Yuav ua li cas ib tug tub ntxhais kawm Soviet "overtook" America

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Xyoo 1958, nws tau koom nrog kev sim ua los ntawm Life magazine. Rau ib hlis, cov ntawv xov xwm cov neeg sau xov xwm tau saib lub neej ntawm ob tug menyuam kawm ntawv - los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab USSR - txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau paub tias nws txoj kev kawm zoo dua.

Xyoo 1958, Life magazine txiav txim siab los nrhiav seb qhov kev kawm twg zoo dua - Asmeskas lossis Soviet. Yog vim li cas rau qhov kev sim yog lub tso tawm los ntawm USSR nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj 1957 ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thawj lub ntiaj teb dag satellite. Rau cov neeg Amelikas, qhov xwm txheej no yog qhov txaus ntshai tiag tiag. Qee tus hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau pom tias yog vim li cas cov neeg Amelikas ua tsis tiav yog thawj zaug tso lub satellite rau hauv qhov chaw, hauv qhov tsis txaus ntawm Asmeskas kev kawm txuj ci.

Rau ib hlis, ib pab neeg ntawm 12 tus neeg sau xov xwm tau saib ob tus menyuam kawm ntawv lub neej. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Stephen Lapekas los ntawm Chicago lub tsev kawm ntawv tau los ua tus koom nrog kev sim. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, cov neeg sau xov xwm xaiv Alexei Kutskov, ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm qib 10 "B" ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tus naj npawb 49 nyob rau hauv Moscow. Ob leeg thaum ntawd muaj 16 xyoo. Yog li ntawd, cov menyuam kawm ntawv hauv Soviet tau dhau los ua tus yeej, thiab hauv Tebchaws Meskas lawv raug yuam kom lees txais qhov tsis txaus ntawm Asmeskas kev kawm thiab siv ntau yam kev ntsuas los txhim kho nws qhov zoo.

Cov neeg sau xov xwm xav kom cov menyuam kawm ntawv zoo tib yam los ua tus phab ej ntawm lawv daim ntawv tshaj tawm. Lawv hais kom ob peb lub tsev kawm ntawv muab cov duab rau lawv cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Stephen Lapekas raug xaiv los ntawm ntau dua 700 tus neeg sib tw. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, qhov kev xaiv poob rau Alexei Kutskov. Ua ke nrog cov neeg sau xov xwm thiab cov kws yees duab, lawv yuav tsum coj tus cwj pwm zoo ib yam li lub neej zoo tib yam. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsis tau qhia txog cov ntsiab lus. Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv Soviet thiab Asmeskas tau kawm tias lwm qhov kev sim ntawm tib yam tau ua nyob rau lwm lub teb chaws tom qab lawv tau muab qhov teeb meem ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm.

Ib tsab xov xwm hais txog Alexei Kutskov thiab Stephen Lapekas tau luam tawm hauv Lub Neej thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1958. Nws yog lub npe hu ua "Crisis in Education". Tsab ntawv pib raws li nram no: "Nyob rau hauv lub ascetic huab cua ntawm Moscow lub 49th lub tsev kawm ntawv, Alexei Kutskov siv 6 hnub ib lub lim tiam nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, mob siab rau kawm ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev kawm. Ntawm lawv yog Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, lus Askiv, physics, chemistry, zog, lej, kos duab thiab astronomy. Ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm Alexei lub sijhawm kawm yog siv rau kev kawm txog kev tshawb fawb."

Cov neeg sau xov xwm nrog cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsis yog nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj sab nraum lub tsev kawm ntawv, tau pom tias lawv siv sijhawm ntau npaum li cas rau kev sib txuas lus nrog cov phooj ywg thiab kev lom zem. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev tshaj tawm tau sim nrhiav seb Alexey thiab Stephen nyiam dab tsi, lawv nyeem phau ntawv dab tsi, hom kev ua si twg lawv mus rau. Ua rau cov neeg Amelikas xav tsis thoob, sab nraum tsev kawm ntawv, Alexei tau qhia tib yam kev mob siab rau, siv sijhawm ntau nyeem phau ntawv. Ob peb daim duab tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm, uas ib tug tub kawm ntawv Soviet tau piav qhia ntawm zaj lus qhia, ua si ntaus pob thiab chess, thiab nyeem Dreiser's tshiab "Muam Carrie" hauv thawj.

Sib piv yuav ua li cas Alexey Kutskov thiab Stephen Lapekas siv lawv lub sijhawm, cov neeg sau xov xwm nco ntsoov tias tom kawg ntsib nrog nws tus hluas nkauj Penny Donahue ntev ntev txhua hnub, thiab nws hnub so yog siv yam tsis muaj kev xav. Ib feem ntawm tsab xov xwm mob siab rau Stephen Lapekas tau hu ua "Slowing Up". Feem ntau, cov tub ntxhais kawm Asmeskas tsis tau nthuav tawm hauv qhov pom kev zoo siab tshaj plaws. Tom qab ntawd, ua phem rau cov neeg sau xov xwm, nws nyob hauv txhua txoj hauv kev tsis kam sib txuas lus nrog cov xov xwm. Lub neej sau hais tias: "Tom qab 10 feeb lig, nws taug kev mus rau hauv chav kawm ntawv ntaus ntawv, nias nws tus ntiv tes rau ntawm lub tshuab ntaus hluav taws xob loj, thiab lwm hnub zoo siab pib kawm ntawv." Cov kws sau xov xwm piav txog Stephen lub neej nyob rau hauv ob lo lus: ntaus ntawv thiab seev cev.

Rau cov dej num uas yuav tsum tau siv zog rau lub hlwb, Stephen tsis tau mob siab rau ntau. Yog li, thaum kawm lus Askiv, cov tub ntxhais kawm Asmeskas tsis thab kawm cov phau ntawv. Hloov chaw, lawv tau dhau los ntawm comics, uas lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib phau ntawv tau hais luv luv. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias Stephen, zoo li Alexey, nyiam ua kis las. Nws ua si basketball, yog tus yeej ntawm lub tsev kawm ua luam dej. Stephen Lapekas tau suav hais tias yog tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, tab sis nws tsis muaj sijhawm los kawm, cov ntaub ntawv tau hais. Hauv ib tsab xov xwm luam tawm tom qab tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Kutskov thiab Lapekas, cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no tau muab: Tsuas yog 12% ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv Asmeskas kawm lej thiab tsuas yog 25% - physics. Tsawg dua 15% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm lus txawv teb chaws”.

Alexey Kutskov thiab Stephen Lapekas tsis muaj sijhawm sib tham. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yeej tsis tau sib tham. Thaum, tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR, Kutskov xav ntsib nrog Lapekas, tom kawg tsis kam. Rau ob qho tib si, lub neej tsim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, tab sis muaj ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv lawv txoj hmoo - aviation. Alexey Kutskov kawm tiav los ntawm Moscow Aviation Technical Institute. Nyob rau hauv 1970, nws raug xaiv rau lub cosmonaut corps, tab sis lub rooj sib tham nrog qhov chaw tsis tshwm sim. Rau qee lub sijhawm nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm Gosavianadzor, tshawb xyuas qhov ua rau lub dav hlau poob, thiab tom qab ntawd tuav txoj haujlwm siab ntawm Norilsk Airlines. Stephen Lapekas kuj tau ua tiav txoj haujlwm. Nws kawm tiav hauv University of Illinois, mus kawm tub rog kawm ntawv qib siab, tom qab ntawd los ua tus tsav dav hlau, tawm tsam Nyab Laj. Tom qab ntawd nws tau ua haujlwm ntev ua tus tsav ntawm Trans World Airlines.