Kolovrat nyob rau hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Koj tuaj yeem rub tawm thiab nyeem tag nrho phau ntawv no.

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, lub swastika occupies ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov nthuav dav ntawm lub cim dawb ceev no, Russia tsis tshua muaj qis dua txawm tias lub teb chaws zoo li saturated nrog Aryan symbolism li Is Nrias teb. Lub swastika tuaj yeem pom ntawm yuav luag txhua yam khoom ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem kos duab: nyob rau hauv ornaments ntawm paj ntaub thiab xaws, nyob rau hauv carving thiab painting ntawm ntoo, spinning log, yob, rubbles, ruffles, stuffing, luam tawm thiab gingerbread boards, ntawm Lavxias teb sab riam phom, ceramics, khoom ntawm Orthodox cult, ntawm cov phuam da dej, valances, aprons, tablecloths, siv, ris tsho hauv qab, txiv neej thiab poj niam lub tsho, kokoshniks, hauv siab, platbands, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, thiab lwm yam.

Lavxias teb sab lub npe rau swastika yog "Kolovrat", i.e. "Solstice" ("Kolo" yog lub npe qub Lavxias teb sab rau lub hnub, "lub rooj vag" - kev sib hloov, rov qab). Kolovrat cim lub yeej ntawm lub teeb (hnub) dhau qhov tsaus ntuj, lub neej dhau kev tuag, kev muaj tiag dhau navu. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov versions, lub Kolovrat cim lub nce nyob rau hauv nruab hnub nrig teev los yog nce lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav lub hnub, thaum salting - txo nyob rau hauv nruab hnub nrig thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg lub hnub. Qhov tsis meej pem uas twb muaj lawm hauv cov npe yog tsim los ntawm kev nkag siab sib txawv ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm Lavxias swastika. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias "txoj cai" lossis "ncaj" swastika yuav tsum raug hu ua tus ntoo khaub lig nrog qhov kawg khoov mus rau sab laug. Raws li cov qauv no, lub ntsiab lus ntawm swastika yog ze li sai tau rau lub sijhawm qub (lub cim ntawm "nyob" hluav taws), thiab yog li ntawd nws cov nkhaus kawg yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog lus ntawm nplaim taws, uas, thaum tus ntoo khaub lig tig. mus rau sab xis, ib txwm deviates rau sab laug, thiab thaum tus ntoo khaub lig tig mus rau sab laug, mus rau sab xis nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm cov huab cua ntws. Qhov no version, ntawm chav kawm, muaj txoj cai kom muaj nyob, tab sis ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob txo tus opposite point ntawm view, raws li uas lub swastika nrog xaus bent mus rau sab xis yuav tsum tau hu ua "sab xis-sided".

Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, nyob rau hauv ntau lub zos ntawm lub Vologda cheeb tsam, xws li ib tug swastika tseem hu ua "Kolovrat", thiab txawm ntau dua. ua tsis muaj qhov txawv ntawm sab xis- thiab sab laug-tes swastikas feem ntau. Hauv kuv lub tswv yim, "Kolovrat" thiab "salting" yog cov npe sib txawv rau tib lub cim. "Salting" yog lus txav (kev sib hloov) raws lub hnub. Tab sis "Kolovrat" ("kev sib hloov", uas yog, lub zog ntawm lub hnub) yog tib yam! Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ob lo lus tseem ceeb hauv Lavxias thiab tsis tau muaj!

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev lig kev cai, feem ntau, sab laug-sab laug swastika yeej tsis tau raug suav hais tias "kev phem", thiab yeej tsis tau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm multidirectional swastikas ntawm Lavxias teb sab av. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ornaments, sab laug- thiab sab xis-sided swastikas yeej ib txwm sawv ntawm ib sab yam tsis muaj ib tug hneev taw ntawm lawv "ua phem".

Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev coj ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm swastika yog ib qho chaw nyob deb ntawm cov neeg ntseeg qub 'kev tsis lees paub ntawm Nikon's round ntawm pawg ntseeg tawm tsam lub hnub. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Cov Ntseeg Qub tau kho ob leeg ib leeg thiab lwm tus swastika nrog kev hwm sib luag thiab yeej tsis tawm tsam lawv ib leeg. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias swastika motifs nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pej xeem paj ntaub tau nthuav dav tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas cov neeg ntseeg qub nyob. Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob: Cov Neeg Laus Laus Lavxias yog cov neeg mob siab rau tshaj plaws ntawm cov kev cai qub qub (xws li pagan) cov kab lig kev cai, thiab txawm hais tias lawv tau tawm tsam cov neeg paganism, hauv lawv tus ntsuj plig lawv tseem tsis sib xws los ze rau paganism dua li cov ntseeg Vajtswv.

Qhov tseeb no tuaj yeem sib cav ntau npaum li koj nyiam, tab sis los ntawm qhov no nws yuav tsis tso tseg qhov tseeb. Thiab ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm pagan swastikas ntawm Old Believer vests thiab phuam da dej yog cov pov thawj eloquent ntawm qhov no.

Ib tug ntawm thawj Soviet cov kws tshawb fawb uas tsis tau tsuas yog hais lo lus "swastika", tab sis kuj hu nws lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj ntaub, yog Vasily Sergeevich Voronov.

Nws tau sau xyoo 1924 tias "Cov qauv geometric ntshiab yeej muaj yeej hauv kev paj ntaub, uas pom tau tias yog txheej txheej qub qub," nws sau rau xyoo 1924, "lawv lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog lub ntsiab lus qub ntawm swastika, nyuaj lossis fragmented nyob rau hauv suav tsis txheeb witty geometric variations (lub thiaj li hu ua "crests")., " yuam "," trump cards "," tis ", thiab lwm yam). Ntawm qhov kev xav no, raws li lub hauv paus, kev tsim txuj ci zoo nkauj ntawm embroiderers nthuav tawm "1.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntseeg kev lig kev cai, lub swastika tau txais cov ntsiab lus semantic ntxiv thiab hloov mus ua lub cim ntawm lub teeb uas kov yeej qhov tsaus ntuj. Nws tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov vestments ntawm cov txiv plig, nyiaj hli, chalices, christenings, icons, phau ntawv me me, epitrachelia, nyob rau hauv paintings ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, nyob rau hauv lub gravestones ntawm Orthodox graves, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub ornamental siv nyob rau hauv lub apostolic thiab hierarchical qeb ntawm lub Kiev Cathedral ntawm St. Sophia (11th caug xyoo), kub multidirectional swastikas nrog luv luv xaus yog muab tso rau hauv ntsuab rhombuses nrog liab outlines. Lawv tuaj yeem pom ob sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb ntawm apse ntawm Kiev Sophia. Nyob rau hauv lub Chernigov Transfiguration Cathedral (16th caug xyoo), ib tug ornaments ntawm sab xis-sided swastikas encircles lub hauv paus nruas thiab lub staircase ntauwd. Lub swastika meander adorns lub arched passage mus rau lub Kiev Lavra, pem teb ntawm lub rooj vag tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub Vaj Trinity. Nyob rau ntawm ntug ntawm cov cam khwb cia hlau kauj ruam ntawm Nikolsky Cathedral ntawm Nikolo-Persrvensky monastery nyob ze Moscow, kuj muaj ib tug ornaments ntawm swastikas. Swastika motifs tau yooj yim twv ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov ntawv sau qub Lavxias thaum xyoo pua 15th "Cov lus ntawm Gregory theologian"; nyob rau hauv headpiece ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo ntawm lub xyoo pua XVI; nyob rau lub headpiece "Oath to the Priesthood", luam tawm los ntawm St. Petersburg Synodal Printing House thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1909, nyob rau hauv lub headpiece ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ntawm lub headpiece ntawm tus Thwj Tim ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, thiab lwm yam.

Tsab ntawv loj ntawm lub npe ntawm Tswv Yexus nyob rau hauv ntau phau ntawv ntawm John ntawm Kronstadt tau piav qhia hauv daim ntawv ntawm swastika.

Cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws tau siv los ntawm North Russian woodcarvers. Nyob rau ntawm lub "Easter ncuav mog qab zib" (ib hom ntawm composite gingerbread board rau ci ceremonial Easter) ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th los ntawm lub Verkhovovazhsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Vologda, tsab ntawv "X" nyob rau hauv lub luv luv "ХВ" (Christ Voskrsse!) yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm swastika nrog curls ntawm qhov kawg 3. Ntawm lub ntsej muag nto moo ntawm Tswv Yexus Pantokrator (Tus Muaj Hwjchim Loj Kawg Nkaus) nyob rau hauv Novgorod Sophia Cathedral, ob tug multidirectional swastikas muab tso rau ntawm lub hauv siab nyob rau hauv tus Tswv ntawm tus uas muaj hwjchim loj kawg nkaus. Lub icon ntawm Peb tus poj niam ntawm Reign, qhia nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Kolomenskoye nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub Beheading ntawm John tus Baptist nyob rau hauv lub tub nkeeg ntawm Nicholas II abdication ntawm lub zwm txwv, kuj muaj ib tug duab ntawm ib tug swastika crowning lub crown.

Sab laug-sab swastikas adorned lub hem ntawm princely robes nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th icon ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Princes Gabriel thiab Timothy khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Koom Txoos-Archaeological Office ntawm Moscow Theological Academy. Loj sab laug- thiab sab xis-sab xiav swastikas pom meej meej ntawm cov pov thawj xiav xiav phelonion los ntawm cov khoom me me ntawm Cov Paj Lug thiab Cov Dab Neeg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th 4. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th epitrachili los ntawm cov qub Sevastyanov sau ntawm Rumyantsev. Tsev khaws puav pheej, swastika ornament nrog schematic nquab yog kom meej meej qiv los ntawm Islamic architecture 5.

Feem ntau, swastika cov cim ntawm ntau hom muaj nyob rau ntawm cov cim ntawm Niam ntawm Vajtswv, tib yam li swastika ornament feem ntau adorns poj niam cov khaub ncaws neeg pluag: nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, swastikas ua raws li tej yam yees siv (thiab feem ntau, ntawm chav kawm, pagan) amulets. Hauv qhov no, peb tsis tuaj yeem tham txog ib qho "kev xav zoo nkauj": cov neeg pleev kob icon tsis tau tso cai rau lawv tus kheej kev ywj pheej thiab ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog siv ntau yam cim thiab cim. Cov cim Swastika kuj pom muaj nyob rau ntawm xya-lobed vyatka lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag nto moo los ntawm X11-XITI centuries. Ntawm lub nplhaib los ntawm Zyuzino, sab xis-swastikas tau muab tso rau ntawm ob sab saum toj. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv, lawv raws nraim rov ua lub cim ntawm RNE AP. Barkashov. Ntawm lub nplhaib los ntawm pawg mound nyob rau hauv Dubki Tsaritsynskiy, sab laug-sided swastikas nyob rau hauv qab no - nyob rau hauv lub thib ob los ntawm sab saum toj, txhua tus hniav. Ntawm lub nplhaib Rassokhino, sab laug-sab nkhaus swastika yog tam sim no ntawm daim thaiv npog 6 nws tus kheej.

Nyob rau hauv ancient Russia, cov duab ntawm swastika pom nyob txhua qhov chaw. Nws yog noteworthy uas feem ntau peb pom ntawm no ib tug txoj cai-tes duab plaub swastika, muab tso rau hauv ib lub voj voog, oval los yog square. Thiab tsuas yog qee zaum nws tshwm sim ua ntej peb nrog sib npaug lossis kauv curls. Thaum lub sij hawm excavations nyob rau hauv Novgorod (cov vaj tse "E" ntawm lub Nerevsky excavation site), kaum rings nrog ib tug swastika twb nrhiav tau ib zaug nyob rau hauv lub rhiav ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th caster. Cov rings zoo ib yam ntawm Lavxias teb sab hom tau pom nyob rau hauv Bulgarian kev sib hais haum nyob rau hauv lub Volga, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv ntau lub nroog Lavxias teb sab.

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub sau ntawm Vologda collector M. Surov muaj rau rings nrog cov duab ntawm ib tug swastika. Ob tug ntawm lawv yog cam khwb cia phaj nrog peb thiab tsib square marks, ntsig txog. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ob lub nplhaib muaj sab xis-sab swastika, nyob rau hauv cov cim ntawm ob sab muaj X-shaped crosses. Ob lub nplhaib ntxiv los ntawm tib qhov sau dais kauv swastikas ntawm square thiab oval shields, ntsig txog. Qhov kev txaus siab tshaj plaws yog ob lub nplhaib uas tseem tshuav nrog cov duab ntawm sab xis-sided lub swastika. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub, nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug square shield nrog ib tug dotted rim thiab plaub convex ntsiab lus ntawm lub ces kaum; nyob rau hauv lub thib ob, ntawm nplooj-puab daim ntaub thaiv npog nrog nyias convex rim. Plaub lub nplhaib kawg tuaj yeem raug pov los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv zos Vologda hauv XIII-XVI centuries, txij li thaum cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv yog heev peculiar thiab, raws li kuv paub, tsis muaj analogues nyob rau hauv private los yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej collections.

Txawm tias ntau zaus, lub cim swastika tau siv rau hauv qab thiab sab ntawm cov av nplaum thaum ub Lavxias. Tsis tas li ntawd, swastika nws tus kheej ntawm no coj ntau hom: nws tuaj yeem yog sab laug lossis sab xis, peb- thiab plaub-taw tes, nrog luv luv thiab elongated hniav, nyuaj siab thiab convex, nrog duab plaub, sib npaug, kauv, ceg thiab zuag. kawg. Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias cov cim no tau siv los ua cov cim qhia. Cov kws tshawb fawb nyiam hu lawv "cov cim ntawm kev ua tswv", tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb lawv yog tsev neeg lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab. Muaj ntau qhov pov thawj tias cov cim no tau dhau los ntawm leej txiv mus rau tus tub, los ntawm tus tub mus rau tub xeeb ntxwv, los ntawm tus tub xeeb ntxwv mus rau tus tub xeeb ntxwv, thiab lwm yam. Lub cim nws tus kheej tuaj yeem nyuaj dua, vim tus tub feem ntau coj tej yam tshiab rau nws. Tab sis nws lub hauv paus yuav tsum tseem zoo li qub thiab tau yooj yim lees paub. Nyob rau hauv kuv lub tswv yim, nws yog nyob ntawm no hais tias ib tug yuav tsum nrhiav lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab heraldry, uas yog tam sim no engulfed nyob rau hauv swamp flowering thiab yog tag nrho oriented rau sab hnub poob. Conciseness, hnyav thiab expressiveness: cov no yog cov khoom ntawm Lavxias teb sab cim tseeb. Niaj hnub nimno pro-Western tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab, txawv los ntawm lawv txhob txwm tshaj tawm overload thiab lurid pomp, yog cov pov thawj tseeb ntawm megalomania ntawm lawv cov tswv thiab cov tsim tawm. Tus neeg me dua, nws lub tsho loj tshaj plaws ntawm caj npab: qhov no tsis yog qhov sib txawv ntawm peb lub sijhawm?

Thawj daim duab ntawm swastika, sau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab tus ntoo khaub lig, yog nyob rau sab qab teb nave ntawm lub Cathedral ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Novgorod (11th caug xyoo). Ua ntej peb yog lwm tus qauv ntawm lub cim ntawm RNU los ntawm Alexander Barkashov. Thiab tseem, swastika kos npe yog nquag siv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab weavers thiab embroiderers. Yog hais tias muaj ib lub sijhawm los sau cov phuam Lavxias teb sab, ntaub pua rooj, valances, lub tsho thiab siv nrog swastikas embroidered rau lawv los ntawm lub storerooms ntawm tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab tsev cia puav pheej thiab private collections, kuv paub tseeb hais tias cov loj loj Halls ntawm lub Hermitage thiab lub Tretyakov Gallery ua ke yuav tsis. txaus kom haum lawv. Kev nplua nuj thiab ntau yam ntawm swastika motifs nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pej xeem paj ntaub tuaj yeem poob siab rau txhua tus neeg tshawb fawb tshiab. Nws yuav tsum tau borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov duab ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj ntaub khoom nrog swastika qauv yeej tsis tau luam tawm. Nyob rau hauv Soviet cov phau ntawv ntawm pej xeem kos duab, lawv tsuas tshwm sim qee zaus, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv txo, los yog nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm lwm yam compositions. Thawj tsab, uas swastika motifs (tsuas yog ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm Olonets mantles) tau nthuav dav heev, yog phau ntawv "Pictorial Motives hauv Lavxias Folk Paj Ntaub", uas tau luam tawm xyoo 1990. Nws qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb suav nrog qhov me me ntawm cov duab kos, nyob rau hauv qee kis nws tuaj yeem pom cov qauv swastika tsuas yog los ntawm lub iav tsom iav. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd ntawm Soviet cov ntaub ntawv rau pej xeem kos duab, swastika motifs nyob rau hauv paj ntaub tau txhob txwm tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv negligible ntau npaum li cas tus nyeem yuav tsis tau txais lub tswv yim ntawm lawv dominance ntawm lwm yam motives.

Lub swastika nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab paj ntaub ua ob qho tib si raws li ib tug ywj siab motif thiab nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog rau lwm yam: cog, geometric, zoomorphic, cult, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub kev kawm, nws xyaum tsis tshwm sim. Thiab qhov no yog qhov yooj yim nkag siab: txhua hnub scenes, rau tag nrho lawv cov originality, muaj me ntsis nyob rau hauv ntau nrog Lavxias teb sab kev lig kev cai thiab tsis nqa yuav luag txhua yam dawb huv. Lub xub ntiag ntawm swastika sacralizes txhua yam khoom, yog nws lub zos valance lossis lub qhov ntxa ntawm Roman huab tais.

Thaj, ib qho kev lees paub feem ntau hauv cov duab ntawm Lavxias teb sab swastika yeej tsis muaj nyob: nws tau siv rau cov ntaub arbitrarily, nyob ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm tus embroiderer. Tau kawg, muaj cov qauv ntawm cov qauv, tab sis lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tsawg heev, feem ntau tsis tawm hauv lub volost lossis txawm lub zos. Li no - xws li ntau yam ntawm swastika compositions nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab paj ntaub. Thiab li no cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lawv attribution thiab khi rau ib cheeb tsam. Yog li, piv txwv li, Tarnogo swastikas feem ntau loj dua Severodvinsk sawv daws yuav, tab sis qhov no tsis txhais hais tias tsis muaj cov loj nyob rau sab qaum teb Dvina, thiab cov me me tsis pom nyob ze Tarnoga. Hais txog Lavxias North, peb tuaj yeem hais qhov no: txhua lub zos muaj nws tus qauv swastika. Ib tug tau txais kev xav tias cov embroiderers sib tw nrog ib leeg, sim ua kom lawv cov neeg sib tw thiab txhua txoj kev ua lawv tus kheej basche qauv. Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov txuj ci ntawm embroiderers nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd muaj nuj nqis ntau dua thiab yuav luag yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws "kev pom zoo" rau yav tom ntej tus nraug vauv, thiab lub tsho ntawm ib tug ntxhais uas tuaj rau hauv kev sib sau ua ke yog ib hom "mus ntsib daim npav" rau. nws. Swastika motifs nyob rau hauv pej xeem embroidery yog pom nyob txhua qhov chaw: nyob rau hauv Ukraine, nyob rau hauv Belarus, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab txawm nyob rau yav qab teb Russia. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no belongs rau Russia North. Qhov no tau piav qhia yooj yim heev: nrog rau kev cog qoob loo ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv, cov neeg ntseeg siab dawb huv tshaj plaws tau tawm mus rau sab qaum teb - qhov chaw uas tseem tsis tau raug yuam ua kev cai raus dej los ntawm "hluav taws thiab ntaj", uas tib neeg tseem tsis tau raug thawb mus rau hauv dej los ntawm tag nrho cov neeg coob coob hauv qab no. lub qhov muag saib ntawm txawv teb chaws pov thawj thiab extravagant princes. Nws yog cov neeg no uas yog "tus Mohicans kawg" ntawm pagan Rus, thiab nws yog lawv uas tau tswj kom tsim muaj hnub nyoog kev lig kev cai nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab North. Swastika qauv ntawm Lavxias teb sab phuam da dej, valances thiab tablecloths yog ib tug pom kev ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab Vedic kab lig kev cai thiab, tsis muaj tsis ntseeg, nqa lub ntsiab lus tob npaum li cas niaj hnub soj ntsuam ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem kos duab xav txog tej yam.

Lub legendary Ryazan hero, uas tiv thaiv Lavxias teb sab av los ntawm Mongol invaders thiab nrog nws lub siab tawv unparalleled yeej kev hwm ntawm txawm nws cov yeeb ncuab, mus rau hauv keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Evpatiy Kolovrat. Sab laug swastika tau pleev xim rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov rais qhib lub tsev Ipatiev hauv Yekaterinburg ua ntej nws tuag los ntawm tus kawg Lavxias teb sab Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. Muaj pov thawj tias nws tau nrog cov duab ntawm swastika nrog qee yam ntawm cov ntawv sau, tab sis nws cov ntsiab lus tseem tsis paub. Emperor Nicholas II tsav tsheb nrog swastika nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm lub hood. Nws thiab Empress tau kos npe rau tus kheej cov ntawv nrog tib lub cim.

Numismatists paub zoo txog "kerenki" nyob rau hauv denominations ntawm 250, 1000, 5000 thiab 10,000 rubles, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug ob-headed dav dawb hau yog depicted tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm swastika-Kolovrat. Cov nyiaj no tau luam tawm mus txog rau xyoo 1922, tab sis cov matrix rau lawv tau ua los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tus Vaj Ntxwv Lavxias kawg, uas tau npaj los ua kev hloov pauv nyiaj txiag tom qab tsov rog.

Nws yog xav paub tias nws yog precisely nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm lub hwj chim Soviet, i.e. Ib txhij nrog cov "kerenki" uas tau hais los saum toj no, cov ntawv nyiaj ntawm ntau pawg (los ntawm 1 txog 10,000 rubles) tau muab tso rau hauv kev ncig, nyob rau hauv ornaments ntawm watermarks uas lub rau-taw hnub qub ntawm David tau pom meej meej. Nws yog qhov xav paub ntau ntxiv tias thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 3, 1919, swastika tau pom zoo raws li lub tes tsho insignia ntawm Kalmyk tsim ntawm Red Army. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov no los ntawm tus neeg sib tw ntawm keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, Colonel V. O. Daypis, uas yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Tub Rog Keeb Kwm ntawm USSR Ministry of Defense. Cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm hauv qab no thiab cov duab kos uas txuas nrog nws tau pom los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm hauv Central State Archive ntawm Soviet Army (tam sim no Lavxias Lub Xeev Tub Rog Archive).

Ntxiv rau qhov kev txiav txim

“Rau cov tub rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj ntawm lub nroog no. 713 ib.

Nqe lus piav qhia: rhombus 15x11 centimeters ua los ntawm daim ntaub liab. Nyob rau hauv lub ces kaum sab sauv muaj tsib-taw lub hnub qub, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab muaj ib tug wreath, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm uas yog "LUN GTN", nrog rau inscription RSFSR. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub hnub qub yog 15 mm. Wreath - 6 cm. LUN GTN loj - 27 mm. Cov ntawv - 6 mm.

Cov ntawv cim rau cov lus txib thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tswj hwm yog embroidered kub thiab nyiaj thiab rau cov tub rog Red Army - stencil. Lub hnub qub, "LYUNGTN" thiab ribbon ntawm wreath yog embroidered nyob rau hauv kub (rau Red Army txiv neej nrog daj xim), feem ntau neness: thiab inscription - nyob rau hauv nyiaj (rau cov tub rog liab cov txiv neej nrog dawb xim)."

Tus sau ntawm daim ntawv no, pom tau hais tias, yog tus thawj coj ntawm South-Eastern Front, ib tug qub tub rog ntawm tsarist pab tub rog V. I. Shorin, repressed nyob rau hauv lub lig 1930s thiab posthumously rehabilitated.

Ntxiv mus, muaj pov thawj loj heev uas swastika kos npe rau xyoo 1920 kuj tau siv los ua tus cim ntawm ib lub tsev tshaj tawm hauv lub tsev hauv Karelia. Nyob rau hauv lub lig 30s - thaum ntxov 40s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, cov neeg pluag khaub ncaws nrog swastika cov cim embroidered rau nws nyob txhua qhov chaw tau txeeb thiab rhuav tshem los ntawm "n-kavedeshniki". "Nyob rau sab qaum teb," sau V. N. Dyomin, - tshwj xeeb detachments mus rau Lavxias teb sab zos thiab yuam cov poj niam kom tshem tawm lawv daim tiab, ponevs, aprons, tsho, uas cia li muab lawv tus kheej mus rau hauv hluav taws. " Hauv qee qhov chaw, nws tau mus rau qhov chaw uas cov neeg ua liaj ua teb lawv tus kheej, ntshai kev tsim txom, pib rhuav tshem cov phuam, cov khoom ntawm cov khaub ncaws nrog swastika cov cim embroidered rau lawv. R. Bagdasarov sau hais tias, "Txawm tias cov pog yawg uas, ntau pua xyoo, tau kos npe rau ntawm lub kaus mom," R. Bagdasarov sau hais tias, "tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog Patriotic, lawv pib hu nws tias "German kos npe". Alexander Kuznetsov, tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Ust-Pechenga, Totemsky District, Vologda Thaj Chaw, piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej nthuav dav uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hnub ua ntej ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II hauv lub tebchaws ntawm nws cov poj koob yawm txwv hauv lub zos Ihalitsa. Ib tug neeg ua haujlwm ntawm NKVD uas tuaj txog hauv lub zos tau siv sijhawm hmo ntuj nrog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb Zapletaly thiab thaum noj hmo pom ib daim phuam dai ntawm lub thaj neeb, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm uas ib tug loj intricate swastika illuminated los ntawm lub teeb, thiab nrog rau. cov npoo yog cov qauv me me rhombic swastikas. Los ntawm kev npau taws, lub qhov muag ntawm cov qhua ntawm pab tsiaj yog bulging, zoo li cov crayfish. Tus niam laus Zapletala, uas tau dag ntawm lub qhov cub, tswj kom tsis txhob muaj kev kub ntxhov "NKVD" los ntawm kev quab yuam thiab piav qhia rau nws tias lub cim tso rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub ubrus tsis yog swastika txhua ("peb tsis paub. xws li lo lus"), tab sis "Shaggy Bright", tus qauv ntawm sab strips yog "jibs".

Qhov xwm txheej hauv Ihalitsa, tsis zoo li lwm qhov chaw, tsis tau txhim kho, vim tias hnub tom qab ib tus tub ceev xwm NKVD taug kev ncig tag nrho lub zos thiab xyuas kom meej tias muaj "ci" thiab "jibs" hauv yuav luag txhua lub tsev neeg ua liaj ua teb. Nws tus kheej. Kuznetsov ntseeg hais tias lub npe "ci ntsa iab" coj los rau peb yog ib lub npe menyuam yaus ntawm Slavic hnub ci vajtswv Yarila, thiab lo lus "shaggy" tau qhia txog kev paub tob ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob deb "txog lub hnub, uas cov nplaig kub hnyiab - qhov tseem ceeb - tab tom npau taws heev. saum npoo ntawm lub hnub. "Brightly" - yog li kom txog rau thaum tsis ntev los no nyob rau hauv lub zos lawv muaj peev xwm hais txog ib tug txiv neej uas nyob ib leeg thaum sib ntaus sib tua muab peb tw rau hauv av. Thiab silushka hauv lub zos yeej ib txwm muaj kev hwm. " Lwm cov pov thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam swastika tau pom nyob rau hauv Central Depository of Soviet Documentation thiab luam tawm nyob rau hauv thawj qhov teeb meem ntawm lub magazine "" nyob rau hauv 1996. Lub yim hli ntuj 9, 1937, tus thawj coj ntawm lub Moscow cheeb tsam chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Metisbyt, ib tug tej yam comrade Glazko, tig mus rau lub Commission ntawm Party Control nyob rau hauv lub UK VKP (b) nrog ib tug qauv ntawm ib tug churn ua nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag naj npawb 29, cov hniav ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm. uas muaj ib tug "zoo ntawm ib tug fascist swastika." Kev tshuaj xyuas tau tsim tias tus sau ntawm churn tsim yog Tuchashvili, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov neeg siv khoom ntseeg siab ntawm GUAP. Thaum xyoo 1936 thiab 1937 cov nroj tsuag tau tsim 55763 churns. Tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg siv khoom lag luam, Krause, hais tias cov hniav ntawm cov churn zoo ib yam li Nazi swastika, tab sis tus thawj coj. Lub taub hau ntawm kev ntseeg Borozdenko teb tias: "Yog tias tsuas yog cov chav ua haujlwm zoo, tsis txhob mloog."

Txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm yuav tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm lub taub hau ntawm kev ntseeg Tatarsky thiab tus thawj coj ntawm cov nroj tsuag No. 29 Aleksandrov. "Kev tso tawm ntawm churns," sau ntawv rau Pawg Tswj Xyuas Pawg Thawj Coj, "nws cov hniav zoo li tus fascist swastika, Kuv suav tias yog tus yawg yeeb ncuab. Kuv thov kom koj hloov tag nrho cov teeb meem mus rau NKVD. Cov kev daws teeb meem yog txuas nrog. Tus Thawj Coj Pab Pawg ntawm Tyzhprom KPK Vasiliev. Lub Kaum Hli 15, 1937 ". Tus neeg qhia txoj kev siv zog tsis yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Ob lub hlis tom qab ntawd, nyob rau ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj hauv Central Committee ntawm CPSU (b), tau txiav txim siab:

ib. Coj mus rau hauv tus account cov nqe lus ntawm cov neeg Commissar ntawm cov kws muaj txuj ci kev lag luam L. M. Kaganovich hais tias nyob rau hauv ib lub hlis cov hniav ntawm cov churns, uas zoo li ib tug fascist swastika, yuav raug tshem tawm thiab hloov nrog tshiab.

2. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tsim, tsim thiab tsis ua raws li kev ntsuas kom tsis txhob muaj cov churns, cov hniav uas zoo li fascist swastika, yuav tsum raug xa mus rau NKVD. Cov txiaj ntsig pov npav: "rau" - Shkiryatov, "rau" - Yaroslavsky. Kaum Ob Hlis 15, 1937 ".

Nws tsis yooj yim los twv txog txoj hmoo ntxiv ntawm Tuchashvili, Borozdenko thiab Tatarsky, puas yog? Ua tsaug rau cov lus tsis txaus siab no, ntau pua txhiab tus neeg zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia tau raug kev txom nyem nyob rau xyoo 1930. Cov npe ntawm "tus kws txiav txim plaub ntug" (lossis, qhov tseeb dua, lawv cov npe npe) tau paub zoo rau peb: tsis yog ib tus ntawm lawv tau raug rau txim rau lawv cov kev ua txhaum ntshav. "Tau ntev ntev los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb tso nyiaj tsis muaj leej twg tau muab tawm rau leej twg ib phau ntawv dawb huv los ntawm BA Kuftin" Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob ntawm Lavxias Meshchera "(Moscow, 1926)," sau VN Demin. "Tsuas yog vim nws mob siab rau, tshwj xeeb, rau kev tsom xam ntawm kev sib kis ntawm swastika ornament ntawm cov neeg Lavxias." Lub swastika nrog lub protruding kawg ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm yim-taw lub hnub qub ntawm lub Virgin yog lub official emblem ntawm Lavxias teb sab National Unity (RNU) lub koom haum. Kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lub cim no hauv RNU lub cim yog tsis muaj kev sib tsoo. Cov duab ntawm yim-taw tes (Lavxias teb sab) lub hnub qub cim lub xub ntiag ntawm lub ntsiab deity thiab feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv cov tub rog banners, khaub ncaws, riam phom, thiab ntau yam tsev neeg thiab cult khoom. Nyob rau hauv lub Christian kev lig kev cai, lub yim-taw lub hnub qub tau txais ib tug ntxiv semantic lub ntsiab lus: nws yog hu ua "Lub hnub qub ntawm lub Virgin" los yog "Bethlehem", txij li thaum nws ci nyob rau hauv lub ntuj thaum lub sij hawm yug ntawm Yexus Khetos thiab, tsiv mus nyob thoob plaws lub ntuj., qhia tus Magi txoj kev mus rau nws lub txaj. Nws cov duab pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cim ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv tshwm nyob rau hauv Russia. Lub swastika nyob rau hauv lub RNU cim yog nyob rau hauv lub hnub qub, uas yog, zoo li yog superimposed rau nws silhouette (li no lub elongated ncaj kawg ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig nws tus kheej - "rays" los yog "nqaij" raws li lawv tej zaum hu ua). Lub tswv yim hais tias xws li "ray" swastikas (raws li nyob rau hauv lub RNU cim) yeej tsis tau ntsib nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai yog erroneous. Piv txwv li, ntawm homespun totem, muaj ib pob phuam los ntawm kev sau ntawm M. Yim ntawm lawv yog embroidered hnyav! Tsis tas li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem ntseeg qhov zoo ib yam los ntawm kev qhib 524th nplooj ntawv ntawm phau ntawv nto moo los ntawm BA Rybakov "Paganism ntawm Ancient Rus", luam tawm xyoo 1987, qhov twg hauv daim duab. 87 depicts lub vyatka lub sab hauv lub nplhaib ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th nrog spellbinding cim ntawm fertility, nyob rau sab ntawm uas yog heev "ray" swastikas. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tus kws qhia ntawv nws tus kheej txiav txim siab hom swastika no "tsis yog lub cim ntawm lub hnub, tab sis tsuas yog ua lub cim ntawm hluav taws" thiab tseem hais txog nws rau txoj kev tua hluav taws ntawm kev cog qoob loo rau thaj av arable, sau tseg tias "swastika yog. pom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Zyuzin, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam mounds ze Moscow ".

Thaum lub sij hawm exhibition "Lavxias teb sab Costume" nyob rau hauv lub halls ntawm lub State Lavxias teb sab Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, ib tug ntawm cov qhua (ib tug tej yam M. Blyakhman) sim ua kom puas los ntawm hlawv ib tug poj niam lub tshoob tiab, nplua nuj nrog swastikas. Nyob rau ntawm tub ceev xwm chaw nres tsheb, tus neeg phem tshaj tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv no txoj kev nws tau tawm tsam "fascism."

Lwm lub npe hauv zos rau swastika kuj tseem paub: "kovyl" (Tula xeev), "nees", "nees shank" (Ryazan xeev), "hare" (Pechora), "nceb" (Nizhny Novgorod xeev), "loach" (Tver xeev.), "Crooked-leg" (Voronezh xeev.), thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Vologda thaj av, lub npe ntawm swastika yog ntau haiv neeg. "Kryuchya", "Kryukovei", "Kryuk" (Syamzhensky, Verkhovazhsky cheeb tsam), "flint", "hluav taws", "konegon" (nees-hluav taws?) (Tarnogsky, Nkzhsensky cheeb tsam), "sver", "cricket" (Velikoustyugsky koog tsev kawm ntawv), "tus thawj coj", "tus thawj coj", "Zhgun", (Kichm.-Gorodetsky, Nikolsky koog tsev kawm ntawv), "ci", "shaggy brightly", "kosmach" (T (Otemsky koog tsev kawm ntawv), "jibs", " chertogon "(Babushkinsky koog tsev kawm ntawv), "mower", "kosovik" (Sokolsky koog tsev kawm ntawv), "hla", "vratok" (Vologda, Gryazoyetsky koog tsev kawm ntawv), rottenets, rottenka", "vrashun" (Sheksninsky, Cherepoveshiy koog tsev kawm ntawv), " Ugly" (Basayevsky koog tsev kawm ntawv), "miller" (chagodoshensky koog tsev kawm ntawv), "krutyak" (Belozersky, Kirillovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv), "pyan" (Vytegorsky koog tsev kawm ntawv). hluav taws" - "flint" - "hluav taws".

Lub hom phiaj ntawm Nietzsche lub glorified "nyob mus ib txhis rov qab los", lub voj voog ntawm lub neej, xav tsis thoob pom nws embodiment nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb Vologda "outback". Hauv ntau lub zos ntawm Tariog thiab Nyuksen koog tsev kawm ntawv, lub ntsiab lus thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm swastika yog txhais ua luv luv, yooj yim thiab ingenious: "txhua yam thiab txhua tus neeg yuav rov qab los." Cov kab lus no muaj ntau yam kev txawj ntse tshaj li kaum ob cov lus qhuab qhia uas muaj tswv yim muab tso ua ke. Contrary to lub tswv yim dav nyob rau hauv scientific voj voog, cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig nrog bent xaus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev lig kev cai yog tsis txiav txim siab: ob leeg rau pagan thiab Christian ornaments, sab laug-sab (Kolovrat) thiab sab xis-sab (salting) swastikas nyob ntsiag to coexist..

Nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov sib txawv orientation ntawm lub swastika feem ntau yog txuam nrog lub nce thiab teem hnub, nrog tsaug zog thiab tsaug zog xwm, tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm tham txog tej "kev tawm tsam" (zoo- phem, lub teeb-tsaus, siab dua-qis)..

Raws li koj tau pom, lub swastika nyob rau hauv Russia yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau nthuav thiab heev revered cim. Qhov kos npe no tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam me ntsis rau German, lossis rau Italian, lossis lwm yam "fascism". Thiab txawm li cas los xij, rau ntau tshaj li yim xyoo caum tam sim no, nws yog tus uas tau raug kev tawm tsam hnyav tshaj plaws thiab phem tshaj plaws los ntawm thawj cov thawjcommunist thiab tam sim no cov tswv yim kev ywj pheej, nws yog tus uas tab tom sim sib npaug nrog txhua yam kev phem uas tib neeg tau ntsib nyob rau hauv xyoo pua 20th. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov tseeb tias cov kev tawm tsam no yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb, los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm qhov kev xav, lawv kuj yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg: kom nthuav tawm ib qho cim rau kev txaj muag, txawm tias nws yog tus kheej ntawm kev phem nws tus kheej, tsis yog kev ua siab phem thiab qib siab ntawm ignorance, nws kuj yog blatant savagery., uas tsis muaj analogue nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no keeb kwm. Ib tug tsuas tuaj yeem khuv xim tus kav nroog Yuri Luzhkov, uas tau kos npe rau txoj cai lij choj ntawm Moscow No. 19 (hnub tim 26 lub Tsib Hlis 1999) "Rau lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim khoom thiab tso saib Nazi cov cim ntawm thaj chaw Moscow."Raws li tus ntsuj plig thiab tsab ntawv ntawm txoj cai lij choj no, piv txwv li, tag nrho cov koom ua ke ntawm cov dab neeg dab neeg "Sudarushka" los ntawm Tapnogsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Vologda, uas tau mus ncig xyuas hauv lub nroog, yuav tsum raug foob "rau kev hnav cov cim Nazi ntawm lub nroog. thaj chaw ntawm Moscow” (Art. 2) thiab raug nplua nyiaj ntawm 20 mus rau 100 yam tsawg kawg nkaus nyiaj hli ntawm lub cev tuag.

Cov kev txwv no, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, tsis muaj qab hau kiag li. Ces yog vim li cas nws tseem tsis tau tshwm sim rau leej twg kom txwv tsis pub, piv txwv li, ntawm tib lub cim dab ntxwg nyoog? Taug kev hauv lub nroog cov kiosks kev lag luam thiab koj yuav pom ntau lub cim Dab Ntxwg Nyoog thiab cov cim ntawm Baphomet ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov kauj-toog npab, cov saw tseem ceeb thiab cov saw hlau.

Puas muaj leej twg xav tias nws yuav tsum tau txwv lub hnub qub tsib-taw tes (Masonic pentagram) - lub cim kabbalistic thiab ntshav tiag tiag, nyob rau hauv uas nws kos npe rau Russia tau ntsib kev tsim txom thiab kev txom nyem ntau npaum li tsis muaj lwm lub tebchaws hauv ntiaj teb tau ntsib.

Los ntawm tsis muaj txhais tau tias kuv hu rau lub installation ntawm swastika ntawm lub tricolor Lavxias teb sab chij. Tab sis qhov xav tau rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm lub cim qub qub Lavxias teb sab, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, yog ntev dhau lawm. Thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb loj hauv tebchaws tau mob siab rau lub cim ntawm swastika yog R. Bagdasarov phau ntawv "Lub Swastika: Lub Cim Dawb Huv", luam tawm los ntawm Moscow lub tsev tshaj tawm "White Alvy" hauv 2001 thiab txij li ntawd los tau luam tawm ob zaug.

Txawm tias tag nrho nws cov shortcomings, phau ntawv no yog ib qho tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev kawm thiab kev nkag siab ntawm lub deepest lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub swastika cim. Rau lub ntsiab drawbacks ntawm R. Bagdasarov txoj kev tshawb fawb, kuv ntaus nqi siab heev rau kev txhais lus theological, ntau dhau ntawm qhov tseeb thib ob, lyrical digressions thiab theological philosophies.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, phau ntawv no tau sau los ntawm ib tug nruab nrab txoj hauj lwm, thiab nws tus sau, mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub peev xwm, tseem tsis ncaj ncees lawm nyob rau hauv nws cov kev ntsuam xyuas, soj ntsuam kev cai objectivism, txawm hais tias nws txoj kev khuv leej rau lub ancient Aryan cim yog pom tseeb.

Rau kuv, kuv tsis zais qhov tseeb tias kuv kho lub cim no nrog kev hwm thiab kev hlub tob tshaj plaws. Koj yuav tsum xav tias swastika, hla dhau ntawm koj lub siab, lees txais nrog txhua "sab tsaus nti" thiab giblets, hlub nws yam tsis tau saib rov qab kom tsis muaj leej twg hauv ntiaj teb tuaj yeem tiv thaiv koj los ntawm kev nkag mus rau nws qhov tob tshaj plaws, paub txog nws qhov kev paub tsis meej tshaj plaws. lub ntsiab lus: tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig tiag tiag rau cov tiam tom ntej. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom luam tawm xws li ib phau ntawv nees nkaum xyoo dhau los. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias nws yuav tsis tuaj yeem tshaj tawm yav tom ntej. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kuv lub meej mom los muab kuv qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab muab tag nrho kuv tus ntsuj plig rau hauv kev tshawb fawb. Phau ntawv no muaj txog 3500 daim duab. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, muaj ntau tshaj 11.5 txhiab ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv kuv sau. Muaj ib hnub - Kuv paub tseeb ntawm qhov no - ntau lub ntim thiab cov duab zoo nkauj "Encyclopedia ntawm Swastika" yuav raug luam tawm, uas yuav cim qhov tseeb, thiab tsis xav txog, kho dua tshiab ntawm Aryan lub cim dawb ceev no.

Mus download tau ib phau ntawv