Miklouho-Maclay - dab tsi tus neeg taug kev nto moo tau tso tseg

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Raws nraim 130 xyoo dhau los - Lub Plaub Hlis 14, 1888, tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab ethnographer, biologist, anthropologist thiab traveler Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay tau tas sim neej, uas tau mob siab rau feem ntau ntawm nws lub neej rau txoj kev kawm ntawm cov haiv neeg hauv tebchaws Australia, Oceania thiab Southeast Asia, suav nrog cov Papuans ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm New Guinea, tam sim no hu ua Maclay Coast.

Portrait ntawm Miklouho-Maclay los ntawm K. Makovsky. Khaws rau hauv Kunstkamera.

Nws txoj kev tshawb fawb tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo thaum nws lub neej. Xav txog nws qhov txiaj ntsig, Miklouho-Maclay lub hnub yug rau Lub Xya Hli 17 yog kev ua koob tsheej tsis raug cai hauv tebchaws Russia raws li hnub so haujlwm - Hnub ntawm Ethnographer.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay yug rau lub Xya hli ntuj 17, 1846 (Lub Xya hli ntuj 5, qub style) nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Rozhdestvenskoye (hnub no nws yog Yazykovo-Rozhdestvenskoye Okulovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Novgorod) nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ntawm ib tug engineer. Nws txiv Nikolai Ilyich Miklukha yog ib tug neeg ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau. Leej niam ntawm yav tom ntej ethnographer hu ua Ekaterina Semyonovna Becker, nws yog tus ntxhais ntawm ib tug hero ntawm lub Patriotic ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812. Raws li kev xav tsis thoob, Miklouho-Maclay tsis muaj keeb kwm txawv teb chaws tseem ceeb. Cov lus dab neeg dav dav txog Scottish mercenary Michael Maclay, uas, tau pib hauv paus hauv tebchaws Russia, los ua tus tsim ntawm tsev neeg, tsuas yog lus dab neeg xwb. Tus neeg taug kev nws tus kheej tuaj ntawm tsev neeg Cossack zoo tib yam Miklukh. Yog hais tias peb tham txog qhov thib ob ntawm lub xeem lub npe, ces nws thawj zaug siv nyob rau hauv 1868, yog li kos npe rau thawj scientific luam tawm nyob rau hauv German "Rudiment ntawm lub zais zis ua luam dej nyob rau hauv lub Selachians." Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov keeb kwm tsis tuaj yeem tuaj yeem pom zoo txog qhov laj thawj ntawm lub npe ob lub npe Miklouho-Maclay. Sib tham txog nws haiv neeg, nyob rau hauv nws tuag autobiography, ethnographer taw qhia tias nws yog ib tug sib tov ntawm cov ntsiab lus: Lavxias teb sab, German thiab Polish.

Duab ntawm Nikolai Miklukha - tub ntxhais kawm (mus txog 1866).

Kuj ceeb tias, yav tom ntej ethnographer kawm tsis zoo hauv tsev kawm ntawv, feem ntau tsis muaj chav kawm. Raws li nws tau lees paub 20 xyoo tom qab, ntawm lub gymnasium, nws tsis tuaj kawm ntawv tsis yog vim kev noj qab haus huv xwb, tab sis tsuas yog los ntawm kev tsis txaus siab kawm. Nyob rau qib 4th ntawm St. Petersburg Gymnasium thib ob, nws tau siv sijhawm ob xyoos, thiab xyoo 1860/61 nws tau mus kawm cov chav kawm tsis tshua muaj, tsis muaj tag nrho 414 tshooj. Miklouha lub cim tsuas yog "zoo" hauv Fabkis, hauv German nws yog "txaus siab", hauv lwm yam - "phem" thiab "nruab nrab". Thaum tseem yog menyuam kawm ntawv theem siab, Miklouho-Maclay raug kaw hauv Peter thiab Paul Fortress, nws raug xa mus rau qhov ntawd nrog nws tus tij laug rau kev koom nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm ua qauv qhia, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv ntawm 1861 thiab tau cuam tshuam nrog abolition ntawm serfdom nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Ernst Haeckel thiab Miklouho-Maclay.

Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, biography ntawm ethnographer qhia tias Miklouho-Maclay raug ntiab tawm ntawm gymnasium, thiab ces los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv rau kev koom tes nyob rau hauv nom tswv kev ua ub no. Tab sis qhov no tsis muaj tseeb. Lub neej yav tom ntej nto moo neeg taug kev tawm ntawm lub gymnasium ntawm nws tus kheej lub siab nyiam, thiab nws tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem raug ntiab tawm ntawm tsev kawm ntawv, vim nws nyob ntawd los ua tus kws tshuaj xyuas. Nws tsis kawm tiav hauv St. Petersburg, tawm mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees. Nyob rau hauv 1864, lub neej yav tom ntej ethnographer kawm nyob rau hauv Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Philosophy ntawm lub University of Heidelberg, nyob rau hauv 1865 - nyob rau hauv lub Kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj ntawm lub University of Leipzig. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1866 nws tsiv mus rau Jena (ib lub tsev kawm ntawv lub nroog nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees), qhov uas nws kawm comparative tsiaj anatomy ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm tshuaj. Raws li tus pab cuam rau German naturalist Ernst Haeckel, nws tau mus xyuas Morocco thiab Canary Islands. Xyoo 1868 Miklouho-Maclay ua tiav nws txoj kev kawm hauv University of Jena. Thaum lub sijhawm thawj zaug mus rau Canary Islands, tus neeg tshawb nrhiav yav tom ntej tau kawm txog hiav txwv sponges, thiab vim li ntawd tau pom ib hom tshiab ntawm daim txhuam cev calcareous, hu ua Guancha blanca tom qab cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm cov Islands tuaj. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias txij xyoo 1864 txog 1869, los ntawm 1870 txog 1882 thiab los ntawm 1883 txog 1886 Miklouho-Maclay nyob sab nraud Russia, yeej tsis nyob hauv nws lub tebchaws ntau dua ib xyoos.

Cov duab kos thiab sau ntawv ntawm Miklouho-Maclay.

Nyob rau hauv 1869 nws tau mus ncig ua si rau ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Hiav Txwv Liab, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev mus ncig yog los kawm txog lub zos marine fauna. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws rov qab mus rau Russia. Thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm ethnographer tau mob siab rau kev sib piv lub cev ntawm lub hiav txwv sponges, shark hlwb, thiab lwm yam teeb meem ntawm zoology.

Cov duab kos thiab sau ntawv ntawm Miklouho-Maclay.

Tab sis thaum nws mus ncig Miklouho-Maclay kuj tau ua qhov kev soj ntsuam thaj chaw muaj txiaj ntsig. Nicholas yog inclined mus rau lub version hais tias cov kab lis kev cai thiab haiv neeg yam ntxwv ntawm cov haiv neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab ntuj puag ncig. Txhawm rau ua kom pom tseeb qhov kev xav no, Miklouho-Maclay tau txiav txim siab taug kev ntev mus rau cov Islands tuaj ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific, ntawm no nws yuav mus kawm "Papuan haiv neeg".

Corvette "Vityaz" nyob rau hauv lub nkoj.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj 1870, nrog kev pab los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Geographical Society, tus neeg taug kev tau txais lub sijhawm los tawm mus rau New Guinea. Ntawm no nws mus rau lub nkoj tub rog "Vityaz". Nws ntoj ke mus kawm tau tsim los rau ntau xyoo.

Miklouho-Maclay nrog Papuan Akhmat. Malacca, 1874 lossis 1875.

Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 20, 1871, Vityaz tsaws Maclay nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm New Guinea. Yav tom ntej, thaj tsam ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv no yuav raug hu ua Maclay Coast. Contrary to misconceptions, nws tsis mus ib leeg, tab sis nrog ob tug tub qhe - ib tug tub hluas los ntawm cov kob ntawm Niue hu ua Tub thiab Swedish sailor Olsen.

Kos duab los ntawm Miklouho-Maclay.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm Vityaz, lub tsev pheeb suab tau tsim, uas tau los ua rau Miklouho-Maclay tsis yog tsuas yog vaj tsev xwb, tab sis kuj yog chav kuaj tsim nyog. Ntawm cov Papuans hauv zos, nws nyob tau 15 lub hlis xyoo 1871-1872, nrog nws tus cwj pwm coj zoo thiab kev phooj ywg, nws tau tswj hwm lawv txoj kev hlub thiab kev ntseeg siab.

Cov duab rau Miklouho-Maclay's diary.

Tab sis thaum xub thawj Miklouho-Maclay tau suav hais tias yog cov Papuans tsis yog ib tug vajtswv, raws li feem ntau ntseeg, tab sis yog qhov txawv, raws li tus ntsuj plig phem. Qhov laj thawj rau tus cwj pwm no rau nws yog qhov rov tshwm sim thawj hnub ntawm lawv cov neeg paub. Pom lub nkoj thiab cov neeg dawb huv, cov neeg hauv kob xav tias yog Rotei, lawv cov yawg koob, uas tau rov qab los. Cov Papuans coob coob tau mus rau hauv lawv lub nkoj mus rau lub nkoj txhawm rau muab khoom plig rau tus tuaj tshiab. Nyob rau hauv lub nkoj Viking lawv kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo thiab nthuav tawm, tab sis ntawm txoj kev rov qab ib rab phom tua dheev tawm ntawm lub nkoj, yog li cov neeg coob tau qhuas txog lawv txoj kev tuaj txog. Txawm li cas los xij, tawm ntawm kev ntshai, cov neeg nyob hauv cov kob tau dhia tawm ntawm lawv lub nkoj, pov khoom plig thiab ntab rau ntawm ntug dej, txiav txim siab tias nws tsis yog Rotei uas tau los rau lawv, tab sis tus ntsuj plig phem ntawm Buk.

Tui los ntawm lub zos Gorendu. Kos duab los ntawm Miklouho-Maclay.

Tom qab ntawd, ib tug Papuan hu ua Tui tau pab hloov qhov xwm txheej, uas yog siab tawv dua li cov neeg nyob hauv lub Islands tuaj thiab tswj xyuas cov phooj ywg nrog cov neeg taug kev. Thaum Miklouho-Maclay tswj tau kho Tui los ntawm kev raug mob hnyav, cov Papuans tau txais nws mus rau hauv lawv lub zej zog raws li kev sib npaug rau lawv tus kheej, suav nrog nws hauv zej zog. Tui, tau ntev, tseem yog tus txhais lus thiab tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm tus kws sau ntawv ethnographer hauv nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm tus Papuans.

Xyoo 1873, Miklouho-Maclay tau mus xyuas Philippines thiab Indonesia, thiab xyoo tom ntej nws tau mus xyuas ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub poob ntawm New Guinea. Xyoo 1874-1875, nws rov mus ncig ob zaug hla Malacca Peninsula, kawm txog cov pab pawg neeg hauv zos ntawm Sakai thiab Semangi. Nyob rau hauv 1876 nws tau mus rau Western Micronesia (cov Islands tuaj ntawm Oceania), nrog rau Northern Melanesia (mus ntsib ntau pawg kob hauv dej hiav txwv Pacific). Xyoo 1876 thiab 1877 nws rov mus xyuas Maclay ntug dej hiav txwv. Los ntawm no nws xav rov qab mus rau Russia, tab sis vim muaj mob hnyav, tus neeg taug kev raug yuam kom nyob hauv Sydney, Australia, qhov chaw nws nyob mus txog xyoo 1882. Tsis deb ntawm Sydney, Nikolai tau tsim thawj qhov chaw lom neeg hauv Australia. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntawm nws lub neej, nws tau mus rau cov Islands tuaj ntawm Melanesia (1879), thiab kuj tau soj ntsuam sab qab teb ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm New Guinea (1880), thiab ib xyoos tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1881, nws tau mus xyuas lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm New Guinea rau yav qab teb. zaum ob.

Kos duab los ntawm Miklouho-Maclay.

Nws yog qhov nthuav tias Miklouho-Maclay tab tom npaj kev tiv thaiv Lavxias teb sab hla Papuans. Nws ob peb zaug tau taug kev mus rau New Guinea, tau kos npe hu ua "Maclay Coast txoj kev loj hlob". Nws txoj haujlwm tau muab rau kev khaws cia ntawm Papuans txoj kev ntawm lub neej, tab sis tib lub sijhawm tshaj tawm qhov ua tiav ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev tswj hwm tus kheej raws li cov kev cai hauv zos uas twb muaj lawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Maclay ntug dej hiav txwv, raws li nws cov phiaj xwm, tau txais kev tiv thaiv ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet. Tab sis nws qhov project tsis ua tau. Thaum lub sijhawm thib peb mus rau New Guinea, feem ntau ntawm nws cov phooj ywg ntawm Papuans, suav nrog Tui, twb tuag lawm, tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg nyob hauv kev sib cav sib ceg, thiab cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet, uas tau kawm txog cov kev sib tw. cov xwm txheej hauv zos, xaus lus tias lub ntug dej hiav txwv hauv zos tsis haum rau kev xa mus rau kev ua rog. Thiab twb nyob rau hauv 1885 New Guinea tau muab faib ntawm Great Britain thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees. Yog li, lo lus nug ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev paub txog Lavxias teb sab tiv thaiv thaj chaw no thaum kawg raug kaw.

Miklouho-Maclay tau rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws tom qab tsis tuaj yeem nyob rau xyoo 1882. Tom qab rov qab mus rau Russia, nws tau nyeem ntau cov ntawv tshaj tawm pej xeem ntawm nws txoj kev mus rau cov tswv cuab ntawm Geographical Society. Rau nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, lub zej zog ntawm lovers ntawm natural science, anthropology thiab ethnography muab Nikolai ib tug kub puav pheej. Tom qab mus xyuas European lub nroog - Berlin, London thiab Paris, nws tau qhia cov pej xeem rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws txoj kev mus ncig thiab kev tshawb fawb. Tom qab ntawd nws rov mus rau teb chaws Australia, tau mus xyuas Maclay ntug dej hiav txwv thib peb ntawm txoj kev, qhov no tshwm sim xyoo 1883.

Los ntawm 1884 txog 1886, tus neeg taug kev nyob hauv Sydney, thiab xyoo 1886 nws rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws. Tag nrho lub sijhawm no nws mob hnyav, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws tseem npaj rau kev tshaj tawm nws cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab phau ntawv teev npe. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo 1886, nws tau xa mus rau Academy of Sciences hauv St. Petersburg tag nrho cov kev sau haiv neeg uas nws tau sau los ntawm 1870 txog 1885. Niaj hnub no cov kev sau no tuaj yeem pom ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Anthropology thiab Ethnography hauv St.

Cov neeg taug kev uas rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg tau hloov pauv ntau. Raws li cov neeg paub nws tau sau tseg, 40-xyoo-laus tus kws tshawb fawb hluas tau loj hlob zuj zus, tsis muaj zog, nws cov plaub hau tig grey. Cov mob hauv lub puab tsaig tau tshwm sim dua, uas hnyav dua thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1887, thiab cov qog tshwm sim. Cov kws kho mob tsis tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas nws thiab tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov ua rau tus kab mob. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th puas tau kws kho mob tswj kom tshem tawm daim ntaub thaiv npog ntawm qhov teeb meem no. Ethnographer raug tua los ntawm mob qog noj ntshav nrog localization nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm txoj cai mandibular kwj dej. Raws nraim 130 xyoo dhau los, lub Plaub Hlis 14, 1888 (Lub Plaub Hlis 2, cov qauv qub) Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay tuag, nws muaj hnub nyoog 41 xyoo xwb. Cov neeg taug kev tau faus rau ntawm Volkovskoe tojntxas hauv St.

Kos duab los ntawm Miklouho-Maclay.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev tsim txiaj ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb yog tias nws tau tsa cov lus nug ntawm hom kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tib neeg cov haiv neeg uas twb muaj lawm. Nws kuj yog nws thawj zaug tau muab cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm Melanesian anthropological hom thiab tau ua pov thawj tias nws tau nthuav dav heev nyob rau hauv cov Islands tuaj ntawm Southeast Asia thiab hauv Western Oceania. Rau ethnography, nws cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai, kev lag luam thiab lub neej ntawm Papuans thiab lwm tus neeg nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws ntawm Oceania thiab Southeast Asia yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Ntau qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov neeg taug kev, qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb, thiab tam sim no tseem siv tau cov ntaub ntawv nkaus xwb ntawm ethnography ntawm qee cov Islands tuaj ntawm Oceania.

Lub ntxa ntawm N. N. Miklukho-Maclay (St. Petersburg).

Nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Nikolai Nikolaevich, ntau tshaj 100 ntawm nws scientific tej hauj lwm ntawm anthropology, ethnography, geography, zoology thiab lwm yam sciences tau luam tawm; nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nws sau ntau tshaj 160 tej hauj lwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub neej ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, tsis yog ib qho ntawm nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tau luam tawm, txhua tus ntawm lawv tau tshwm sim tsuas yog tom qab nws tuag. Yog li xyoo 1923, Miklouho-Maclay's Travel Diaries tau luam tawm thawj zaug, thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1950-1954, ib qho kev sau ua haujlwm hauv tsib phau ntawv.

Papua New Guinea.

Lub cim xeeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb thiab ethnographer tau dav khaws cia tsis yog hauv Russia nkaus xwb, tab sis thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Nws lub bust tuaj yeem pom niaj hnub no hauv Sydney, thiab hauv New Guinea lub roob thiab tus dej muaj npe tom qab nws, tsis suav nrog ntu ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub tuaj, uas hu ua Maclay Coast. Nyob rau hauv 1947, lub npe ntawm Miklouho-Maclay tau muab rau lub koom haum ntawm Ethnography ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR (RAS). Thiab tsis ntev los no, nyob rau hauv 2014, lub Lavxias teb sab Geographical Society tau tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb kub puav pheej muaj npe tom qab Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay, raws li lub siab tshaj plaws puav pheej ntawm lub zej zog rau kev tshawb fawb haiv neeg thiab kev mus ncig. Lub ntiaj teb kev lees paub ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb no kuj tau ua pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm nws 150th hnub tseem ceeb, 1996 tau tshaj tawm los ntawm UNESCO Xyoo Miklouho-Maclay, tib lub sijhawm nws tau raug hu ua Citizen of the World.