Yuav ua li cas cov neeg Slavic perish

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Qee qhov kev nqus no zoo li cov txheej txheem ntuj tsim ntawm ib tus neeg nkag mus rau lwm tus (vim kev sib xyaw ua txij ua nkawm, ntau yam, kev ua tsov ua rog, lwm yam laj thawj), thiab qhov chaw - qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub xeev nruj txoj cai ntawm kev quab yuam ib haiv neeg sib txawv.

Qee zaum, assimilation kav ntev heev thiab cuam tshuam tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov pejxeem, tsis yog absorbing ib los yog lwm pab pawg. Hauv lwm tus, nws yog nrawm thiab nrawm. Qee lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm yam, cov neeg Slavic tshiab tau tsim nrog cov kab lis kev cai tshwj xeeb, kev xav nom tswv thiab tus cwj pwm. Xav txog qhov yuam kev thiab me ntsis-paub sim kom suav nrog cov pab pawg neeg loj Slavic hauv tebchaws (nrog rau qib sib txawv ntawm kev vam meej) hauv lwm haiv neeg, mus txog cov teeb meem ntawm niaj hnub Russia.

Lub deeds ntawm hnub dhau mus

Ib qho piv txwv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau tus neeg Slavic yog cov Slavs hauv thaj chaw ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws niaj hnub no (tshwj xeeb yog Peloponnese ceg av qab teb). Cov txheej txheem no tau ua tiav los ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, qhov twg tsuas yog mus rau sab qaum teb tau ua tus Slavs tswj hwm lawv lub tebchaws. Lwm qhov piv txwv zoo yog qhov yuav luag tiav los ntawm cov neeg German ntawm ntau tus Polabian Slavs, uas txij li xyoo pua 12th tau los nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm German princes thiab npis sov. Vim tsis muaj lawv tus kheej tsim kab lis kev cai thiab kev degeneration sai ntawm Slavic nobility mus rau German cov neeg tseem ceeb, Germanization nrawm. Yog li ntawd, Slavic cawv nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees niaj hnub (tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm GDR qub) raug txo kom zero los ntawm XIV xyoo pua. Tsuas yog cov Lusatian Serbs (Sorbs), nyob rau sab nraud ntawm txoj kev sib tw thiab deb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv, tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob hauv daim ntawv me me (≈50 txhiab) rau hnub no. Cov Slavs ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Alps pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws, uas nws haiv neeg thaj chaw los ntawm XIV xyoo pua tau txo qis los ntawm ob feem peb.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nqus loj ntawm cov neeg Slavic los ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Romanians thiab Moldavians niaj hnub no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom hauv cov lus ntawm cov neeg no. Txog tam sim no, ntau dua 25% ntawm lawv cov lus yog Slavicisms. Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Romania lub South Slavic Bulgarian ntsiab muaj zog, ces nyob rau hauv Moldova - lub East Slavic Russians. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm Bessarabia, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, tag nrho cov Slavic pab pawg neeg feem ntau nyob - lub Ulic thiab Tivertsy. Cov Slavs muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau kev tsim ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai. Txog rau thaum xyoo pua 18th, cov neeg Slavic suav txog ib feem peb ntawm Moldova niaj hnub. Vim muaj coob tus Russians nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv medieval, lub cheeb tsam no txawm hu ua Rusovlachia.

Nyob rau hauv lub Ottoman quab

Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, cov Slavs yav qab teb tau pib muaj kev ntxub ntxaug rau lawv tus kheej, uas tau poob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Ottoman Empire. Nws kuj tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev ua phem Islamization ua los ntawm nom tswv Istanbul mus txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xeev lub neej. Ntawm lawv, cov pab pawg neeg tshwj xeeb tau pib tsim, xyaum cov Turks (hauv kev ntseeg, khaub ncaws, kev coj cwj pwm, kev ua neej) thiab tau poob lawv cov cim qhia txog yav dhau los. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee tus ntawm lawv tau nkag mus rau hauv cov haiv neeg Turkish, thiab lwm qhov khaws lawv tus kheej, feem ntau yog vim lawv cov lus. Qhov no yog li cas cov Turchen sawv - Bosnians, Gorans, Sanjakli (Muslim Serbs), Torbesh (Muslim Macedonians) thiab Pomaks (Muslim Bulgarians), uas, vim muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab metamorphosis ntawm tus kheej, yuav luag ib txwm ua phem tawm tsam ntawm lawv cov neeg qub, ntawm uas lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv tsis ntev los no "sab laug".

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lawv, kuj muaj Slavic Turchens txhob txwm los ua ib feem ntawm lub teb chaws Turkish thiab hloov mus rau cov lus Turkish: raws li ntau yam kev kwv yees, nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Qaib ntxhw muaj los ntawm 1 mus rau 2 lab tus tib neeg. Lawv nyob hauv Eastern Thrace (Tebchaws Europe ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws, qhov chaw uas cov Slavs tau yog feem ntau txij li xyoo pua 13th) thiab yog ib feem ntawm cov neeg hauv tebchaws Istanbul. Tom qab kev ywj pheej ntawm Bulgaria thiab Serbia los ntawm lub Ottoman quab yuam, ib qho kev sim tau ua nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws kom dissimulate - ces ib co ntawm cov Turchians rov qab mus rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab tag nrho Slavic tus kheej.

Hauv Danube huab tais

Hauv Austria-Hungary, Germanization yog txoj cai tswjfwm, txij li cov Germans lawv tus kheej tsuas yog 25% ntawm tag nrho cov pejxeem ntawm lub xeev, thiab ntau yam Slavs - tag nrho 60%. Assimilation tau ua tiav nrog kev pab los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab ntau yam pseudo-keeb kwm theories, raws li cov Czechs, piv txwv li, yog Germans uas tau hloov mus rau cov lus Slavic, Slovenes yog "laus Germans", thiab lwm yam. Thiab txawm hais tias txoj cai no tsis tau coj cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb, uas nws cov kws tshaj lij tau siv zog ua haujlwm, vim li ntawd, ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws tseem yog Germanized.

Cov tub ceev xwm Austro-Hungarian tau nrhiav kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Slavs ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, uas ua rau feem coob ntawm cov pej xeem hauv lub tebchaws.

Cov Hungarians tsis poob qab. Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lawv cov tsos nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, lawv muaj peev xwm mus txeeb lub yawm txiv Slavic thaj av, thiab kuj muaj xws li ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm Rusyns, Slovaks thiab Serbs nyob rau hauv lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov Slavs uas ntxeev siab rau lawv cov hauv paus hniav thiab coj txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub xeev Hungarian, coj cov kev coj noj coj ua, cov lus Hungarian thiab kev paub txog tus kheej, tau raug hu ua "Magyarons" los ntawm cov pab pawg qub. Lub siab tau nce tshwj xeeb los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Txoj kev tseem ceeb ntawm assimilation ntawm cov neeg subordinate, cov thawj coj ntawm Hungarian tau nthuav tawm lawv cov lus. Cov Magyars tau tswj kom sib xyaw feem ntau ntawm Slavic intelligentsia thiab ib feem ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Yog li, piv txwv li, lub teb chaws Hungarian kws sau paj lug thiab tib neeg tus thawj coj Sandor Petofi (Alexander Petrovich) yog ib nrab Serb, thiab ib nrab Slovak. Nyob rau hauv Hungary, tseem muaj cov pab pawg me me ntawm cov ntseeg ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Rite (Greek Catholics) ntawm cov pejxeem. Cov no yog cov qub Slavs-Rusyns uas tau poob lawv hom lus.

Ib puas xyoo dhau los

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov Bulgarians nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws underwent assimilation. Vim yog lub siab xav ntawm tsoomfwv Greek kom rhuav tshem lawv tawm ntawm Bulgaria, kev sau ntawv ntawm Slavs hauv zos tau muab txhais ua cov tsiaj ntawv Latin. Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, cov txheej txheem ntawm assimilation ntawm Slavic pej xeem nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe coj ib tug hem thawj. Tsoom fwv ntawm Thib Peb Reich tau pom zoo, piv txwv li, qhov kev pab cuam ntawm "Final Solution of the Czech Question", uas muab rau Germanization ntawm Western Slavs. Tus kws sau ntawv Czech nto moo Milan Kundera piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm nws cov neeg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd: "Txhua lub sijhawm lawv xav ua pov thawj rau peb tias peb tsis muaj cai nyob, peb yog cov neeg German hais lus Slavic". Cov phiaj xwm zoo sib xws rau kev nqus tau muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lwm haiv neeg - Poles, Slovaks, Slovenes thiab lwm yam.

Txij li thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II tshwm sim, Kosovo tau raug Albanized. Feem ntau los ntawm tsoomfwv los ntawm saum toj no, tshwj xeeb, Slavic xaus ntawm lub npe "-ich" raug tshem tawm, cov npe thaj chaw tau hloov pauv. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov Muslim Slavs thiab Goranians raug rau nws, thaum cov Serbs tsuas yog raug tua lossis raug ntiab tawm. Cov haiv neeg ntawm Rafchan yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev ua tsis tiav Albanization. Cov pab pawg no tam sim no muaj ib tus neeg Albanian, tab sis txog niaj hnub no suav hais tias yog haiv neeg South Slavic, uas hu ua "Rafchan" lossis "Nashen".

Cov txheej txheem ntawm inter-Slavic assimilation, uas tau ua tiav vim kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov haiv neeg, tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog hom tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ib tus neeg los ntawm lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm, kom ntxiv dag zog rau lub xeev, lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tau ua Russification nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland thiab nyob rau lwm yam sab nrauv. Tom qab los txog rau lub hwj chim, Bolsheviks pib ua raws li txoj cai diametrically opposite ntawm de-Russification. Yog li, piv txwv li, cov tsev kawm ntawv, lub koom haum, kev ua yeeb yam thiab txawm tias cov ntawv teev npe nyob rau hauv yav dhau los Novorossiya thiab Me Russia tam sim no tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm "mov". Ukrainization tau mus txog qhov kev faib ua feem uas nws tsis tuaj yeem tau txais txoj haujlwm yam tsis paub Ukrainian (thiab yuav luag tsis muaj leej twg los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog paub nws), thiab vim tias ploj lawm cov chav kawm lus ntawm lub Hoobkas uas lawv tau kawm, lawv raug rho tawm haujlwm. Cov Nazis txuas ntxiv txoj cai ntawm Ukrainization los ntawm kev tuav Ukraine.

Tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 2 thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Subcarpathian Rus mus rau Ukrainian SSR, Rusyns raug yuam kom sib xyaw, thiab haiv neeg "Ukrainian" tau raug kaw hauv lawv daim ntawv hla tebchaws, cov tub ceev xwm Soviet. Ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm, daim ntawv pov thawj hnub yug tau raug dag, lawv tau sau tseg tias txhua tus neeg nyob hauv Transcarpathia yug hauv Ukraine (thiab tsis yog hauv Austria-Hungary lossis Czechoslovakia). Tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv tau ceev txhais ua Ukrainian. Txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau Ukrainian kev cuam tshuam hauv cheeb tsam, lub xeev tau txhawb nqa kev hloov pauv ntawm cov haiv neeg Ukrainians los ntawm thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm Ukraine thiab Galicia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj kev kawm txuj ci.

Niaj hnub no Russia outlandishness

Lub teb chaws txoj cai ntawm niaj hnub Russia yuav luag tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub USSR nyob rau hauv nws cov phem tshaj tshwm sim, tsis them sai sai mus rau lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lub tshiab muaj tiag cov haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov haiv neeg tau hloov pauv loj. Thiab lub rhetoric yav dhau los tseem nyob. Cov nom tswv tau ntshai tsam ua txhaum rau lub teb chaws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm haiv neeg tsawg dua li cov pej xeem tseem ceeb hauv lub tebchaws. Li no - ib tug tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv keeb kwm txheej txheem ntawm dag overstating lub hwj chim thiab muaj ntawm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub socio-political thiab kab lis kev cai lub neej ntawm lub xeev, raws li zoo raws li ib feem assimilation ntawm lub titular neeg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws los ntawm cov haiv neeg me me, uas yog. tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1990s thiab 2000s. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tshiab, feem ntau tag nrho invented haiv neeg pib tshwm sim ("Siberians", "Orcs", "Cossacks" thiab lwm yam), raws li zoo raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm ib co pej xeem ntawm ib tug "thib ob tus kheej" (Lavxias teb sab neeg tab tom nrhiav rau. Qee tus yawm txiv ntawm Greek lossis Jew hauv lawv tsev neeg, lawv tau pib paub txog lawv tus kheej li cov neeg Greek thiab cov neeg Yudais, xaiv lub neej zoo dua rau lub neej hauv Russia).

Vim tsis muaj zog ntawm kev nom kev tswv ntawm lub teb chaws qhov teeb meem, tsis muaj ib tug meej thiab openly tshaj tawm hais tias Lavxias teb sab yog tus thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb sib npaug zos yog vim li cas, nyob rau hauv ib tes, ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg tau tshwm sim, uas yog. sai sai poob cov yam ntxwv meej ntawm Lavxias teb sab tus kheej. Qee feem feem ntau txiav txim siab yeem tuaj yeem koom ua ke rau lwm lub tebchaws. Piv txwv li, lub siab xav ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm Lavxias teb sab poj niam mus yuav Tozheressians mob tus naj npawb ntawm peb cov neeg tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li lub ntuj poob nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem. Cov poj niam zoo li no, "incubators of multinationality," nyob rau hauv kev sib yuav ntawm interethnic yug rau cov me nyuam uas feem ntau tawm tsam Lavxias teb sab qhia (muaj kev zam, tab sis lawv tsis tshua muaj). Cov tub ceev xwm thiab feem ntau ntawm cov xov xwm tau txhawb nqa ntau haiv neeg, uas ua rau muaj pes tsawg tus haiv neeg Lavxias, uas twb tau qhia nws qhov tsis ua tiav hauv Tebchaws Europe. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev txhawb siab hauv tebchaws Lavxias pib los ntawm hauv qab no, lub xeev kev coj noj coj ua pib ntshai qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntawd. Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj ntau lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no uas nyob rau hauv lub official theem nkag siab txog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm assimilation ntawm cov neeg titular. Piv txwv li, hauv cov neeg Ixayees, nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm tsoomfwv thiab Lub Chaw Haujlwm Yudais "Sokhnut", lawv tau pib tshaj tawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm txoj haujlwm "Masa", lub hom phiaj yog los piav qhia rau cov neeg Yudais txog kev phom sij ntawm kev sib yuav sib xyaw.