Tsis muaj qw lossis rau txim: cov ntsiab lus kub ntawm Inuit kev kawm

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nyob rau xyoo 1960, tus tub ntxhais kawm tiav Harvard tau tshawb pom qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg kev npau taws. Thaum Jean Briggs muaj 34 xyoos, nws tau mus ncig hauv Arctic Circle thiab nyob hauv tundra rau 17 lub hlis. Tsis muaj txoj kev, tsis muaj cua sov, tsis muaj khw. Kub nyob rau lub caij ntuj no tuaj yeem poob mus rau qhov qis tshaj 40 degrees Fahrenheit.

Hauv ib tsab xov xwm xyoo 1970, Briggs tau piav qhia tias nws tau yaum ib tsev neeg Inuit kom "coj" nws thiab "sim ua kom nws ciaj sia."

Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, ntau tsev neeg Inuit tau nyob ib yam li lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Lawv tsim igloos nyob rau lub caij ntuj no thiab cov tsev pheeb suab thaum lub caij ntuj sov. "Peb tsuas yog noj cov zaub mov tsiaj - ntses, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, mos lwj caribou," hais tias Myna Ishulutak, tus tsim tawm zaj duab xis thiab cov kws qhia ntawv uas ua neej nyob zoo ib yam li menyuam yaus.

Briggs pom sai sai tias qee yam tshwj xeeb tau tshwm sim hauv cov tsev neeg no: cov neeg laus muaj peev xwm tswj tau lawv txoj kev npau taws.

"Lawv tsis tau hais tawm lawv txoj kev npau taws rau kuv, txawm hais tias lawv npau taws rau kuv ntau zaus," - Briggs hais hauv kev xam phaj nrog Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC).

Kev qhia txawm tias ib qho kev xav ntawm kev ntxhov siab lossis kev chim siab yog suav tias yog qhov tsis muaj zog, kev coj cwj pwm uas zam tau rau menyuam yaus xwb. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg pov ib lub lauj kaub ntawm boiling dej rau hauv ib lub igloo thiab puas rau hauv pem teb dej khov. Tsis muaj leej twg tsa muag muag. "Nws yog kev txaj muag," hais tias tus neeg ua txhaum cai thiab mus rau refill lub hwj.

Lwm lub sij hawm, ib txoj kab nuv ntses uas tau braided rau ob peb hnub tsoo rau thawj hnub. Tsis muaj leej twg dim txoj kev foom phem. "Peb yuav xaws nws qhov twg nws tawg," ib tug neeg hais tias calmly.

Tawm tsam lawv keeb kwm yav dhau los, Briggs zoo li ib tug me nyuam qus, txawm hais tias nws tau sim hnyav heev los tswj nws txoj kev npau taws. "Kuv tus cwj pwm yog impulsive, ntau yam tsis zoo, ntau tactful," nws hais rau CBC. “Kuv feem ntau coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo rau kev coj noj coj ua. Kuv qw qw, los yog snarling, los yog ua lwm yam uas lawv yuav tsis tau ua."

Brigss, uas tau tas sim neej hauv 2016, tau piav qhia nws cov kev soj ntsuam hauv nws thawj phau ntawv, Tsis txhob npau taws. Nws raug kev tsim txom los ntawm cov lus nug: Inuit yuav ua li cas thiaj tswj tau qhov peev xwm no hauv lawv cov menyuam? Yuav ua li cas lawv tswj kom tig cov me nyuam hysterical mus rau cov neeg laus ntshav txias?

Xyoo 1971, Briggs tau pom ib qho tsis paub

Nws tab tom taug kev raws ntug dej hiav txwv hauv Arctic thaum nws pom ib tug niam hluas ua si nrog nws tus menyuam, ib tug me nyuam tub uas muaj hnub nyoog li ob xyoos. Niam khaws ib lub pob zeb thiab hais tias: “Cia li ntaus kuv! Cia peb! Ntaus hnyav dua!”Briggs nco qab.

Tus tub muab pob zeb pov rau nws niam, thiab nws hais tias: "Oooo, nws mob li cas!"

Briggs tsis meej pem. Tus niam no qhia tus menyuam txog kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo rau cov niam txiv feem ntau xav tau. Thiab nws qhov kev coj ua tsis sib haum xeeb txhua yam Briggs paub txog Inuit kab lis kev cai. "Kuv xav, dab tsi tshwm sim ntawm no?" - hais tias Briggs hauv kev xam phaj nrog CBC.

Raws li nws hloov tawm, tus niam ntawd tau siv cov txheej txheem ua niam txiv muaj zog los qhia nws tus menyuam kom tswj kev npau taws - thiab qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov tswv yim ua niam txiv txaus siab tshaj plaws uas kuv tau hla.

Tsis muaj lus cog tseg, tsis muaj sijhawm

Hauv Canadian polar nroog ntawm Iqaluit, thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis. Thaum ob teev lub hnub twb tawm lawm.

Cov huab cua kub yog nruab nrab rho tawm 10 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 23 Celsius). Lub teeb daus yog tig.

Kuv tuaj rau lub nroog ntug dej hiav txwv no tom qab nyeem Briggs 'phau ntawv hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua niam txiv tsis pub lwm tus paub - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj feem xyuam rau kev qhia me nyuam txog kev tswj lawv txoj kev xav. Thaum kuv tawm ntawm lub dav hlau, kuv pib sau cov ntaub ntawv.

Kuv zaum nrog cov neeg laus hauv lawv cov 80s thiab 90s thaum lawv noj mov ntawm "cov zaub mov hauv zos" - cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, khov beluga whale nqaij thiab nqaij nyoos caribou. Kuv tham nrog cov niam uas muag cov hnab tes xuas tes ua ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Thiab kuv mus kawm ib chav ua niam txiv uas cov kws qhia ntawv hauv qib kindergarten kawm seb lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv tau tsa cov menyuam yaus li cas ntau pua - lossis ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los.

Txhua qhov chaw, cov niam txiv hais txog txoj cai golden: tsis txhob qw lossis tsa koj lub suab ntawm cov menyuam yaus.

Raws li kev lig kev cai, Inuit yog cov neeg siab zoo thiab saib xyuas cov menyuam yaus. Yog tias peb tab tom ntsuas qhov kev ua niam txiv zoo tshaj plaws, ces txoj hauv kev Inuit yuav muaj tseeb ntawm cov thawj coj. (Lawv txawm muaj kev hnia tshwj xeeb rau menyuam yaus - koj yuav tsum kov lub plhu nrog koj lub qhov ntswg thiab hnov qab tus menyuam daim tawv nqaij).

Hauv kab lis kev cai no, nws suav tias yog qhov tsis lees paub rau kev thuam cov menyuam yaus - lossis txawm hais lus rau lawv lub suab npau taws, hais tias Lisa Ipeelie, tus tsim xov tooj cua thiab niam, uas loj hlob nrog 12 tus menyuam. Nws hais tias "Thaum lawv me, tsis muaj qhov taw tes rau kev tsa lawv lub suab," nws hais. "Nws tsuas yog ua rau koj lub plawv dhia nrawm dua."

Thiab yog hais tias ib tug me nyuam ntaus los yog tom koj, koj tseem tsis tas yuav tsa koj lub suab?

"Tsis yog," Aypeli hais nrog ib tug chuckle uas zoo li underscore qhov ruam ntawm kuv cov lus nug. "Peb feem ntau xav tias cov me nyuam yaus thawb peb ntawm lub hom phiaj, tab sis qhov tseeb qhov no tsis yog li ntawd. Lawv chim siab txog ib yam dab tsi, thiab koj yuav tsum paub seb nws yog dab tsi."

Nws yog suav tias yog kev txaj muag hauv Inuit kev lig kev cai los qw rau menyuam yaus. Rau ib tug neeg laus nws zoo li mus rau hauv hysterics; tus neeg laus, hauv qhov tseem ceeb, nqis mus rau theem ntawm tus menyuam.

Cov neeg laus uas kuv tau hais nrog hais tias cov txheej txheem kev tswj hwm hnyav uas tau tshwm sim dhau ib puas xyoo dhau los yog rhuav tshem cov kab lig kev cai no. Thiab yog li ntawd lawv cov zej zog tau siv zog los tswj lawv txoj kev ua niam ua txiv.

Goota Lub puab tsaig yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm qhov kev sib ntaus. Nws qhia kev qhia niam txiv hauv Arctic College. Nws tus kheej txoj kev ua niam ua txiv yog tus mos heev uas nws tsis txawm xav txog lub sijhawm ua kev ntsuas kev kawm.

“Qhia: xav txog koj tus cwj pwm, mus rau hauv koj chav! Kuv tsis pom zoo rau qhov ntawd. Qhov no tsis yog qhov peb qhia me nyuam. Yog li koj tsuas qhia lawv kom khiav tawm,”Joe hais.

Thiab koj qhia lawv kom npau taws, hais tias tus kws kho mob puas siab puas ntsws thiab tus sau Laura Markham. Markham hais tias "Thaum peb qw rau tus menyuam - lossis txawm hais tias 'Kuv npau taws,' peb qhia tus menyuam qw," Markham hais. "Peb qhia lawv tias thaum lawv chim siab, lawv yuav tsum qw, thiab qhov kev qw no daws qhov teeb meem."

Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov niam txiv uas tswj lawv txoj kev npau taws qhia tib yam rau lawv cov menyuam. Markham hais tias, "Cov menyuam yaus kawm txog kev tswj hwm tus kheej ntawm peb."

Lawv yuav ua si football nrog koj lub taub hau

Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, tob rau hauv lawv lub siab, txhua tus niam thiab txiv paub tias nws yog qhov zoo dua tsis txhob qw rau menyuam yaus. Tab sis yog koj tsis cem lawv, tsis txhob nrog lawv tham nrog lub suab npau taws, koj yuav ua li cas kom lawv mloog? Yuav ua li cas kom paub tseeb tias tus menyuam muaj peb xyoos tsis khiav tawm ntawm txoj kev? Los yog koj tsis ntaus koj tus tij laug?

Rau ntau txhiab xyoo, Inuit tau paub zoo txog kev siv cov cuab yeej qub: "Peb siv zaj dab neeg los ua kom cov menyuam mloog," Joe hais.

Nws tsis txhais hais tias fairy tales muaj kev coj ncaj ncees, uas tus menyuam tseem yuav tsum nkag siab. Nws hais txog cov dab neeg ntawm qhov ncauj uas tau dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam los ntawm Inuit, thiab uas tau tsim tshwj xeeb los cuam tshuam tus menyuam tus cwj pwm ntawm lub sijhawm - thiab qee zaum cawm nws txoj sia.

Piv txwv li, koj yuav qhia tau li cas rau cov me nyuam tsis txhob los ze rau dej hiav txwv, uas lawv yooj yim poob dej? Tsis yog qw, "Nyob hauv dej," Joe hais tias, Inuit nyiam xav tias yuav muaj teeb meem thiab qhia rau cov menyuam yaus txog dab tsi hauv qab dej. Joe hais tias, “Lub hiav txwv dab nyob ntawd, thiab nws muaj lub hnab loj rau nws nraub qaum rau cov menyuam yaus. Yog hais tias tus me nyuam ze rau dej heev, dab yuav rub nws mus rau hauv nws lub hnab, nqa nws mus rau hauv qab dej hiav txwv, thiab muab nws mus rau lwm tsev neeg. Thiab tom qab ntawd peb tsis tas yuav qw rau tus menyuam - nws twb nkag siab lub ntsiab lus”.

Inuit kuj muaj ntau zaj dab neeg los qhia cov me nyuam txog kev hwm tus cwj pwm. Piv txwv li, kom cov me nyuam mloog lawv niam lawv txiv, lawv tau qhia ib zaj dab neeg txog pob ntseg, hais tias zaj duab xis tsim tawm Maina Ishulutak. Nws hais tias "Kuv niam kuv txiv ntsia kuv pob ntseg, thiab yog tias muaj cov sulfur ntau dhau lawm, nws txhais tau tias peb tsis mloog qhov peb tau hais," nws hais.

Cov niam txiv hais rau lawv cov menyuam tias, "Yog tias koj noj zaub mov tsis tau tso cai, cov ntiv tes ntev yuav ncav tes thiab tuav koj."

Muaj ib zaj dab neeg hais txog lub teeb sab qaum teb uas pab cov me nyuam kawm khaws lawv lub kaus mom thaum lub caij ntuj no. "Peb niam txiv tau hais rau peb tias yog tias peb tawm mus yam tsis muaj lub kaus mom, lub teeb polar yuav tshem peb lub taub hau thiab ua si ncaws pob nrog lawv," Ishulutak hais. - "Peb ntshai heev!" nws exclaims thiab tawg rau hauv luag.

Thaum xub thawj, cov dab neeg no zoo li kuv txaus ntshai heev rau cov menyuam yaus. Thiab kuv thawj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog txhuam lawv tawm. Tab sis kuv lub siab hloov pauv 180 degrees tom qab pom kuv tus ntxhais cov lus teb rau cov dab neeg zoo sib xws - thiab tom qab kuv tau kawm ntau ntxiv txog tib neeg txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev piav dab neeg. Kev hais lus ntawm qhov ncauj yog ib qho kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tib neeg. Tau ntau txhiab xyoo, nws yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb uas cov niam txiv qhia lawv cov txiaj ntsig rau lawv cov menyuam thiab qhia lawv tus cwj pwm zoo.

Cov neeg yos hav zoov niaj hnub no siv cov dab neeg los qhia kev sib koom, hwm ob leeg poj niam txiv neej thiab zam kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no uas tau txheeb xyuas lub neej ntawm 89 pawg neeg sib txawv pom. Piv txwv li, kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias nyob rau hauv Agta, ib pawg neeg yos hav zoov-sau hauv Philippines, kev piav dab neeg muaj nuj nqis ntau dua li cov neeg yos hav zoov lossis kev paub txog kev kho mob.

Niaj hnub no, ntau tus niam txiv Asmeskas tau hloov lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kws qhia dab neeg mus rau qhov screen. Kuv xav tias qhov no yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim - thiab muaj txiaj ntsig - kom ua tiav kev mloog lus thiab cuam tshuam rau peb cov menyuam tus cwj pwm. Tej zaum cov menyuam yaus yuav ua li cas "txoj haujlwm" los kawm ntawm cov dab neeg?

"Kuv xav hais tias cov me nyuam kawm tau zoo los ntawm kev piav dab neeg thiab kev piav qhia," hais tias tus kws tshawb fawb txog kev puas siab puas ntsws Dina Weisberg ntawm Villanova University, uas kawm txog yuav ua li cas cov menyuam yaus txhais cov dab neeg tsis tseeb. “Peb kawm tau zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm qhov peb nyiam. Thiab cov dab neeg inherently muaj ntau yam zoo uas ua rau lawv nthuav ntau dua li hais xwb."

Cov dab neeg uas muaj cov ntsiab lus txaus ntshai nyiam cov menyuam yaus zoo li cov hlau nplaum, Weisberg hais. Thiab lawv tig ib qho kev ntxhov siab - zoo li sim ua raws - mus rau hauv kev sib tham ua si uas hloov mus ua - Kuv tsis ntshai lo lus - lom zem. Weisberg hais tias "Tsis txhob txo qhov kev ua si ntawm kev hais dab neeg," “Los ntawm cov dab neeg, cov menyuam yaus tuaj yeem xav txog tej yam uas tsis tshwm sim tiag tiag. Thiab cov me nyuam nyiam nws. Cov laus thiab."

Koj puas yuav ntaus kuv?

Cia peb rov qab mus rau Iqaluit, qhov twg Maina Ishulutak nco txog nws thaum yau hauv tundra. Nws thiab nws tsev neeg tau nyob hauv ib lub chaw yos hav zoov nrog 60 lwm tus neeg. Thaum nws tseem hluas, nws tsev neeg tsiv mus rau lub nroog.

"Kuv yeej nco lub neej ntawm tundra," nws hais thaum peb noj ci arctic char nrog nws. “Peb nyob hauv ib lub tsev turf. Thaum sawv ntxov, thaum peb sawv, txhua yam yog khov mus txog thaum peb teeb lub roj teeb."

Kuv nug seb nws puas paub cov ntawv sau ntawm Jean Briggs. Nws teb stuns kuv. Ishulutak siv nws lub hnab thiab coj tawm Briggs 'phau thib ob, Kev Ua Si thiab Kev Ncaj Ncees hauv Inuit, uas piav txog lub neej ntawm tus ntxhais peb xyoos hu ua Chubby Maata.

"Qhov no yog ib phau ntawv hais txog kuv thiab kuv tsev neeg," hais tias Ishulutak. "Kuv yog Chubby Maata."

Thaum xyoo 1970, thaum Ishulutak muaj 3 xyoos, nws tsev neeg cia Briggs mus rau hauv lawv lub tsev rau 6 lub hlis thiab tso cai rau nws saib xyuas txhua yam ntawm lawv tus menyuam lub neej txhua hnub. Qhov uas Briggs tau piav qhia yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev yug me nyuam los ntshav.

Yog hais tias ib tug ntawm cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv lub camp ua nyob rau hauv lub npau taws - ntaus ib tug neeg los yog ib tug tantrum - tsis muaj leej twg rau txim rau nws. Hloov chaw, cov niam txiv tau tos kom tus menyuam nyob twj ywm, thiab tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntsiag to, ua ib yam dab tsi uas Shakespeare yuav nyiam heev: lawv ua si. (Raws li tus kws sau paj lug nws tus kheej tau sau hais tias, “Kuv tau xav txog qhov kev sawv cev no, kom lub siab xav ntawm tus huab tais ntawm nws tuaj yeem ua tau, Nrog cov lus qhia, zoo li tus nuv, rau nuv.” - Txhais los ntawm B. Pasternak).

Briggs hais rau CBC hauv xyoo 2011 tias "Lub ntsiab lus yog muab rau koj tus menyuam qhov kev paub uas yuav ua rau nws muaj kev xav zoo," Briggs hais rau CBC xyoo 2011.

Nyob rau hauv luv luv, cov niam txiv tau ua tawm txhua yam uas tshwm sim thaum tus me nyuam coj tsis ncaj ncees lawm, nrog rau qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawd.

Cov niam txiv ib txwm hais lus zoo siab thiab ua si. Feem ntau, qhov kev ua tau zoo pib nrog cov lus nug uas ua rau tus menyuam ua rau tus cwj pwm phem.

Piv txwv li, yog tias tus me nyuam ntaus lwm tus, niam yuav pib ua si los ntawm kev nug, "Tej zaum koj yuav ntaus kuv?"

Ces tus me nyuam yuav tsum xav tias: "Kuv yuav ua li cas?" Yog hais tias tus me nyuam "nqus cov kab" thiab ntaus leej niam, nws tsis qw los yog cog lus, tab sis es tsis txhob qhia qhov tshwm sim. "Auj, mob npaum li cas!" - nws tuaj yeem qw, thiab tom qab ntawd nthuav cov nyhuv nrog cov lus nug tom ntej. Piv txwv li: "Koj tsis nyiam kuv?" los yog "Koj tseem me me?" Nws qhia rau tus menyuam lub tswv yim tias nws tsis txaus siab rau cov neeg raug ntaus, thiab tias "cov menyuam loj" tsis ua li ntawd. Tab sis dua, tag nrho cov lus nug no raug nug hauv lub suab nrov. Cov niam txiv rov ua qhov kev ua yeeb yam no ib ntus - txog thaum tus me nyuam tsis txhob ntaus leej niam thaum ua yeeb yam thiab tus cwj pwm tsis zoo yuav txo qis.

Ishulutak piav qhia tias qhov kev ua yeeb yam no qhia cov menyuam yaus kom tsis txhob hnov qab txog kev ua phem. Nws hais tias, "Lawv qhia kom muaj lub siab xav," nws hais tias, "tsis txhob coj tej yam hnyav heev thiab tsis txhob ntshai tsam raug thuam."

Psychologist Peggy Miller ntawm University of Illinois pom zoo tias: "Thaum menyuam yaus, nws paub tias tib neeg yuav ua rau nws npau taws rau ib qho lossis lwm qhov, thiab cov kev ua yeeb yam no qhia tus menyuam kom xav thiab tswj tau qhov sib npaug." Hauv lwm lo lus, Miller hais tias, cov kev ua yeeb yam no muab sijhawm rau menyuam yaus los xyaum tswj lawv txoj kev npau taws thaum lawv tsis npau taws tiag tiag.

Qhov kev tawm dag zog no zoo li tseem ceeb hauv kev qhia cov menyuam kom tswj lawv txoj kev npau taws. Vim tias qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev npau taws: yog tias ib tug neeg twb npau taws lawm, nws tsis yooj yim rau nws los tuav cov kev xav ntawd - txawm tias yog cov laus.

Lisa Feldman Barrett, tus kws kho mob hlwb ntawm Northeastern University hais tias "Thaum koj tab tom sim tswj lossis hloov cov kev xav uas koj tab tom ntsib tam sim no, nws nyuaj rau ua li ntawd," hais tias Lisa Feldman Barrett, tus kws kho mob hlwb ntawm Northeastern University uas kawm txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev xav.

Tab sis yog tias koj sim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib txawv lossis kev xav sib txawv thaum koj tsis npau taws, koj txoj hauv kev muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev npau taws hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav yuav nce ntxiv, hais tias Feldman Barrett.

"Qhov kev tawm dag zog no tseem ceeb pab koj rov kho koj lub hlwb kom nws tuaj yeem yooj yim piav qhia lwm yam kev xav tsis txhob npau taws."

Kev cob qhia kev xav zoo li no yuav tseem ceeb dua rau cov menyuam yaus, hais tias tus kws kho mob hlwb Markham, vim tias lawv lub hlwb tsuas yog tsim cov kev sib txuas uas tsim nyog rau kev tswj tus kheej. Nws hais tias "Cov menyuam yaus muaj txhua yam kev xav hnyav," nws hais. "Lawv tseem tsis tau muaj prefrontal cortex. Yog li peb cov lus teb rau lawv cov kev xav tau hloov kho lawv lub hlwb."

Markham qhia txog txoj hauv kev zoo ib yam li Inuit. Yog hais tias tus me nyuam ua tsis ncaj ncees lawm, nws qhia kom tos txhua tus kom siab. Nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntsiag to, nrog koj tus menyuam tham txog qhov tshwm sim. Koj tuaj yeem qhia nws zaj dab neeg txog dab tsi tshwm sim, lossis koj tuaj yeem nqa ob tus tsiaj txhu thiab siv lawv los ua ib qho chaw.

Markham hais tias "Txoj hauv kev no txhim kho kev tswj tus kheej," Markham hais.

Thaum koj ua tus cwj pwm phem nrog koj tus menyuam, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum ua ob yam. Ua ntej, koom nrog tus menyuam hauv kev ua si nrog ntau cov lus nug. Piv txwv li, yog tias qhov teeb meem yog kev ua phem rau lwm tus, koj tuaj yeem nres thaum lub sijhawm ua yeeb yam thiab nug, Bobby xav ntaus nws. Koj xav tias tsim nyog ua dab tsi?”

Qhov thib ob, xyuas kom tus menyuam tsis dhuav. Ntau tus niam txiv tsis pom kev ua si ua ib qho cuab yeej kawm, Markham hais. Tab sis kev ua yeeb yam ua si muaj ntau lub cib fim los qhia cov me nyuam coj tus cwj pwm zoo.

"Kev ua si yog lawv txoj haujlwm," Markham hais. "Qhov no yog lawv txoj kev nkag siab lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv thiab lawv cov kev paub dhau los."

Nws zoo nkaus li tias Inuit tau paub qhov no ntau pua, tej zaum ntau txhiab xyoo.