustic. emitter ua! Thiab thaum nws nthuav dav nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla, nws nyob rau lub sij hawm no generates ib ncig ntawm nws tus kheej ib nthwv dej ntawm hluav taws xob nrog ib ncig pem hauv ntej!

Zoo, qhov tseeb hais tias lub voj voog ntawm cov hluav taws xob no muaj me me "quanta" (raws li tau hais los ntawm Max Planck), uas yog ntau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj me dua li cov hluav taws xob nws tus kheej, tsuas yog hais tias tib yam. ntiaj teb kev tshaj tawm, uas tau muab tso tseg los ntawm A. Einstein xyoo 1905, muaj tiag tiag, tab sis ntau tshaj qhov ntawd - nws yog "grainy" qauv. Ib yam li Tswv Yexus: "Lub nceeg vaj saum ntuj ceeb tsheej zoo li cov noob mustard … uas yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov noob.." (Mathais 13:31). Thiab cov "cov noob" ntawm qhov pom tsis pom "Lub Nceeg Vaj Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej", uas nyob rau theem ntawm kev zoo siab, yog "quanta" lossis "photons" ("tsis muaj qhov so"). Tias yog vim li cas nws tsis muaj nyob, qhov "so mass" rau photons, vim hais tias suab (ob qho tib si hauv huab cua thiab hauv ether) tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntsug! Nws yog peculiar rau nws mus tas li!

Thiab kuv yuav ntxiv rau qhov no. Quantum mechanics piav txog photon raws li ib qho khoom uas muaj kev nyab xeeb.

"Ib tus yam ntxwv zoo dua ntawm photon yog helicity, qhov projection ntawm ib tug particle 's kiv mus rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev txav. Ib photon tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ob lub xeev spin nrog helicity sib npaug rau +/- 1." Ib qhov chaw.

Nws hloov tawm tias tsis muaj qhov tsis sib xws hauv classical physics ntawm nthwv dej thiab corpuscular theories ntawm lub teeb!

Muaj tsuas yog kev nkag siab yuam kev los ntawm ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nthwv dej ntawm lub teeb muaj perturbed me me hais-corpuscles nrog helicity! Vim li no tus yam ntxwv ntawm particle ntiaj teb kev tshaj tawm nthwv dej ntawm lub teeb thiab muaj polarization.

Thiab qhov ze tshaj plaws rau qhov tseeb ntawm classics ntawm lub cev science yog tus kws tshawb fawb Fabkis Rene Descartes! Rov qab rau xyoo 1627, nws yog kev nyab xeeb "Photons" piav qhia zaj sawv tshwm sim! Nov yog nws cov lus: "Qhov xwm ntawm cov xim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias cov khoom ntawm cov teeb meem hloov maj mam, xa cov kev ua ntawm lub teeb, nyiam tig nrog lub zog ntau dua li txav mus rau hauv txoj kab ncaj nraim; Yog li ntawd, cov uas tig nrog ntau ntau quab yuam muab liab, thiab cov uas rotate tsuas yog ib tug me ntsis nyuaj muab daj … ""HISTORY OF PHYSICS", publishing tsev "MIR", Moscow, 1970, p. 117).

Cov ntawv ntxiv:

1. “Lavxias teb sab, koj muaj lub taub hau pib… Tsis txhob nkim sijhawm. Physics yuav tsum tau ua dua! K. P. Kharchenko

2. "Zaj dab neeg ntawm kev dag ntxias … raws li Maxwell hypothesis".

Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 19, 2018 Murmansk. Anton Blagin

P. S

Yog tias koj dheev txiav txim siab los txhawb tus sau, txwv tsis pub tus cwj mem yuav ploj mus, kuv yuav ua tsaug rau koj! Sberbank cards: 639002419008539392 lossis 5336 6900 7295 0423.

Cov lus pom:

Aleks: Qhov twg koj tau txais qhov ntawd, raws li quantum mechanics, ib qho hluav taws xob emits tus e-magician. nthwv dej tsuas yog thaum braking? Cov hluav taws xob tawm e-magician nthwv dej nrog txhua qhov kev hloov pauv, thiab thaum lub sijhawm nrawm thiab nres! Zoo, koj muaj fantasy! Thawj qhov kev xav tsis raug ua rau ntxiv mus rau qhov tsis raug!

Anton Blagin: 5 Lab tus kiv cua tos koj rau Webtalk! Kuv kuj xav li ntawd thiab… Txawm li cas los xij, raws li lawv hais, "kev paub yog qhov tseeb!" Thiab qhov kev paub ntawm pundits lees paub qhov kuv tau piav qhia hauv tsab xov xwm - Thaum lub sij hawm acceleration, lub electron tsis emit, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, nws accumulates zog nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej! Thiab thaum braking, nws poob nws!

Ntawm no, piv txwv li, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau piav qhia hauv encyclopedia MAGNETRONuas yog siv nyob rau hauv radar thiab tsev neeg microwave qhov cub:

Multi-chamber electromagnetic xuav - magnetron - nyob rau hauv seem.

"Electrons raug tso tawm los ntawm cathode mus rau qhov chaw sib cuam tshuam, qhov chaw uas lawv cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov chaw anode-cathode hluav taws xob tas li, qhov chaw sib nqus tsis tu ncua thiab ib qho chaw electromagnetic yoj. Yog tias tsis muaj electromagnetic yoj teb, electrons yuav txav mus rau hauv hluav taws xob hla thiab. Sib nqus teb raws qhov yooj yim curves: epicycloids (ib qho nkhaus uas tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov taw tes ntawm lub voj voog dov raws li sab nrauv ntawm lub voj voog nrog ib txoj kab uas loj dua, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb, nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm cathode.) Nrog rau qhov txaus. high magnetic teb (sib npaug mus rau lub magnetron axis), ib tug electron txav raws qhov nkhaus no tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag lub anode (vim qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Lorentz quab yuam ntawm nws sab ntawm lub magnetic teb), thaum lawv hais tias lub diode yog magnetically thaiv. Nyob rau hauv lub magnetic blocking hom, ib co ntawm cov electrons txav raws epicycloids nyob rau hauv lub anode-cathode qhov chaw. instabilities tshwm sim uas ua rau tiam ntawm electromagnetic oscillations, cov oscillations yog amplified los ntawm resonators. Lub teb hluav taws xob ntawm cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua kom qeeb lossis ua kom cov hluav taws xob nrawm. Yog hais tias lub electron yog ceev los ntawm lub tshav pob ntawm lub yoj, ces lub vojvoog ntawm nws cyclotron motion nce, thiab nws yog deflected nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub cathode. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub zog yog pauv los ntawm yoj mus rau electron. Yog hais tias lub electron yog decelerated los ntawm yoj teb, ces nws lub zog yog pauv mus rau yoj, thaum lub voj voog cyclotron ntawm cov hluav taws xob txo qis, qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub voj voog ntawm kev sib hloov hloov mus ze rau lub anode, thiab nws tau txais lub sijhawm kom ncav cuag lub anode. Txij li thaum lub anode-cathode hluav taws xob teb ua haujlwm zoo nkaus xwb yog tias lub tshuab hluav taws xob mus txog qhov anode, lub zog ib txwm hloov pauv los ntawm electrons mus rau electromagnetic yoj. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias qhov ceev ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm lub cathode tsis coincide nrog rau theem ceev ntawm electromagnetic yoj, tib lub electron yuav alternately thiab decelerated los ntawm lub nthwv dej, vim li ntawd, efficiency ntawm lub zog hloov mus rau yoj. qis. Yog hais tias qhov nruab nrab ceev ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm cov electron nyob ib ncig ntawm lub cathode coincides nrog lub theem ceev ntawm lub nthwv dej, lub electron yuav ua tau tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv lub decelerating cheeb tsam, thiab kev hloov ntawm lub zog ntawm lub electron mus rau lub nthwv dej yog zoo tshaj plaws. Xws li cov hluav taws xob tau muab faib ua pawg (qhov hu ua "spokes") uas tig nrog lub teb. Ntau, dhau ntawm ntau lub sijhawm, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm electrons nrog HF teb thiab theem tsom hauv cov hlau nplaum muab kev ua haujlwm siab thiab muaj peev xwm tau txais lub zog siab. " Ib qhov chaw.

Nco tseg: "Yog hais tias ib qho hluav taws xob nrawm nrawm los ntawm yoj teb, ces lub zog hloov ntawm nthwv dej mus rau electron. Yog hais tias lub electron yog decelerated los ntawm yoj teb, ces nws lub zog yog pauv mus rau yoj.".

Ib qho yooj yim cov lus xaus raws li qhov no - lub electron muab lub zog (radiates nws) tsuas yog thaum braking. Tib yam tshwm sim hauv cev x-ray … Thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob nrawm nrawm los ntawm qhov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob siab, nws tsis tawm (tsis yog quanta, lossis photons, lossis electromagnetic nthwv dej!), Tab sis thaum lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau ntsib kev nrawm nrawm thaum nws tsoo ANOD, ces nws tsim nthwv dej (rays.) ntawm X-ray ntau yam.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm X-RAY TUBE.