Thaum twg thiab yuav ua li cas cov Belarusians tuaj nrog

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Russians thiab Belarusians lees tias peb tsis sib txawv heev ntawm ib leeg. Tab sis tseem peb txawv. Yuav ua li cas Belarus tau tsim thiab dab tsi yog nws qhov tshwj xeeb.

KEEB THAWJ XEEB RUSSIA

Lub ethnonym "Belarusians" thaum kawg tau txais los ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub 18th - 19th centuries. Ua ke nrog cov Great Russians thiab Me Me, cov Belarusians nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm lub autocratic ideologists tsim ib tug triune tag nrho cov-Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg. Nyob rau hauv Russia nws tus kheej, lub sij hawm pib siv nyob rau hauv Catherine II: tom qab lub thib peb partition ntawm Poland nyob rau hauv 1796, lub empress txiav txim tsim lub xeev ntawm Belarusian nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tau txais av.

Cov keeb kwm tsis muaj kev pom zoo rau lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov toronims Belarus, Belaya Rus. Qee tus ntseeg tias Dawb Russia hu ua thaj av ywj pheej ntawm Mongol-Tatars (dawb yog xim ntawm kev ywj pheej), lwm tus tau tsa lub npe rau xim dawb ntawm cov khaub ncaws thiab cov plaub hau ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos. Tseem muaj lwm tus tawm tsam cov dawb Christian Russia mus rau cov pagan dub. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog cov version hais txog Dub, Chervonnaya thiab Belaya Rus, qhov twg cov xim tau muab piv nrog ib sab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no: dub nrog rau sab qaum teb, dawb nrog rau sab hnub poob thiab liab nrog rau sab qab teb.

Ib thaj tsam ntawm Dawb Russia ncav cuag tus ciam teb ntawm Belarus hnub no. Txij li thaum xyoo pua XIII, cov neeg txawv teb chaws-Latins tau hu ua Dawb Russia (Ruthenia Alba) North-Eastern Russia. Western European medieval geographers yuav luag tsis tau mus xyuas nws thiab muaj lub tswv yim tsis meej txog nws cov ciam teb. Lub sij hawm kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau Western Lavxias teb sab thawj coj, piv txwv li, Polotsk. Nyob rau hauv lub 16th - 17th centuries, lub sij hawm Belaya Rus raug xa mus rau Lavxias teb sab-hais lus thaj av nyob rau hauv lub Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, thiab cov teb chaws qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, pib tawm tsam Dawb Rus.

Lub annexation ntawm Ukraine-Me Russia rau Russia nyob rau hauv 1654 (tsis txhob hnov qab hais tias nrog rau cov me me Lavxias teb sab av, ib feem ntawm cov Belarusians kuj annexed rau Moscow) muab lub xeev ideologists nrog rau lub zoo tshaj plaws lub sij hawm los tso rau pem hauv ntej lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua kwv tij ntawm peb haiv neeg. - Zoo Lavxias teb sab, Me Me Lavxias teb sab thiab Belarusian.

ETHNOGRAPHY thiab DRANIKI

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias txoj kev xav, cov Belarusians tsis muaj qhov chaw hauv kev tshawb fawb ntev. Kev kawm txog lawv cov kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm pej xeem yog nyuam qhuav pib, thiab Belarusian cov lus sau tau ua thawj kauj ruam. Cov neeg nyob sib ze uas muaj zog, muaj lub sijhawm ntawm kev txhawb siab hauv lub tebchaws, feem ntau yog Poles thiab Russians, tau lees tias Dawb Russia yog lub tsev qub txeeg qub teg. Lub ntsiab lus sib cav yog tias cov kws tshawb fawb tsis pom cov lus Belarusian ua hom lus ywj pheej, hu nws ua lus Lavxias lossis Polish.

Nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX uas nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm ethnogenesis ntawm Belarusians coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Upper Dnieper, Middle Podvina thiab Upper Poneman, uas yog, nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Belarus. Maj mam, ethnographers tau txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm Belarusian ethnos thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, Belarusian cuisine. Qos yaj ywm tau hauv paus hauv thaj av Belarusian rov qab rau xyoo pua 18th (tsis zoo li lwm cov tebchaws Russia, uas paub txog cov qos yaj ywm hloov pauv thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm xyoo 1840) thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, Belarusian cuisine tau ua tiav nrog ntau yam ntawm qos yaj ywm tais diav. Piv txwv li, Draniki.

BELARUSIANS IN SCIENCE

Kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Belarusians, qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj scientific substantiated lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm ib haiv neeg yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj nws yog Vladimir Ivanovich Picheta, ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm nto moo Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky. Raws li kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Slavs raws li Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo, nws tau hais tias cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Belarusians yog Krivichi, nrog rau cov neeg nyob sib ze ntawm Radimichi thiab Dregovichi. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm lawv kev sib sau ua ke, cov neeg Belarusian sawv. Lub sijhawm tshwm sim tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm Belarusian lus los ntawm qub Lavxias teb sab, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIV.

Qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm qhov kev xav yog tias cov pab pawg neeg nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XII ploj mus los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab nws nyuaj rau piav qhia txog ob-xyoo pua silence ntawm cov peev txheej. Tab sis qhov pib ntawm lub teb chaws Belarusian twb nteg, thiab tsis yog tsawg kawg yog vim hais tias ntawm qhov pib ntawm kev kawm systematic ntawm Belarusian lus. Xyoo 1918, Bronislav Tarashkevich, tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Petrograd University, tau npaj nws thawj cov qauv sau ntawv, thawj zaug normalizing spelling. Qhov no yog li cas lub thiaj li hu ua tarashkevitsa tshwm sim - ib tug linguistic cai, tom qab tau txais yuav nyob rau hauv lub Belarusian emigration.

Tarashkevica tau sib piv nrog cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov lus Belarusian hauv xyoo 1933, tsim los ntawm kev hloov kho lus ntawm 1930s. Nws muaj ntau Lavxias teb sab, tab sis nws tau nkag thiab siv nyob rau hauv Belarus kom txog rau thaum 2005, thaum nws yog ib feem koom ua ke nrog lub tarashkevitsa.

Raws li qhov tseem ceeb, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nyob rau xyoo 1920 ntawm tus chij ntawm BSSR cov kab lus "Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm txhua lub teb chaws sib sau ua ke!" tau sau ntau li plaub yam lus: Lavxias, Polish, Yiddish thiab Tarashkevitz. Tarashkevitsa yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub nrog tarasyanka. Lub tom kawg yog kev sib xyaw ntawm Lavxias thiab Belarusian lus, pom nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv Belarus thiab tam sim no, ntau zaus hauv nroog.

BELARUSIANS los ntawm Ancient RUSSIAN neeg

Tom qab lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, lub teb chaws lo lus nug nyob rau hauv lub USSR yog heev hnyav thiab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus no, tiv thaiv interethnic tsis sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm lub Union, ib tug tshiab supranational tswvyim pib siv dav - "cov neeg Soviet". Tsis ntev ua ntej ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub 40s, cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Ancient Russia tau lees paub txoj kev xav ntawm "Old Russian haiv neeg" - ib lub txaj ntawm Belarusian, Ukrainian thiab Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg.

Muaj ob peb qhov zoo sib xws ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus no, tab sis lawv cov kev siv zog los ntawm USSR lub sijhawm no yog qhov zoo. Xws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qub Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg raws li "ib thaj chaw, kev lag luam, kev cai lij choj, tub rog lub koom haum thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, ib qho kev tawm tsam tawm tsam lwm tus yeeb ncuab nrog kev paub txog lawv txoj kev sib koom siab" tuaj yeem muaj kev nyab xeeb rau cov neeg hauv tebchaws Soviet thaum xyoo 1940 thiab 1960s. Yog lawm, ideology tsis subordinate keeb kwm, tab sis cov qauv uas historians thiab politicians-ideologists xav zoo heev.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Belarusians los ntawm cov qub Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg tshem tawm qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm "qib neeg" lub tswv yim ntawm ethnogenesis thiab hais txog kev sib cais ntawm peb haiv neeg nyob rau hauv XII-XIV centuries. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov kws tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv lub sijhawm tsim ntawm haiv neeg mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th.

Qhov kev xav no tau txais tam sim no: nyob rau hauv 2011, ntawm kev ua koob tsheej ntawm 1150th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab xeev, nws txoj hauj lwm tau lees paub los ntawm cov historians ntawm Russia, Ukraine thiab Belarus. Lub sijhawm no, cov ntaub ntawv qub txeeg qub teg tau ntxiv rau nws, uas qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Belarusians nrog cov neeg Balts thiab Finno-Ugric (los ntawm no tau yug los ntawm Baltic thiab Finno-Ugric keeb kwm ntawm Belarusians), xws li zoo li kev tshawb fawb DNA tau ua nyob rau hauv Belarus xyoo 2005-2010, uas tau ua pov thawj qhov sib thooj ntawm peb haiv neeg East Slavic thiab kev sib txawv ntawm cov noob caj noob ces ntawm Slavs thiab Balts hauv cov txiv neej.

YUAV UA LI CAS BELARUSIANS tau dhau los ua BELARUSIANS

Nyob rau hauv lub Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, uas suav nrog yuav luag tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm niaj hnub Belarus nyob rau hauv lub XIII-XVI centuries, lub qub Belarusian lus (uas yog, Western Lavxias teb sab) yog thawj lub xeev lus - tag nrho cov chaw ua hauj lwm tau ua nyob rau hauv nws, sau ntawv. tej hauj lwm thiab kev cai raug sau cia. Tsim nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev nyias, nws tau ntsib ib tug muaj zog ntawm Polish thiab lub Koom Txoos Slavonic, tab sis nws tseem yog ib tug bookish lus.

Nyob rau hauv sib piv, colloquial Belarusian, muaj ib yam influences, tsim mas nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob deb nroog thiab tau ciaj sia mus rau niaj hnub no. Thaj chaw ntawm kev tsim ntawm Belarusians tsis raug kev txom nyem ntau heev los ntawm Mongol-Tatars. Cov pejxeem tas li yuav tsum tau tawm tsam rau lawv txoj kev ntseeg - Orthodoxy thiab tawm tsam txawv teb chaws kab lis kev cai.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau ntawm Western European kab lis kev cai tau pib hauv paus hauv Belarus sai dua thiab yooj yim dua hauv Russia. Piv txwv li, phau ntawv luam tawm pib los ntawm Francysk Skorina yuav luag 50 xyoo ua ntej hauv Muscovy.

Thaum kawg, lwm qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim ntawm haiv neeg Belarusian yog huab cua, softer thiab ntau fertile tshaj nyob rau hauv Central Russia. Yog li ntawd, qos yaj ywm coj hauv paus hauv Belarus 75 - 90 xyoo dhau los. Lub tswv yim hauv tebchaws Belarusian tau tsim tom qab ntawm lwm haiv neeg thiab nrhiav kev daws teeb meem yam tsis muaj teeb meem. Thiab qhov no yog nws lub zog.