Medieval ua noj ua haus thiab nws cov cawv rau niaj hnub cuisine

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ntau yam uas peb noj txhua lub sijhawm tau tshwm sim thiab dhau los ua fashionable nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog - piv txwv li, pasta thiab khoom qab zib. Tom qab ntawd lawv txiav txim siab seb qhov twg zoo dua noj nrog nws.

Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ancient thiab barbarian kab lig kev cai

Thaum pib ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 6th, tsis muaj kev hais lus ntawm ib qho tshiab. Kev ua noj tau poob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj. Tsuas yog kev tshaib kev nqhis ua rau kuv tsim cov zaub mov txawv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Gaul thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua khob cij tau ci los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov paj hazel; crushed qhuav fern, meadow nyom thiab lwm yam additives tau ntxiv rau hmoov. Qhov twg kev poob siab tsav neeg mus rau qhov txwv, nas lossis kab kua zaub tau tsim thiab feem ntau raug lom. Tab sis qhov no yog qhov kawg. Tab sis tom qab ob peb centuries, qhov teeb meem no tau txhim kho, thiab tsis tsuas yog vaj ntxwv, tab sis kuj zoo tib yam Europeans pib nrhiav ntau yam saj.

Kev noj zaub mov hauv Rome thaum ub feem ntau muaj cereals (thiab qhov no yog porridge thiab flatbread), legumes, txiv roj roj, cawv, zaub thiab khoom noj siv mis (feem ntau cheese), nqaij tau siv tsawg dua. Cov Greeks noj ib yam li ntawd. Cov zaub mov qab heev kuj tshwm sim ntawm cov rooj zaum ntawm cov nom tswv. Ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig barbarians, ntawm qhov tod tes, tsiaj txhu, nuv ntses thiab yos hav zoov (thiab yog li mis nyuj thiab nqaij) yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Medieval Europe tau txais ob qho tib si barbaric (Celtic thiab Germanic) thiab Greco-Roman zaub mov kab lis kev cai: nqaij kab lis kev cai thiab khob cij kab lis kev cai. Ob yam khoom tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb. Nov yog thawj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog uas peb tau txais qub txeeg qub teg.

Kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj tiag tiag yog yam ntxwv ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thiab Hnub Nyoog Siab. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, thaum kev tshaib kev nqhis twb tsis tshua muaj heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau yav qab teb Europe, txawm tias cov neeg nyob hauv nroog pib haus ntau heev. Raws li Riccobaldo ntawm Ferrara, thaum lub sijhawm, Italians "tsuas yog noj nqaij tshiab peb zaug hauv ib lub lis piam; rau pluas su lawv noj nqaij nrog zaub, thiab noj hmo lawv tau noj tib yam nqaij txias."

Nws yuav zoo li tias peb zaug hauv ib lub lis piam tsis yog qhov phem, tab sis thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua nws twb xav tias tsis txaus, meager. Kev noj haus maj mam nce. Raws li qee cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, cov pej xeem nruab nrab thiab cov nyiaj tau los siab tau noj ntawm qhov nruab nrab 100 kg ntawm nqaij ib xyoos ib tug neeg (rau kev sib piv, nyob rau hauv Russia xyoo 2018 - 75.1 kg). Tib yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Poland, Sweden, Fabkis, England thiab Netherlands, nyob rau hauv lub countryside thiab nyob rau hauv yav qab teb teb chaws Europe lawv noj tsawg nqaij, tab sis tseem muaj ntau tshaj li niaj hnub no, thaum pej xeem kev loj hlob thiab ntev kev tsov kev rog ua rau muaj kev tsis txaus.

Nqaij, ntawm chav kawm, yog dhuav noj ib yam li ntawd - thiab ntawm no ua lag luam nrog cov teb chaws ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj tau pab.

Spicy vwm

Qhov no yog qhov keeb kwm Fernand Braudel hu ua kev ua noj ua haus tshiab ntawm 13th thiab tom qab centuries. Cov txuj lom tau maj mam kis los ntawm 10 mus rau 11th centuries, thiab los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. thawj phau ntawv qhia kuj tshwm sim: txiv neej medieval xav tsis tau tsuas yog satiety, tab sis kuj txaus siab. Nyob rau hauv Rome, tsuas yog rau kua txob, yuav luag tsis muaj txuj lom, cov neeg zoo tib yam tsis indulge rau lawv.

Tam sim no hauv Ltalis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Askiv, Catalonia thiab Fabkis, qhiav, cinnamon, nutmeg, saffron, cloves thiab lwm yam txuj lom tau xav tau. Tus kws sau keeb kwm M. Montarini hu cov kev xav dav dav hais tias cov txuj lom tau siv los npog qhov tsis hnov tsw ntawm cov nqaij stale lossis khaws cia. Cov neeg ua noj ntawm cov nplua nuj, uas tsis muaj leej twg muab cov nqaij lwj rau ntawm lub rooj, kuj tau nchuav cov zaub mov ntau nrog cov txuj lom, yog li cov txuj lom tshwj xeeb yog ib txoj hauv kev ua kom cov nqaij noj tastier.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsis yog nqaij li uas tau coj mus rau lub nroog, tab sis cov nyuj nyob, uas tau tua los ntawm kev thov ntawm cov neeg siv khoom - tsis muaj sijhawm rau cov khoom lag luam kom tsis zoo. Cov khoom qab zib me me kuj tau ua los ntawm cov txuj lom; Nws tau ntseeg tias lawv pab txhawb kev zom zaub mov zoo dua. Lawv txawm noj lawv ua ntej yuav mus pw. Cov neeg pluag, tus nqi zoo nkauj nrog cov txuj lom, sib tov nrog cov tshuaj zoo tib yam, tab sis nrog tib lub hom phiaj: rau lub caij cov khoom xyaw.

Spice candies tau ntseeg tias yuav pab zom zaub mov hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog.

Pies

Pies thiab pies nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog tau dhau los ntawm cov neeg - thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Nyob rau hauv Antiquity, lawv tsis tau siav (tshwj tsis yog tias nyob rau hauv lub koob tsheej ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws lawv muaj peev xwm sau lub ncuav qab zib loj nrog cov noog nyob - tab sis qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov yeeb yam, tsis yog zaub mov). Cov kws ua zaub mov ua tiav qhov kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse hauv qhov no, cov duab thiab cov khoom ntim tuaj yeem ua rau txhua tus saj - ntses, nqaij, zaub, cheese, nrog qe thiab tshuaj ntsuab, puff, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke …

Hauv cov nroog uas muaj ntau lub khw muag khoom noj thiab cov khw noj mov ua haujlwm, pies tau dhau los ua zaub mov noj txhua hnub, yooj yim thauj thiab haus sab nraum tsev. Lub lasagna tau tsim nyob rau tib lub sijhawm hauv ltalis kuj tseem tuaj yeem hu ua lub ncuav qab zib - qhov tseeb, nws yog lub ncuav qab zib uas tsis muaj khob noom cookie sab.

Pasta

Hais lus nruj me ntsis, pasta tsis yog ib qho kev tsim kho medieval - ob qho tib si hauv Suav teb thiab hauv Mediterranean, noodles tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Tab sis lawv pib qhuav nws nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog (raws li ib tug version, lub Arabs, raws li lwm yam - Italians). Cov khoom siv lub teeb muaj lub neej ntev ntev thiab tuaj yeem yooj yim ua zaub mov cia thaum mus ncig, zoo haum rau kev lag luam.

Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th, theej loj industries tshwm nyob rau hauv ltalis. Rau ob peb centuries, cov chaw rau cov nplej zom tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Sicily, Liguria, Apulia thiab lwm thaj chaw, ces, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th, thiab nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws - Fabkis, England, Northern Europe. Tom qab ntawd cov kws ua zaub mov twb tau npaj cov nplej zom (luv nplej), cov nplej ntev ntev, tiaj tus (rau lasagna) thiab khoom noj (ravioli).

Qab Zib

Qab Zib, uas tau suav hais tias yog "Arabian txuj lom", tau coj nws qhov chaw hauv kev ua noj ua haus thaum kawg ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, hauv 14th - 15th centuries. Thaum xub thawj, nws tau suav hais tias yog ntau yam tshuaj thiab tsuas yog yuav los ntawm cov kws muag tshuaj, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom noj txhua hnub. Cov phau ntawv ua noj ntawm Ltalis, Spain thiab Askiv thaum lub sijhawm muaj cov zaub mov ua khoom qab zib, cov tais diav loj thiab dej qab zib, piv txwv li, qab zib candies, candied txiv hmab txiv ntoo, qab zib broths thiab pies, sweetened spiced wine (xws li mulled caw).

Npias thiab dab

Antiquity paub wine, cider thiab mash. Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, hops pib ntxiv rau mash thiab tau txais lub teeb, xoob npias, uas tau nrov heev los ntawm 13-14 centuries, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv latitudes uas yuav luag tsis muaj cawv txiv hmab (hauv Scandinavia, piv txwv li). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg European thiab cov ntsuj plig tau tsim.

Distillation tseem tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm (ntawm cov neeg Iyiv, Greeks los yog Loos - nws tsis paub meej), tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv tau siv kom tau mercury thiab sulfur. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th, medieval naturalists thawj zaug txiav txim siab txias lub coil thiab distilled cawu cub - qhov no yog li cas thawj wine cawv tau txais nyob rau hauv ltalis. Nws yog hu ua "flammable water" los yog aqua vitae - "dej ntawm lub neej". Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, lawv pib haus nws tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug mob reliever, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv taverns - rau kev lom zem.

Nws tsis yooj yim los txiav txim siab leej twg raws nraim thiab thaum twg ua thawj cognac lossis vodka. Raws li historian V. Pokhlebkin, lawv pib distill rye mash rau hauv khob cij caw (vodka) nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th.

Nyob rau hauv 1334 wine cawv tau distilled nyob rau hauv Fabkis (ces cognac yog tsim los ntawm nws), thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th gin thiab whiskey tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv 1520-1522. German alchemists thawj zaug ua schnapps - Branntwein ("kub caw"). Thiab tom qab ntawd pib qhov kev sim siab tshaj plaws nrog cov khoom siv raw thiab cov txheej txheem distillation, uas muab cov cawv ntau yam tam sim no.

Rau tag nrho cov no - ua tsaug rau Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab!