Cov txheej txheem:

Russia - qhov chaw yug ntawm pearls
Russia - qhov chaw yug ntawm pearls

Video: Russia - qhov chaw yug ntawm pearls

Video: Russia - qhov chaw yug ntawm pearls
Video: 6 Nqi Lus Qhia Kev Ua neej ( leej twg mloog lub neej yuav zoo tuaj) 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Txhua leej txhua tus paub tseeb tias pearls loj hlob nyob rau hauv zoo nkauj shells nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub hiav txwv. Lawv dhia dej rau ntawd, tau txais lawv, faib lawv, thiab qhov ntawd yog nws - ntawm no nws yog kev zoo nkauj. Hmoov tsis zoo, qhov kev tshoov siab los ntawm cov mermaid zoo li no yog 90% cuav. Vim li cas 90? Vim niaj hnub no tsuas yog 10% ntawm pearls loj hlob ib txwm. Tus so yog cov khoom ntawm Japanese pearl ua liaj ua teb.

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Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog qhov kawg ntawm cov dej khov nab kuab ntawm peb qhov kev xav. Thaum peb nrog txhua tus, daim ntaub thaiv yuav ploj mus, thiab peb yuav pom lub ntiaj teb fairy taleas uas ploj lawm thaum yau.

Russia - qhov chaw yug ntawm pearls

Cia peb pib nrog cov xwm txheej uas ntseeg tau. Txog rau xyoo 1921 Russia yog tus xa khoom tseem ceeb ntawm pearls rau lub ntiaj teb ua lag luam. Thiab peb cov neeg nuv ntses tsis tas yuav dhia tom qab nws mus rau hauv Hiav Txwv Dawb. Feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov khoom lag luam yog dej pearls. Nws tsim nyob rau hauv lub plhaub ntawm tus dej molluscs hu ua Margaritana thiab Dahurinaia.

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Txwv tsis pub - pearl barley, los ntawm lo lus "pearl" (pearl) los yog yooj yim "pearl oyster". Lawv zoo li cov dej zoo li qub, tsuas yog loj dua - 12 cm. Lawv nyob hauv cov dej huv huv ntawm qhov tob ntawm tsuas yog 0.5 … 1 meter. Tsis tas yuav dhia dej, mus thiab sau.

Pearls yeej ib txwm yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm Russians. Yog li, raws li cov lus tim khawv ntawm Byzantine chroniclers, tub huabtais Svyatoslav "nyob rau hauv ib pob ntseg dai ib tug kub tsej, decorated nrog ob pearls." Thiab nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm Grand Duke Ivan Kalita (1328), ib txoj siv tau piav qhia "loj, nrog pearls, nrog pob zeb."

Nyob rau hauv Russia, pearls tau muab faib los ntawm qhov loj me rau hauv "loj", "medium" thiab "small". Kuj tseem muaj lwm yam, ntau cov ntsiab lus qub. Lub Mineralogical Dictionary, luam tawm xyoo 1790, hais tias: "Pearls, uas yog qhov loj ntawm cherries, hu ua cherry". Ib zaug ntxiv, peb muaj ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim thiab muaj tseeb rau kev txiav txim siab tawm ntawm cov hlaws, tsis tas siv cov cuab yeej ntsuas ntsuas thiab micrometers. Txhawm rau txiav txim siab kev lag luam los ntawm cov duab, pearls tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw tiaj tus, inclined ntawm ib lub kaum ntse ntse. Yog hais tias lub pearl yog puag ncig txaus ces dov nqes … Qhov no yog Pitched pearl.

Interestingly, cov ntaub ntawv no tsis pub leejtwg paub. Nrog rau qhov xav paub tsawg kawg nkaus, txhua tus keeb kwm lossis tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tuaj yeem paub txog nws. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau lees txais cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm txhawb cov duab ntawm qias neeg, qus Rus, uas tsuas yog cov khoom siv tawv nqaij. Txawm niaj hnub no, koj tuaj yeem nyeem txog qhov no hauv cov phau ntawv uas qhia peb cov menyuam hauv tsev kawm ntawv.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Kama, saum toj no Perm, cov tub lag luam los ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab Persia tsis tu ncua tuaj txog. Puas yog tiag tiag rau cov tawv nqaij? Thiab yuav ua li cas nrog cov tawv nqaij no hauv Is Nrias teb, tawm hws hauv qab lub hnub kub sab qab teb? Tsis yog, rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom kim heev thiab kev zoo nkauj, koj tuaj yeem nqa ob peb sables. Tab sis peb tham txog kev lag luam tsis tu ncua ib qho khoom thov.

Tab sis pearls yog lwm qhov teeb meem. Ntxiv mus, qhov no yog ib yam khoom peculiar heev. Nws tsis siv rau pob zeb muaj nuj nqis, thiab qhov tseeb rau pob zeb feem ntau. Lub sij hawm tshwj xeeb tau raug coined rau nws - "mineral ntawm organic keeb kwm". Koj tuaj yeem pauv nws yam tsis tas yuav muaj kev lag luam hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab kev ua haujlwm. Nws mined tam sim ntawd npaj … Cov keeb kwm yav dhau los yuav pom zoo li ntawd thiab lub sijhawm ntawd.

Cov theem ntawm lub disappearance ntawm pearl mussels

Tab sis tag nrho cov no yog ua ntej. Vim li cas peb thiaj yuav pearls niaj hnub no kom tau nyiaj loj, thiab tsis khaws cov nyiaj no nrog peb txhais tes liab qab raws peb tus dej? Vim niaj hnub no pearl oysters tau dhau los ua qhov tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws, thiab tau teev nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Liab. Raws li txoj cai, biologists tau ua txhaum ntawm qhov phem ecology thiab predatory prey los ntawm 16th mus rau 19th caug xyoo. Nws zoo li yog li ntawd, tab sis tsis heev. Yuav kom nkag siab txog dab tsi yog zais ntawm no, koj yuav tsum pom daim duab loj, nyob rau hauv chronology thiab ua ke nrog cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb.

Peb yuav tsis saib mus rau hauv grey-haired antiquity, nws yog txaus los xav txog lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th mus rau lub xyoo pua 20th. Nws yog thawj zaug hais tias pearl oysters tau ubiquitous nyob rau hauv cov dej ntws ntawm sab qaum teb hemisphere. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, lawv xav tau dej huv, nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov txiv qaub qis, thiab muaj cov ntses salmon (salmon, trout, liab salmon, thiab lwm yam). Cov ntses liab yog qhov tsim nyog ua tus nqa ntawm mollusk larvae rau nws qhov kev faib tawm. Xws li cov reservoirs tseem pom niaj hnub no thoob plaws hauv Eurasia thiab North America, thiab ua ntej lawv tau dav.

Txawm li cas los, twb nyob rau hauv lub 15th thiab 16th centuries, dag "Roman pearls" tshwm nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Nws yog ib lub iav hlaws uas muaj paraffin. Xws li cov khoom tsis yog pheej yig rau lub xyoo pua 15th, tab sis nws tau tsim. Txhais tau tias, pearls nyob rau hauv kev thovtab sis nws tsis muaj. Qhov kev thov yuav tsum tau ua raws li kev coj ua. Nws hloov tawm hais tias twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, Europe poob nws tus kheej qhov chaw ntawm ntau lawm.

Thaum lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv Russia txhua yam nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim nrog pearls. Piv txwv li, lub mantle ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai yog "them nrog pearls loj ntawm lub txiv ntoo," thiab tsar lub kaus mom tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov qauv ntawm me me pearls. Nyob rau hauv 1678, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, tau txais lub Polish Embassy, tau hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv lub mantle thiaj li nplua nuj embroidered nrog pearls thiab pob zeb diamond uas zoo li "garnished los ntawm lub hnub thiab hnub qub." Qhov no tsis yog lub xyoo pua 15th, tab sis nws tseem ceeb heev. Pearls tsis tsuas yog hnav los ntawm huab tais. Lawv tau siv los kho cov khaub ncaws thiab khoom siv thoob plaws tebchaws Russia. Tsis muaj leej twg cam nrog qhov no thiab.

Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv 1712, Peter I, los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb decree txwv ntiav cov neeg ua lag luam no. Nws zoo li predatory prey tau depleted cov peev txheej. Qhov no qhia tias sai li sai tau thaum Romanovs, taw qhia rau European kev vam meej, nce lub zwm txwv, kev puas tsuaj ntawm pearl springs pib, uas dhau ib puas xyoo tau txais ramant proportions. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe ib yam khoom tshwm sim 200 xyoo dhau los.

Lwm 150 xyoo dhau los, lub hwj chim ntawm Moscow tus thawj tswj hwm muaj zog thiab kis mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Teeb meem thiab kev txom nyem ua raws … Zolotnitsky N. F. nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Amateur's Aquarium" sau:

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th xa hais tias Tsis muaj pearls nyob rau hauv Central Russia … Nws kuj tau tso tseg cov mining hauv lwm qhov chaw thoob ntiaj teb. Tam sim no lub Prikamsky, "Vyatka" pearls nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj. Ntawm no nws tseem tuaj hla, tab sis tsawg thiab tsawg. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, kev nuv ntses tsis muaj nyob hauv thaj av Kama thiab hauv Siberia.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tsis muaj kev lag luam pearls, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1921 kab lis kev cai pearls tshwm los ntawm Nyiv. Thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, qhov xwm txheej no tseem muaj ntxiv, thiab xyoo 1952 kev lag luam tsim cov hlaws hiav txwv tau txwv. Peb kuj tseem tuaj yeem sau tseg qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm Soviet cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau soj ntsuam qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev rov pib dua hlaws nuv ntses hauv USSR:

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov hlaws dej qab zib hauv cov dej ntws ntawm North-West ntawm USSR tau lees paub tias loj heev, txawm tias nyob rau xyoo 1920 lawv tau kwv yees li ntawm 3 lab tus tib neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim khoom loj tsis tau tsim.

Yog vim li cas rau lub impoverishment ntawm xwm

Nov yog daim duab kuv kos. Tam sim no peb tuaj yeem pom tseeb tias txawm hais tias kev noj qab haus huv tsis zoo cuam tshuam nrog kev vam meej ntawm pearl mussels, nws tsis yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau lawv qhov ploj mus, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim qhia rau peb. Ecologically (nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm kev lag luam muaj kuab paug), qhov xwm ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 tseem yog nkauj xwb, thiab cov mollusks tau tuag. Thiab vice versa, tom qab lub industrialization ntawm lub 30s, cov tshuaj lom ntawm xwm nrog chemistry, plua plav hav zoov, pearl mussels nce lawv tus lej los ntawm ib feem peb.

Nws puas yog qhov kev nuv ntses rampant uas nres nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th? Qhov no yog ib feem muaj tseeb. Tab sis koj yuav tsum nkag siab tias kev ntes tag nrho cov hlaws mussels nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kwj ntawm thaj av Kama yog zoo li sau tag nrho cov nceb nyob rau hauv hav zoov. Yuav tsis muaj lub zog txaus, tib neeg cov peev txheej, lossis sijhawm rau qhov no. Txawm li cas los xij, Western kev vam meej (cov kab ke ntawm kev sib raug zoo parasites), uas tau nthuav dav thoob plaws peb thaj av zoo li cov qog nqaij hlav cancer, yog lub luag haujlwm kom meej meej rau feem ntawm qhov xwm txheej uas tib neeg kev ntshaw coj tuaj.

Tag nrho cov no yog tsis txaus rau lub extinction ntawm pearl mussels ntawm xws li ib tug scale thiab nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug npaum li cas. Yuav tsum muaj lwm yam laj thawj … Thiab muaj tsawg kawg yog ib qho laj thawj. Qhov no yog kev hloov pauv huab cua, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov dej ntws, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem ecological, uas suav nrog tsis tsuas yog pearl mussels, tab sis kuj cov tsiaj xws li mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, tur, parda, thiab lwm yam, tau dhau los ua tsis tshua muaj.

Qhov twg cov dej ntws puv ntws, cov kwj deg tam sim no ooze. Ntxuav cov dej ntws nrog cov xuab zeb-pob zeb hauv qab swamped thiab silted. Lub hnub nyoog-laus coniferous hav zoov tau hloov mus ua cov hluas aspen-birch thickets. Koj thiab kuv ua neej nyob nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab overgrown … Thiab txawm hais tias txawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no, peb cov xwm yog amazingly zoo nkauj, nws tsis piv nrog dab tsi nws twb tsis ntev los no, tsis ntau tshaj 400 xyoo dhau los. Ua raws li koj qhov kev nco txog poj koob yawm txwv hais. Koj nyiam dab tsi zoo dua: taug kev taw liab qab raws cov pob tshab, cov xuab zeb ntiav dej los yog raws cov av nkos, chomping hauv qab ntawm cov hav zoov niaj hnub no? Yog li xav txog qhov twg peb tuaj, los ntawm ib tug fairy taleas los yog los ntawm ib tug swamp.

Biologists, zoo li tag nrho "scientific ntiaj teb", pom kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu nyob rau hauv lub ecological system, raws li zoo raws li, yog, tab sis lawv pom tsuas yog 10% ntawm kev muaj tiag. Yog li ntawd, lawv xav tsis thoob li cov menyuam yaus, ntsib qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv kev ua neej nyob thiab zoo li cov tsiaj qus. Lawv tsuas yog tam sim no pib paub tias cov nroj tsuag xa cov cim rau ib leeg, tab sis lawv tsis kam mus ntxiv tshaj qhov tseeb tias qhov no tshwm sim los ntawm kev tso tawm tsw. Lawv muab lub txiv lws suav nrog ib tug cwj mem thiab xav tsis thoob: “Wow, saib nws stinks. Yog lawm, lawv hnov qab thoob plaws lub tsev cog khoom tib lub sijhawm. Lub teeb liab ntawm kev txaus ntshai, txawm li cas los xij!" …

Interestingly, yog hais tias lub teeb liab kis tau los ntawm aromatic molecules, ces nws yuav siv sij hawm ntev npaum li cas rau xws li ib tug molecule, tso tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, mus txog rau lub opposite kawg ntawm 100-meter tsev xog paj? Tiag tiag hauv 1 thib ob? Dab tsi yuav tau txais nws nyob ntawd, cua daj cua dub? Tsis muaj cua, uas txhais tau hais tias kev sib txuas lus mus rau lwm txoj kev. Txoj kab ntawm kev xav tsis yog qhov nyuaj, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg txiav txim siab.

Lawv kuj nyiam qhia txhua leej txhua tus tias hma muaj qhov hnov tsw tsw zoo: "Ib lub ntxiab uas tau khaws cov ntxhiab tsw ntawm xeb, hma tsw ntxhiab los ntawm ib meter tuab daus …". Nws zoo li cas? Thiab xeb, uas yog hlau oxides, yog pom tau hais tias xws li ib tug volatile tshuaj, zoo li acetone, uas nws cov molecules tas li evaporate, nkag mus rau ib tug meter tuab txheej ntawm daus. Thiab qhov no txawm tias qhov tseeb tias huab cua nyob ntawd xyaum tsis txav. Tab sis tsis yog li ntawd … Nws tsis haum rau kev kawm paub tias hma tuaj yeem hnov qab lwm yam tsis hnov tsw.

Tsis yog, ecological system tsis yog hais txog kev yoog raws thiab muaj sia nyob. Qhov no ntau smarter lub koom haum ntawm lub neej … Muaj ib qho chaw rau kev xav, kev hlub, thiab kev xav. Nco ntsoov tias Academician N. V. Levashov sau txog superorganisms nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Essence and Mind". Anthills, pab yaj ntawm migratory noog, ntoo, thiab lwm yam, vim lawv xav. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tus neeg yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem no. Muaj ib lub niche rau nws. Nws tsim LAD (kev sib haum xeeb) nyob ib puag ncig nws. Thiab nyob rau hauv ib txwm, lub ntiaj teb fairy-taleas uas tseem nyob hauv peb lub cim xeeb, peb nyob hauv peb qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv fairy tales, heroes tham nrog cov tsiaj, noog thiab ntoo. Tsis muaj ntawv tseeb hauv qhov no. Txhua lub ecological system yog lub Nceeg Vaj tiag tiag ntawm xwm, thiab txiv neej yog huab tais hauv nws.

Lub impoverishment ntawm peb xwm tau cuam tshuam los ntawm tsis yog xwm txheej xwbuas hloov kev nyab xeeb. Kev nyab xeeb yog maj mam rov zoo, tab sis txiv neej tau hloov. Peb niaj hnub Vedic kev xav ntawm kev muaj tiag tau hloov kho. Nco ntsoov cov lus hais tias: "Koj tsis tuaj yeem tos qhov kev nyiam los ntawm xwm - peb txoj haujlwm yog coj lawv!" Peb tau ua phem rau lub ntiaj teb no. Tug tub ploj lawm … Kev ntshaw, kev txom nyem thiab mob tuaj. Rooting tawm, tawg, distorting lub Vedic worldview nyob rau hauv tib neeg, tus kab mob parasitic tau txeeb av los ntawm lub hiav txwv Atlantic mus rau lub Pacific. Nyob qhov twg tej yam nyuaj, lawv hlawv txhua yam nrog ntuj raug txim nplaim taws. Cov txheej txheem ecological yuav luag txhua qhov chaw nkag mus rau hom kev ciaj sia thiab kev nyab xeeb, khaws cia tsuas yog ob peb qhov ntawm nws qhov kev ua tau zoo dhau los.

Cov hlaws tau ploj mus … Cov ntses liab ploj hauv peb cov dej ntws. Ntau hom tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag tau ploj mus. Txhua yam tau hloov pauv - zaj dab neeg ploj mus. Puas yog pearls? Txoj kev vam meej ntawm pearl mussels tsuas yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm lub xeev ntawm xwm, uas yog heev cuam tshuam los ntawm Txiv neej. Muaj feem cuam tshuam txawm tias nws tsis muaj cov cuab yeej hnyav thaum nws pov tseg. Nws cuam tshuam nrog nws txoj kev nco qab thiab tus cwj pwm, vim tsis muaj lwm yam tsiaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb muaj peev xwm hla cov kwj dej ntawm nws tus kheej.

Pearl saib

Pearls tsis tsuas qhia peb lub xeev ntawm xwm, lawv yog ib tug chronometer ntawm cov xwm txheej. Qhov tseeb yog tias pearl nws tus kheej muaj ntau txheej txheej uas ntim cov noob, uas feem ntau yog cov xuab zeb nyob hauv lub plhaub. Lub hnab ntim khoom hu ua niam-ntawm-pearl (German Perlmutter - "niam ntawm pearls"). Nws muaj ob yam khoom - organic thiab inorganic. Lub inorganic tivthaiv yog chalk. Organic yog ib yam khoom horny ua los ntawm cov proteins. Qhov nruab nrab, pearls muaj kwv yees li 86% chalk, 12% protein thiab 2% dej.

Cov tshuaj horny yog raug rau ziab tawm, yog li lub neej ntawm pearls tsuas yog 50-150 xyoo! Ua ntej, nws ploj mus, tom qab ntawd cov kab nrib pleb tshwm rau ntawm nws thiab tev ntawm lub plhaub pib. Cov huab cua qhuav thiab ntub dhau, nrog rau cov rog, cov kua qaub, cov tshuaj tsw qab, thiab cov hws ntawm tib neeg, muaj teeb meem rau pearls. Yog tias koj xav kom ntev lub neej ntawm lub hlaws, koj tsis tuaj yeem hnav nws ua ib qho ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Koj tuaj yeem khaws cia - tiv thaiv los ntawm tshav ntuj, muab qhwv hauv ib daim ntaub mos muag thiab tso rau hauv ib lub taub ntim dej rau ob peb teev, tom qab ntawd qhuav hauv qhov chaw txias. Lawv hais tias nrog kev saib xyuas kom raug thiab tsis muaj kev sib cuag nrog huab cua, pearls tuaj yeem khaws cia tsis tu ncua. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus nkag siab tias hauv lub neej tiag tiag cov xwm txheej no yeej tsis tau ntsib.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev cia siab rau kev tsis paub ntawv thoob ntiaj teb, cov neeg sau keeb kwm hais tias "ncaj ncees" hlaws tau muaj sia nyob. Koj tsis tas yuav mus deb. Lub Kremlin Armory khaws lub kaus mom Monomakh adorned nrog pearls.

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Raws li official version, nws yog hais txog 600 xyoo … Cov pearls, raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, tau khaws cia zoo kawg nkaus. Puas yog ib ntus dipped hauv dej rau ob peb teev thiab tom qab ntawd qhuav hauv qhov chaw txias? Thiab yog li ntawd rau 600 xyoo ua ke? Tsis yog, koj yog dab tsi! Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua los nthuav tawm ib qho cuav lossis dag txog hnub nyoog.

Nyob rau tib qhov chaw, hauv Armory Chamber, koj tuaj yeem pom ntau lwm yam, decorated nrog pearls, uas, supposedly, ntau. 400 xyoo … Thiab dab tsi yog qhov nthuav tshaj plaws, pearl tshwj xeeb, paub tag nrho zoo tias qhov no yog tsis yooj yim sua, tsis txhob twv tawm tsam cov neeg keeb kwm. Cov no, pom meej ntawm qib siab dua, "tiv thaiv" tib neeg, thaum physicists, chemists, biologists nyiam tsis koom nrog lawv. Yog li koj yuav tsum hnov cov lus zoo sib xws:

Zoo, yog. Chemistry hais tias pearls nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj mob tsis tuaj yeem nyob ntev dua 150 xyoo, tab sis "keeb kwm qhia" tias lawv tuaj yeem ua tau. Tej zaum 1000 xyoo, thiab 2000, yog tias tsim nyog. Qhov tseeb, nws tsis qhia dab tsi. Cov xwm txheej no tsuas yog ib qho xwb - historians muab cov hnub tsis raug … Piv txwv li, tam sim no tau tsim los ua kom pom tias Pompeii tsis tuag 2000 xyoo dhau los, tab sis tsuas yog hauv 1631 … Lawv kuj dag nrog Bulgaria nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th. Thiab thaum peb nkag siab qhov no, ces txhua yam pib zoo.

Ib lub hlaws ntim nrog ib txheej ntawm tshauv tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob rau 4 centuries. Tab sis cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub armory, uas tau nquag siv, tsis muaj - qhov no yog "linden" … Tsis yog qhov yuam kev xwb, tab sis qhov tseeb kev dag ntxias, vim hais tias muaj ib tug distortion ntawm lub hnub nyoog keeb kwm. Yog li, kev dag ntxias thiab keeb kwm cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus no.

Yuav ua li cas

Ua ntej, peb tsis paub yuav ua li cas thaum peb pom tias tag nrho lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv hefty craters, raws li nyob rau hauv caws pliav, tab sis peb tsis tuaj yeem khi cov xwm txheej ntxhov siab no rau ib lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Tab sis hnub no tus naj npawb txaus pov thawjtaw tes rau hnub tim … Tam sim no peb yuav txiav txim siab:

1. Peb nyob hauv ib thaj chaw uas tsis tau zoo tag nrho tom qab muaj xwm txheej txaus ntshai uas txuas ntxiv mus rau xyoo pua 16th, thiab hauv 18th thiab 19th centuries, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

2. Cov xwm txheej no tau hloov peb qhov xwm txheej dhau qhov kev lees paub, uas tau tshwm sim hauv qhov ncauj kab lis kev cai ntawm txhua haiv neeg hauv ntiaj teb, uas tsis tuaj yeem laus dua li ntau pua xyoo, vim tias kev nco ntawm tib neeg luv luv. Cov huab cua tau hloov pauv (ua ntej nws hu ua - lub ntsej muag lub ntiaj teb, uas yog, "lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig", uas ib zaug lees paub peb lub hnub qub yav dhau los). Pom tseeb, nws tau dhau los ua qhov ntom ntom thiab tsis zoo hauv cov pa oxygen. Cov lus dab neeg hais tias lub ntuj ceeb tsheej pib qis heev, thiab tom qab ntawd tau nce siab heev.

3. Tsis xav tsis thoob, cov nroj tsuag tau hloov pauv raws li qhov tshwm sim (ntoo siv los loj hlob zoo li loj sequoias).

Duab
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Kab tau hloov lawm (paleontologists pom dragonflies nrog ib tug wingspan txog ib meter, thiab loj kab laug sab).

Duab
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Ntau tus tsiaj, uas tam sim no hu ua zoo heev, tau ploj mus.

4. Tag nrho cov no, los ntawm inertia, tseem suav tias yog prehistoric, raws li qhov tob ntawm qhov seem, txawm hais tias muaj ntau tus geophysicists niaj hnub no twb tau hais tias qee qhov txheej txheem geological, tej zaum, tsis siv ntau lab xyoo, tab sis sai heev, nyob rau hauv lub hlis lossis hnub. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States muaj ib tug tag nrho canyon uas tau tsim rau ib hnub … Thiab txoj kev sib tham radiocarbon yog ua raws li cov lus qhia cuav.

5. Raws li "Pearl watches" qhia, cov txheej txheem mus tsis tau tsuas yog thoob ntiaj teb, tab sis kuj stepwise, npog ntau thiab ntau lub teb chaws tshiab. Ib yam li stripping … Peb thaum kawg poob lub ntiaj teb no tsis ntev los no, txog 200 xyoo dhau los. Thiab yog hais tias Arina Rodionovna tsis tau hais rau Pushkin peb qhov ncauj kab lis kev cai, thiab nws tsis tau sau nws cia, tej zaum, hnub no lub cim xeeb ntawm cov neeg yuav tsis tau khaws cia lawv, ntau npaum li cas tau ploj lawm.

6. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas peb yuav tsum ua niaj hnub no yog nco ntsoov peb yog leej twg, lub ntiaj teb ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv zoo li cas. Ua tus tsim nyog ntawm koj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub reborn xwm. Qhov chaw ntawm ib tug huab tais, tsis yog ib tug petty plunderer.

Alexey Artemiev, Izhevsk

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