"Lavxias teb sab Leonardo" - Vladimir Shukhov

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov, ib tug zoo kawg li engineer ntawm lig XIX - thaum ntxov XX caug xyoo, tsis kam coj txawv teb chaws qauv thiab pib tsim nyob rau hauv thawj, purely Lavxias teb sab style, cia siab rau cov kev cai ntawm Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Kazakov, Kulibin. Nyob rau hauv nws lub neej, nws raug hu ua "tus txiv neej-lub Hoobkas" thiab "Lavxias teb sab Leonardo": tsuas yog ob peb tus pab, nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav ntau npaum li kaum lub koom haum tshawb fawb ua tau. Shukhov muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas inventions, tab sis nws patented 15: tsis muaj sij hawm. Thiab qhov no kuj yog Russians heev.

Vladimir Shukhov yug rau lub Yim Hli 16, 1853 hauv lub nroog me me ntawm Graivoron, Belgorod koog tsev kawm ntawv, xeev Kursk. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum ib, nws nkag mus rau hauv St. Petersburg gymnasium, qhov chaw uas nws qhia aptitude rau lub caij nyoog sciences, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lej, thiab tam sim ntawd los ua nto moo rau ua pov thawj lub Pythagorean theorem nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas nws invented nws tus kheej. Tus kws qhia ntawv qhuas nws, tab sis muab nws "ob", hais tias: "Yog lawm, tab sis tsis ncaj ncees!" Txawm li cas los xij, Shukhov ua tiav nws txoj kev kawm nrog daim ntawv pov thawj ci ntsa iab.

Raws li cov lus qhia ntawm nws txiv, Vladimir nkag mus rau Moscow Imperial Technical School (tam sim no - Bauman Moscow State Technical University), qhov chaw uas nws tau muab lub sij hawm kom tau txais lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev thiab lej kev kawm, ib tug tshwj xeeb engineering, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm master crafts.. Raws li ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv, Shukhov sau npe ib tug zoo kawg nkaus invention - "ib tug ntaus ntawv uas txau roj nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg siv elasticity ntawm dej vapor" - ib tug chav nozzle. Nws yog qhov yooj yim heev, ua haujlwm zoo thiab qub uas tus kws kho mob zoo Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev muab nws daim duab rau ntawm nws phau ntawv "Fundamentals of Factory Industry". Thiab Ludwig Nobel, lub taub hau ntawm kev txhawj xeeb ntawm cov roj loj loj thiab tus kwv tij ntawm tus tsim ntawm cov khoom plig muaj koob npe, tam sim ntawd tau txais patent rau nws cov khoom tsim los ntawm Vladimir. Nyob rau hauv 1876 V. Shukhov kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab nrog ib tug kub puav pheej. Academician Pafnuti Lvovich Chebyshev, uas pom lub peev xwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais mechanical engineers, ua rau nws ib tug flattering kev: mus ua ke scientific thiab pedagogical ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, Vladimir tau nyiam ntau dua tsis yog los ntawm kev tshawb fawb theoretical, tab sis los ntawm cov tswv yim engineering thiab kev ua haujlwm tsim khoom.

Ib qho kev mus rau Philadelphia mus koom lub Ntiaj Teb Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv xyoo 1876 yog txoj hmoo rau tus tub ntxhais hluas engineer. Nyob ntawd nws tau ntsib AV Bari, ib tug neeg hauv tebchaws Russia, uas tau nyob hauv Amelikas tau ntau xyoo, koom nrog kev tsim vaj tsev rau lub Ntiaj Teb Exhibition, ua lub luag haujlwm rau tag nrho cov "kev ua haujlwm hlau", uas nws tau txais Grand Prix thiab ib qho khoom plig. kub puav pheej.

Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm tib lub xyoo, AV Bari rov qab mus rau Russia nrog nws tsev neeg, qhov chaw uas nws pib npaj ib tug tej kab ke rau kev thauj mus los thiab cia cov roj. Nws tau caw Shukhov los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam txhab chaw ua haujlwm hauv Baku, qhov chaw tshiab ntawm kev lag luam roj hauv Lavxias tau loj hlob sai. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1880, Bari nrhiav tau ib lub chaw tsim kho thiab ib tug boiler cog nyob rau hauv Moscow, muab V. G. Shukhov txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus thawj designer thiab tus thawj engineer. Bari tsis yuam kev hauv nws cov npoj yaig hluas. Ntau ingenious inventions tau yug los nyob rau hauv no extraordinary lag luam thiab muaj tswv yim tandem. "Lawv hais tias Bari siv kuv," Shukhov sau tom qab. - Nws yog lawm. Tab sis kuv kuj tau siv nws, yuam nws ua raws li cov lus pom zoo tshaj plaws."

Rau lub hlis tom qab V. G. Shukhov yog thawj zaug nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no los ua cov kev lag luam flare combustion ntawm cov kua roj siv lub nozzle tsim los ntawm nws, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus hlawv roj roj, uas yog xam tau tias yog ib tug roj refining pov tseg; nws cov pas dej loj loj nyob ib puag ncig ntawm cov roj refineries lom cov av. Rau kev khaws cia cov roj thiab cov khoom siv roj, Shukhov tsim cov qauv tsim ntawm lub tank cylindrical nrog nyias hauv qab ntawm cov xuab zeb cushion thiab nrog cov phab ntsa ntawm cov kauj ruam tuab. Qhov kev tsim no muaj qhov hnyav tshaj plaws nrog tib lub zog ntawm nws qhov chaw: lub siab ntawm cov kua hauv lub tank ntawm phab ntsa nce nrog qhov tob, thiab lub thickness thiab lub zog ntawm phab ntsa nce raws li. Thiab cov xuab zeb cushion nyob rau hauv qab yuav siv lub luj ntawm cov kua, ua rau hauv qab ntawm lub tank nyias. Rau lub distillation ntawm cov roj nrog decomposition mus rau hauv feem nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov kub kub thiab pressures, nws tsim ib tug industrial installation. Thiab qhov ntawd tsuas yog qhov pib ntawm nws txoj haujlwm nrawm nrawm ntawm engineering.

mus, RED

Cov poj niam yeej ib txwm nyiam Vladimir Grigorievich. Nws txawj ntse thiab zoo nraug. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias thaum xyoo 1890 tus naas ej actress O. L. Knipper, uas tom qab los ua tus poj niam ntawm AP Chekhov, poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog nws. Tab sis Shukhov tsis lees txais kev sib tham ntawm Olga Leonardovna.

Tsis ntev Vladimir tau ntsib nws tus poj niam yav tom ntej, tus ntxhais ntawm tus kws kho mob railway, Anya Medntseva, uas tuaj ntawm tsev neeg Akhmatov qub. Nws yuav tsum mus nrhiav qhov chaw ntawm 18-xyoo-laus ntsuab-eyed zoo nkauj rau lub sijhawm ntev. Xyoo 1894, kev tshoob kos tau tshwm sim. Anna Nikolaevna yug nws tsib tus menyuam - Xenia, Sergei, Flavius, Vladimir thiab Vera.

Tag nrho lawv lub neej lawv raug khi los ntawm kev sib tw, kov kev sib raug zoo. Cov duab coj los ntawm Shukhov tau khaws cia, uas cov tswv cuab ntawm nws tsev neeg loj tau ntxim hlub - ntawm tshuaj yej ntawm veranda ntawm dacha, nyeem ntawv, ua si piano … lub zog ntawm lub sijhawm thiab lub siab zoo ntawm tus ntxhais, uas yog yuav luag ib txoj hauj lwm tsis yooj yim sua rau cov txheej txheem yees duab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Nws cov txuj ci engineering thiab kev muaj tswv yim tau pom meej los ntawm cov ntawv me me. Feem ntau, nws mob siab rau kev yees duab thiab txawm hais tias: "Kuv yog tus kws tshaj lij los ntawm kev tshaj lij, tab sis tus kws yees duab hauv siab."

Lub sedate Anna Nikolaevna tab tom saib peb los ntawm cov duab qub. Thiab Vladimir Grigorievich nws tus kheej - haum, nrog ib tug zoo, ntse, me ntsis nkees lub ntsej muag. Shukhov's tam sim no NS Kudinova tau piav qhia nws raws li nram no: "Vladimir Grigorievich yog ib tug txiv neej ntawm qhov siab nruab nrab, nyias, xav tsis thoob thiab tsis pom qhov muag xiav. Txawm tias nws muaj hnub nyoog (thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws paub nws yog 76 xyoo - Ed.), nws yog ib txwm haum thiab impeccably zoo huv si … Thiab dab tsi yog abyss ntawm attractiveness, lom zem, dab tsi tob nyob rau hauv txhua yam! " Nws tus tub Sergei nco qab tias: "Nws feem ntau txaus siab rau kev nkag siab ntawm nws tus kheej lub meej mom nyob rau hauv tib neeg, sib npaug, tsis muaj txoj kev ntxeev siab rau nws txoj kev muaj zog, tsis tau hais rau leej twg thiab tsis tsa nws lub suab rau leej twg. Nws yog tus coj ncaj ncees rau tus qhev thiab tus saib xyuas.”

Shukhov yog ib tug zoo siab, twv txiaj. Nws nyiam ua yeeb yam, ua yeeb yam, chess, nyiam caij tsheb kauj vab. Cov neeg ua pov thawj pom tau hais tias ib zaug Bari xaus rau hauv Alexander arena, qhov chaw sib tw caij tsheb kauj vab. Cov kiv cua tau nyob rau ntawm ib qho rampage. "Muab nws, redhead, muab nws!" lawv qw rau tus thawj coj. Tus txiv neej plaub hau liab tau muab nws, kov yeej nws txhais tes ntawm txoj kab tiav, tig mus, thiab Bari tau poob siab thaum nws lees paub tus yeej ua tus thawj coj ntawm nws lub tuam txhab.

Txawm li cas los xij, lub ntsiab "kev hlub khoom" ntawm Shukhov yeej ib txwm ua haujlwm. "Nyob rau hauv 1891-1893, ib lub tsev tshiab ntawm Upper Trading Rows yog ua nyob rau hauv lub Red Square nyob rau hauv Moscow nrog Shukhov lub coatings (saib nplooj 4 ntawm lub hau), yog li graceful thiab lub teeb uas los ntawm lub hauv qab lawv zoo li ib tug cobweb nrog iav txiav rau hauv nws. "hais tias yawg V. G. Shukhov Elena Shukhova."Qhov kev cuam tshuam no tau muab los ntawm arched truss invented los ntawm Shukhov, nyob rau hauv uas cov tsoos es loj braces thiab racks tau hloov los ntawm nyias beam puffs nrog ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm ib tug centimeter, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nruj nreem - qhov zoo tshaj plaws hom ntawm kev rau siab rau hlau.”

Nyob rau hauv 1895 Shukhov thov rau ib tug patent rau mesh coatings nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm shells. Nws yog tus qauv ntawm tus pej thuam hyperboloid uas nws tau tsim, uas sai sai tig tag nrho lub ntiaj teb architecture upside down. "Thiab nrog cov lus nug ntawm lub lightest txheej, Vladimir Grigorievich invented ib tug tshwj xeeb system ntawm arched trusses uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nruj thiab compression ua tsaug rau cov hlau rods txuas rau lawv. Kev tshawb nrhiav qhov chaw ntawm cov rods thiab qhov ntev ntawm cov trusses yog ua los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov hnyav tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv. … Qhov no lub tswv yim ntawm nrhiav tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws designs nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Vladimir Grigorievich. Nws ua nws nyob rau hauv ib tug harmonious thiab yooj yim lej daim ntawv, qhia nws txoj kev xav nrog cov ntxhuav thiab graphs. Lub tswv yim no yog ua raws [thiab] cov ntawv sau ntawm Vladimir Grigorievich txog cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov chaw khaws cia ", - sau tseg Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky. Lub tswv yim heev ntawm xws li mesh qauv thiab amazing hyperboloid yees tuaj rau hauv lub siab ntawm ib tug Lavxias teb sab engineers thaum pom ib tug yooj yim willow pob tawb ntawm twigs tig upside down. Nws hais tias "Dab tsi zoo nkauj yog qhov ruaj khov," nws ib txwm ntseeg tias kev tsim kho tshiab tau yug los nrog kev saib xyuas lub neej thiab xwm txheej.

HYPERBOLOID OF ENGINEER SHUKHOV

Thawj cov qauv, uas tau cim lub creation ntawm ib tug kiag li tshiab load-bearing qauv, tau nthuav tawm los ntawm Shukhov rau cov pej xeem thaum lub sij hawm lub All-Lavxias Exhibition ntawm 1896 nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod. Cov no yog yim lub rooj nthuav qhia: plaub lub ru tsev dai, plaub nrog cylindrical mesh vaults. Ib tug ntawm lawv muaj nyias daim hlau dai (membrane) nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, uas tsis tau siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ua ntej. Ib tug pej thuam dej kuj tau tsim, nyob rau hauv uas Shukhov hloov nws daim phiaj mus rau ib tug ntsug lattice qauv ntawm ib tug hyperboloid duab.

Elena Shukhova hais tias "Qhov hnyav ntawm Shukhov lub ru tsev tsis muaj rafters", raws li lawv cov neeg kawm hu ua lawv, tau dhau los ua ob mus rau peb zaug qis dua, thiab lub zog muaj zog ntau dua li cov hom ru tsev, hais tias Elena Shukhova. - Lawv tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim ntawm tib hom: sawb hlau 50-60 mm lossis nyias cov fab; Lub installation ntawm rwb thaiv tsev thiab teeb pom kev zoo yog yooj yim: nyob rau hauv txoj cai qhov chaw, es tsis txhob ntawm vov tsev hlau, ntoo thav ntawv nrog iav tau nteg nyob rau hauv lub mesh, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug arched ru tsev, qhov siab sib txawv ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev yuav zoo heev. siv rau teeb pom kev zoo. Tag nrho cov qauv tsim tau muab rau qhov ua tau yooj yim thiab ceev installation siv cov khoom siv feem ntau xws li me me tes winches. " Pob zeb diamond mesh sawb thiab lub kaum sab xis steel mesh tau dhau los ua cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws thiab lub teeb yuag rau ntev-ntev dai ru tsev thiab mesh vaults.

Mesh pem teb: lub exhibition pavilion tsim los ntawm V. G. Shukhov (1896) thiab lub oval nrog lub British Tsev khaws puav pheej los ntawm N. Foster.

Cov vaj tse tau paub dav. Tag nrho cov ntawv xov xwm sau txog lawv. High technical perfection, sab nraud simplicity thiab dav ntawm sab hauv nyob rau hauv lub soaring network ntawm suspended ceilings - tag nrho cov no tsim ib tug tiag tiag kev xav. Lub plhaub nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug hyperboloid ntawm kiv puag ncig tau dhau los ua ib tug tshiab kiag li, yeej tsis ua ntej siv lub tsev daim ntawv. Nws ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los tsim ib lub spatial nkhaus mesh nto los ntawm inclined ncaj rods. Qhov tshwm sim yog lub teeb yuag, graceful thiab nruj qauv uas yooj yim rau kev xam thiab tsim. Nizhegorodskaya dej pej thuam nqa ntawm qhov siab ntawm 25.6 m ib lub tank nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 114,000 litres muab dej rau tag nrho cov exhibition. Thawj tus pej thuam hyperboloid no tseem yog ib lub tsev zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv Shukhov. Tom qab ua tiav kev nthuav qhia, tus tswv av nplua nuj Nechaev-Maltsev tau yuav nws thiab muab nws tso rau ntawm nws thaj av ntawm Polibino ze Lipetsk. Lub pej thuam tseem sawv muaj hnub no.

Dej ntauwd hauv Yaroslavl. xyoo 1911.

Elena Shukhov hais tias "Cov haujlwm ntawm V. G. Shukhov tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev,". "Lawv zoo li sab nrauv, tsis zoo li ib yam dab tsi ua ntej, organically ua raws li cov khoom ntawm cov khoom thiab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib daim ntawv mus rau qhov kawg, thiab lub tswv yim "tshiab" engineering tsis npog los yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog "tsis tsim nyog" cov ntsiab lus.

Orders poured rau hauv Bari lub ruaj. Thawj yog ib qho kev txiav txim rau cov nroj tsuag metallurgical nyob rau hauv Vyksa ze Nizhny Novgorod, qhov chaw uas nws yuav tsum tau tsim ib tug rhiav siv hyperboloid lug. Shukhov ua nws ci ntsa iab: spatial curved mesh shells ho txhim kho tus qauv ib txwm. Lub tsev tau muaj sia nyob hauv lub nroog me me hauv lub xeev mus txog niaj hnub no.

Lub teeb, zoo nkauj dej yees tau xav tau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos, Shukhov tau tsim thiab tsim ntau pua ntawm lawv, uas coj mus rau ib feem typification ntawm cov qauv nws tus kheej thiab nws tus kheej lub ntsiab - ntaiv thiab tso tsheb hlau luam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Shukhov tsis muaj ntxaib yees. Ua qauv qhia ntau yam zoo kawg nkaus, nws tau ua pov thawj rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tias tus engineer, raws li cov Greeks thaum ub ntseeg, yog tus tsim tiag.

Kev tsim kho ntawm ob-kho lub qab nthab-plhaub rau lub rooj cob qhia metallurgical cog hauv lub nroog Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod cheeb tsam. Xyoo 1897

Cov khoom siv ntawm cov dej yees muaj xws li lub twj tso kua mis piston. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau nws, Shukhov tsim ib qho tseem ceeb thauj khoom tsim ntawm samovar-hom boiler. Vladimir Grigorievich tau hais tias nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas lub boiler zoo li lub samovar: "Kuv tus poj niam yws yws ntawm dacha tias samovar tsis boil rau ntev. Kuv yuav tsum tau ua nws ib tug samovar nrog boiling kav. Nws yog nws uas tau los ua tus qauv ntawm lub cav ntsug. " Tam sim no nws yog hu ua lub raj raj.

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau network kuj xav tau kev tsim kho ntawm ntau cov dej yees. Nyob rau hauv 1892 Shukhov ua nws thawj railway choj. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau tsim ntau hom kev sib txuas nrog qhov ntev ntawm 25 mus rau 100 m. Raws li cov qauv kev daws teeb meem no, nyob rau hauv nws kev coj noj coj ua, 417 choj tau tsim hla Oka, Volga, Yenisei thiab lwm yam dej ntws. Yuav luag tag nrho lawv tseem sawv.

Openwork masts tsim los ntawm Shukhov rau kev tso kawm ntawm rangefinder posts ua warships tsis tshua pom. Lavxias teb sab battleship "Emperor Paul I" (1912).

Tsis muaj thiab tsis nyob ntawm no

Peb kuj tseem tshuav Shukhov lub tshuab dej niaj hnub. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau nws, nws tau tsim ib lub rhaub dej tshiab, uas tau pib tsim tawm hauv xyoo 1896. Siv nws tus kheej kev paub hauv kev tsim cov roj tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov kav dej thiab siv cov kev hloov kho tshiab rau nws cov twj, nws tau tso cov kav dej hauv Tambov. Raws li kev tshawb fawb geological uas nws kim heev, Shukhov thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau tsim ib txoj haujlwm tshiab rau cov dej hauv Moscow hauv peb xyoos.

Rau Moscow General Post Office, tsim nyob rau hauv 1912, Shukhov tsim lub iav npog ntawm chav ua hauj lwm. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau nws, nws tau tsim ib lub tiaj tus kab rov tav truss, uas tau los ua tus qauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kav dej seamless, uas tau siv dav hauv kev tsim kho ntau xyoo tom qab.

Kev tsim kho ntawm Bryansk (tam sim no Kiev) railway chaw nres tsheb. Architect I. I. Rerberg, engineer V. G. Shukhov.

Qhov kawg tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm ua los ntawm Shukhov ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig yog lub tsaws theem ntawm lub Kiev (ces Bryansk) railway chaw nres tsheb nyob rau hauv Moscow (1912-1917, ncua - 48 m, qhov siab - 30 m, ntev - 230 m). Shukhov siv cov txheej txheem kev teeb tsa tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig, uas tau npaj los ua lub hauv paus ntawm txhua qhov chaw nres tsheb txheej. Qhov project, alas, tsis yog lub hom phiaj los ua qhov tseeb: kev ua tsov ua rog pib.

Shukhov ntxub tsov rog. Nws tau sau tias "Kuv xav tias nws yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev tshwj xeeb ntau txog kev hlub rau lub teb chaws," nws sau.- Cov ntseeg kev coj ncaj ncees, raws li cov neeg nyob sab Europe tau coj los, tsis tso cai rau kev tshem tawm ntawm lwm haiv neeg rau kev hlub rau lub teb chaws. Tom qab tag nrho, kev ua tsov ua rog yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lim hiam ntawm cov neeg uas tsis tau ua tiav lub peev xwm los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev thaj yeeb. Txawm li cas los yeej yeej tsov rog, lub teb chaws yeej ib txwm poob ntawm nws."

Tiamsis nws tseem yuav tsum koom ua rog. Shukhov tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntsug ib sab los ua tus kws tshaj lij lossis ua tus neeg nyiam. Elena Shukhova hais tias "Ib lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thaum pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib yog kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho ntawm botoports - cov nkoj loj uas tsim los ua lub rooj vag rau cov chaw nres nkoj uas cov nkoj puas raug kho," Elena Shukhova hais. - Tus tsim tau ua tiav. Qhov kev txiav txim tom ntej yog tsim cov mines ntab. Thiab txoj haujlwm no tau daws sai sai. Nws tsim lub teeb yuag mobile platforms qhov twg cov cim thiab cov phom ntev tau teeb tsa. Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob hauv qhov chaw rau lawv."

Tsov rog xaus, tab sis xyoo 1917 tawg. Bari tau tsiv mus rau Asmeskas. Shukhov, txawm li cas los xij, tau txiav txim siab tsis lees txais ntau qhov kev caw kom tawm mus rau Tebchaws Meskas lossis Europe. Xyoo 1919 nws tau sau rau hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe: “Peb yuav tsum ua haujlwm ywj pheej ntawm kev nom kev tswv. Ntauwd, boilers, rafters yog xav tau, thiab peb yuav xav tau."

Lub caij no, lub tuam txhab thiab cov nroj tsuag tau nationalized, tsev neeg raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub tsev loj ntawm Smolensky Boulevard. Kuv yuav tsum tau tsiv mus rau lub chaw ua haujlwm nruj hauv Krivokolenny Lane. Shukhov, uas twb dhau rau caum, pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug kiag li tshiab qhov teeb meem. Lub chaw tsim kho ntawm Bari tau hloov mus rau hauv lub koom haum "Stalmost" (tam sim no nws yog lub koom haum tshawb fawb thiab tsim qauv ntawm Central Research Institute ntawm Proektstalkonstruktsiya). Bari chav boiler cog tau hloov npe rau hauv Parostroy (tam sim no nws thaj chaw thiab cov qauv tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm Shukhov yog ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag Dynamo). Shukhov tau tsa lawv tus thawj coj.

Shukhov tus tub Sergei nco qab tias: "Kuv txiv tau ua lub neej nyuaj nyob rau hauv Soviet txoj cai. Nws yog tus yeeb ncuab ntawm huab tais huab tais thiab tsis tau muab tso rau hauv lub sijhawm Stalinist, uas nws tau pom ntev ua ntej nws pib. Nws tsis tau paub zoo nrog Lenin, tab sis nws tsis muaj kev hlub rau nws. Nws hais rau kuv ntau dua ib zaug: “Yuav tsum nkag siab tias txhua yam uas peb ua tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau leej twg thiab tsis muaj dab tsi. Peb qhov kev ua yog txiav txim los ntawm cov neeg tsis paub qab hau nrog phau ntawv liab, ua raws cov hom phiaj tsis nkag siab. " Ob peb zaug kuv txiv nyob hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm kev puas tsuaj.”

TSIS TAU TXAIS

Lub Council of Workers 'thiab Peasants' Defense tau txiav txim siab: "los tsim kom muaj kev ceev heev hauv Moscow lub chaw nres tsheb xov tooj cua nruab nrog cov cuab yeej siv thiab tshuab nrog lub peev xwm txaus los xyuas kom ntseeg tau tias kev sib txuas lus tsis tu ncua ntawm nruab nrab ntawm cov koom pheej thiab txawv teb chaws lub xeev. sab nrauv ntawm lub koom pheej. " Kev sib txuas lus hauv xov tooj cua tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau cov tub ntxhais hluas Soviet koom pheej poob rau hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, thiab Lenin nkag siab qhov no zoo. Thaum xub thawj, nws tau npaj los tsim tsib lub xov tooj cua yees: peb - 350 m siab thiab ob - 275 m txhua qhov, tab sis tsis muaj nyiaj rau lawv, tsib lub yees hloov mus ua ib qho, ib qho chaw rau nws tau faib rau ntawm txoj kev Shabolovskaya thiab "txiav". mus 160m.

Ib qho xwm txheej tshwm sim thaum tsim lub xov tooj cua pej thuam. Shukhov sau rau hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe: “Lub Rau Hli 29, 1921. Thaum nqa ntu plaub, qhov thib peb tawg. Qhov thib plaub poob thiab ua rau lub thib ob thiab thawj puas lawm." Nws tsuas yog los ntawm kev zoo siab coincidence uas tib neeg tsis raug kev txom nyem. Kev hu mus rau GPU, cov lus nug ntev ua raws tam sim ntawd, thiab Shukhov raug txiav txim rau "kev ua txhaum cai". Tsuas yog qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj lwm tus engineer muaj peev xwm txuas ntxiv xws li kev tsim kho loj hauv lub tebchaws tau txais kev cawmdim los ntawm cov mos txwv tiag tiag. Thiab lub pej thuam yuav tsum tau ua ntawm txhua tus nqi.

Raws li cov thawj coj tom qab tsim, Shukhov tsis yog txhua yam los liam rau qhov kev huam yuaj: los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm engineering, tus tsim yog impeccable. Lub pej thuam yuav luag ntog rau ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom tsuas yog vim kev txuag nyiaj tas li ntawm cov khoom siv. Shukhov ceeb toom txog qhov xwm txheej zoo li no ntau dua ib zaug, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg mloog nws. Nkag mus rau hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe: “Lub Yim Hli 30. Tsis muaj hlau, thiab tus tsim ntawm tus pej thuam tseem tsis tuaj yeem kos tau. " “Lub Cuaj Hlis 26th. Xa cov phiaj xwm ntawm cov pej thuam 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325 thiab 350 m rau pawg thawj coj ntawm GORZ. Thaum sau ntawv: ob daim duab kos hauv xaum, tsib daim duab kos rau ntawm daim ntawv tracing, plaub qhov kev suav ntawm cov tes hauj lwm, plaub qhov kev suav ntawm cov yees "…" Lub Kaum Hli 1. Tsis muaj hlau "…

Elena Shukhova hais tias "Yuav tsim kom muaj qhov tshwj xeeb hauv kev ntsuas thiab kev tsim kho hauv lub tebchaws uas muaj kev lag luam tsis zoo thiab kev lag luam puas tsuaj, nrog cov pej xeem demoralized los ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab kev puas tsuaj, thiab tsuas yog tsis ntev los no tau xaus los ntawm Tsov Rog Pej Xeem, yog lub koom haum tiag tiag," Elena Shukhova hais..

Kuv yuav tsum tau pib dua. Thiab lub pej thuam tseem ua tau. Nws tau los ua ib qho kev hloov kho ntxiv ntawm mesh hyperboloid cov qauv thiab muaj rau lub blocks ntawm cov duab sib thooj. Hom kev tsim kho no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav kev tsim kho ntawm tus pej thuam nrog tus thawj, xav tsis thoob yooj yim "telescopic" installation txoj kev. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov blocks tom ntej tau muab tso rau hauv av hauv qhov kev txhawb nqa qis ntawm tus pej thuam. Nrog kev pab los ntawm tsib yam yooj yim ntoo cranes, uas sawv nyob rau hauv lub sab sauv sab sauv ntawm lub pej thuam thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho, cov blocks tau lifted ib tug tom qab, successively nce qhov siab. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Lub Peb Hlis 1922, tus pej thuam, uas tom qab ntawd hu ua "tus qauv ntawm kev tsim kho ci ntsa iab thiab sab saum toj ntawm lub tsev kos duab", tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Alexei Tolstoy, kev tshoov siab los ntawm qhov kev tsim kho, tsim cov tshiab "The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin" (1926).

Cuaj xyoo tom qab, Shukhov tshaj nws thawj pej thuam qauv los ntawm kev tsim peb khub mesh multi-tiered hyperboloidal kev txhawb nqa rau 1800 m ntev-voltage fais fab kis kab hla Oka ze Nizhny Novgorod nrog qhov siab ntawm 20, 69 thiab 128 m., lawv cov qauv tsim los ua kom sib dua thiab muaj kuab heev. Cov tub ceev xwm "raug zam txim" tus kws ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg. Shukhov los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm All-Lavxias teb sab Central Executive Committee, nyob rau hauv 1929 nws tau txais lub Lenin nqi zog, nyob rau hauv 1932 - lub hnub qub ntawm lub Hero ntawm Labor, tau los ua ib tug sib koom tswv cuab ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences, thiab tom qab ntawd ib tug honorary kawm.

LUB TSEV KAWM NTAWV YUAV UA LI CAS?

Tab sis rau Shukhov, lub sij hawm no yog tej zaum qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws. Tus tub yau Vladimir, uas tau ua haujlwm nrog Kolchak, mus rau hauv tsev lojcuj. Kom tso nws tus tub, Vladimir Grigorievich pauv tag nrho nws cov patents muaj nqis 50 lab kub rau lub xeev Soviet. Vladimir raug tso tawm, tab sis nws nkees heev thiab nkees heev uas nws tsis tuaj yeem hnov qab thiab tuag hauv xyoo 1920. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws niam, Vera Kapitonovna, tuag, ua raws li nws tus poj niam …

Txuag hauj lwm. Shukhov tau tsim ntau cov qauv sib txawv uas nws tsis tuaj yeem sau lawv. Tag nrho cov kev tsim kho tseem ceeb ntawm thawj tsib lub xyoos kev npaj yog txuam nrog nws lub npe: Magnitka thiab Kuznetskstroy, Chelyabinsk Tsheb laij teb thiab Dynamo Cog, kho dua tshiab ntawm cov khoom puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv Civil War thiab thawj lub ntsiab kav dej … Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Fine Arts. Alexander Pushkin, Petrovsky Passage, lub iav dome ntawm lub Metropol … Ua tsaug rau nws kev siv zog, ib tug monument ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th tau raug khaws cia - lub minaret ntawm nto moo madrasah nyob rau hauv Samarkand. Lub pej thuam tilted hnyav heev tom qab av qeeg thiab tuaj yeem poob. Nyob rau hauv 1932, kev sib tw rau tej yaam num los cawm lub pej thuam tau tshaj tawm, thiab Shukhov los ua tsis tau tsuas yog tus yeej ntawm cov kev sib tw, tab sis kuj lub taub hau ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm straightening lub minaret siv ib hom ntawm rocker caj npab. Vladimir Grigorievich nws tus kheej tau hais tias: "Dab tsi zoo nkauj yog ruaj khov. Tib neeg lub qhov muag yog accustomed mus rau lub proportions ntawm xwm, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov xwm yog dab tsi yog ruaj thiab tsim nyog ciaj sia."

Qhov kawg ntawm lub neej ntawm 85-xyoo-laus engineer yog tragic. Nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm hluav taws xob, Vladimir Grigorievich tuag los ntawm cov nplaim taws ntawm lub tswm ciab tig rau ntawm nws tus kheej. Tus cwj pwm ntawm kev siv lub zog "triple" cologne tom qab shaving raug rhuav tshem, abundantly lubricating lub ntsej muag thiab tes nrog nws … Ib feem peb ntawm lub cev raug hlawv. Tau tsib hnub nws nyob hauv kev txom nyem txaus ntshai, thiab hnub thib rau, Lub Ob Hlis 2, 1939, nws tuag. Cov txheeb ze nco qab tias mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm nws hnub nws khaws nws cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lom zem, thaum lub sij hawm hnav khaub ncaws hais tias: "Tus kws qhia ntawv raug hlawv …" Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov raug faus rau ntawm lub toj ntxas Novodevichy.

Xyoo 1999, tus kws kos duab Askiv nto moo Norman Foster tau txais lub npe ntawm kev qhuas peerage thiab tus tswv rau lub mesh ceilings ntawm lub tshav puam ntawm British Tsev khaws puav pheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yeej ib txwm lees paub tias nws tau txais kev tshoov siab hauv nws txoj haujlwm los ntawm Shukhov cov tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv 2003, ib tug gilded qauv ntawm lub Shukhov pej thuam raug ntsia ntawm lub exhibition "Qhov zoo tshaj plaws qauv thiab cov qauv nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th" nyob rau hauv Munich.

Elena Shukhova sau hais tias: "Rau txhua qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm nws cov txuj ci, Shukhov yog tus tub ntawm nws lub sijhawm - lub sijhawm luv luv thiab tsis tuaj yeem thim rov qab, uas tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias hais tias: lawv cov kev ua si tau nce mus rau kev zoo nkauj …? Cov lus ntawm N. A. Berdyaev, hais los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv 1917, yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv peb lub siab nrog lub Silver Age, kev vam meej ntawm kos duab, ntawv nyeem, philosophical xav, tab sis lawv muaj peev xwm rightfully raug ntaus nqi mus rau lub technology ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Tom qab ntawd cov kab lis kev cai thiab scientific thiab technical sphere ntawm lub neej tsis ua tragically sib cais raws li niaj hnub no, tus engineer tsis yog ib tug nqaim tshwj xeeb, blindly txwv los ntawm tus kheej thiab nyiam ntawm nws tshwj xeeb. Nws sawv cev rau tag nrho cov lus ntawm lo lus "Renaissance txiv neej" uas qhib lub ntiaj teb tshiab, muaj "symphonic", raws li Shukhov lub ntsiab txhais, xav. Tom qab ntawd thev naus laus zis yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tsim lub neej, nws yog qhov kev pom thoob ntiaj teb: nws zoo li tias nws tsis yog tsuas yog ib txoj hauv kev los daws cov teeb meem uas tshwm sim rau tib neeg, tab sis kuj yog lub zog uas tsim cov txiaj ntsig ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Tom qab ntawd nws tseem zoo li tias nws yuav cawm lub ntiaj teb”…

INCOMPLETE "ABC" ntawm SHUKHOV's INVENTIONS

A - paub dav hlau hangars;

B - roj loading barges, botoports (hloov hydraulic li qub);

B - aerial cable tsheb, uas yog nrov heev nyob rau hauv lub caij ski resorts ntawm Austria thiab Switzerland; lub ntiaj teb thawj dai hlau hauv pem teb ntawm kev cob qhia thiab chaw nres tsheb; dej yees; cov kav dej hauv Moscow, Tambov, Kiev, Kharkov, Voronezh;

G - roj tso tsheb hlau luam (cov roj cia);

D - blast furnaces, siab-nce chimneys ua los ntawm cib thiab hlau;

F - railway choj hla Yenisei, Oka, Volga thiab lwm yam dej ntws;

3 - excavators;

K - chav boilers, khw muag khoom hlau, caissons;

M - qhib-hearth furnaces, fais fab kis masts, tooj liab foundries, choj cranes, mines;

H - cov roj twj tso kua mis, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm rho tawm cov roj los ntawm qhov tob ntawm 2-3 km, cov roj refineries, lub ntiaj teb thawj cov roj pipeline nrog qhov ntev ntawm 11 km;

P - warehouses, tshwj xeeb cov chaw nres nkoj;

R - lub ntiaj teb thawj lub xov tooj cua hyperboloid yees;

T - tankers, kav dej;

Ш - pw tsaug zog dov nroj tsuag;

E - elevators, suav nrog "millionaires".