Thorium zog nyob rau hauv Russia thiab yav tom ntej ntawm supertechnology

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Valery Konstantinovich Larin, ib tug ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj kws txawj nyob rau hauv thorium zog, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm cov kws txawj council ntawm lub Rare Lands magazine, kws kho mob ntawm Technical Sciences, ex-CEO ntawm ob peb lub tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws ntawm Sredmash, ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev ntseeg siab, tshiab lub cib fim nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Arctic, evolution thiab kaj lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag, uas yuav tsis xav txog tej yam tsis muaj kev siv ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb lub caij - thorium.

thorium yog dab tsi? Dab tsi yog nws qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo? Vim li cas thorium twb xaiv nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws? kev hu zaum kawg ua ntej qhov kev ua yeeb yam loj, uas peb yuav tsis tau txais kev caw yog tias hnub no peb nco peb lub sijhawm los tsim thorium supertechnology rau lub sijhawm tshiab thev naus laus zis.

Thorium yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau uranium

Thorium yog ob peb zaug ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub crust dua natural uranium. Thorium thiab ib qho ntawm cov isotopes tam sim no nyob rau hauv nws, uranium-232, tuaj yeem yog qhov chaw zoo hauv nuclear fais fab es tsis txhob siv roj ntau raws li 235th isotope ntawm uranium. Thorium zog muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm colossal zoo. Qhov twg? Ua ntej, kev nyab xeeb: tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntau dhau hauv lub reactor siv thorium ua lub roj teeb. Qhov no yog kev lees paub ntawm qhov tsis rov ua dua ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj xws li Peb Mile Island hauv Asmeskas, zoo li Chernobyl, zoo li Fokushima. Txawm tias tus kws tshaj lij Lev Feoktistov tau sau tias txhua lub tshuab hluav taws xob nuclear ua haujlwm hauv kev teeb tsa thiab thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no muaj kev ua haujlwm vwm. Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau lub kaum los yog ntau pua lub foob pob hauv ib lub reactor, uas yuam kom peb ua cov kev ntsuas hnyav heev rau kev tiv thaiv: ntxiab, kev tsim tshwj xeeb, thiab lwm yam, uas, ntawm chav kawm, ua rau tus nqi ntau lawm thiab kho. Qhov thib ob qhov zoo ntawm thorium zog yog tias tsis muaj teeb meem nrog kev pov tseg. Peb raug yuam kom rov thauj cov roj hauv VVER reactors tam sim no txhua ib thiab ib nrab xyoo. Qhov no yog 66 tons ntawm active tshuaj, uas yuav tsum tau loaded ib zaug. Ntxiv mus, qhov degree ntawm burnout tsis yog li ntawd siab, muaj ntau cov pov tseg, uas yog fraught nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov teeb meem. Kuv txhais tau tias qhov thib ob pov tseg ntawm cov khoom nquag, plutonium yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau ntim. Thorium zog tsis muaj tag nrho cov no. Vim li cas? Thorium muaj lub neej ntev dua ib nrab - hauv kev xyaum, kaum xyoo lossis ntau dua. Qhov no muab kev siv ntau dua, txo tus nqi rau kev thauj khoom thiab tshem tawm, muaj peev xwm nce ntxiv, thiab lwm yam. Yog lawm, nws yuav tsum raug lees paub tias vim qhov sib txawv ib nrab ntawm lub neej ntawm thorium, lwm yam actinides, ntau dua, tau tsim, tab sis nyob rau theem tam sim no qhov teeb meem no daws tau heev. Tab sis kuj muaj cov pluses loj. Pom zoo, muaj qhov sib txawv: ib thiab ib nrab xyoo thiab kaum xyoo?

Cov pob zeb tseem ceeb uas muaj thorium yog monazite, uas muaj cov av tsawg. Yog li ntawd, thaum peb tham txog thorium ua ib tug roj rau lub neej yav tom ntej lub zog, raws li nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm nuclear zog, peb yuav tham txog ib tug complex txheej txheem ntawm monazite raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev sib cais ntawm tsawg earths - qhov no tseem ceeb heev rau kev siv. thorium ua lag luam ntau dua kev lag luam thiab txaus nyiam. Muaj lub peev xwm loj heev rau kev txhim kho lub zog, kev lag luam, thiab kev lag luam mining. Thorium muaj nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm monazite xuab zeb. Cov thev naus laus zis no yuav tsum tau tsim kho hauv kev lag luam, kev sim thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tus nqi tsim nyog. Txhua yam tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv chav kuaj.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev nrhiav thorium deposits zoo ib yam li cov teeb meem ntawm kev nrhiav deposits ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj hlau - nws muaj peev xwm mus mloog zoo yog tsis muaj zog, thiab thorium tsis kam mus sau nyob rau hauv tej yam tseem ceeb deposits, yog ib tug heev tawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb crust. Thorium muaj nyob rau hauv me me hauv granite, av thiab av. Thorium feem ntau tsis yog mined nyias; nws yog zoo li ib tug by-product thaum lub mining ntawm tsawg ntiaj teb cov ntsiab lus los yog uranium. Hauv ntau cov zaub mov, suav nrog monazite, thorium yooj yim hloov lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, uas piav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm thorium nrog tsawg lub ntiaj teb.

Thorium(Thorium), Th yog ib qho tshuaj lom neeg ntawm pawg III ntawm Periodic system, thawj tus tswv cuab ntawm pawg actinide. Nyob rau hauv 1828, soj ntsuam ib tug tsawg mineral nyob rau hauv Sweden, Jens Jakob Berzelius nrhiav tau ib tug oxide ntawm ib tug tshiab lub caij nyob rau hauv nws. Cov khoom no tau raug hu ua thorium hauv kev hwm ntawm tus muaj hwjchim Scandinavian vajtswv Thor (Thor yog ib tug npoj yaig ntawm Mars thiab Jupiter, tus vajtswv ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, xob quaj thiab xob laim). Berzelius ua tsis tau tejyam kom tau cov ntshiab hlau thorium. Kev npaj ntshiab ntawm thorium tsuas yog tau txais hauv xyoo 1882 los ntawm lwm tus kws tshuaj Swedish, tus neeg tshawb pom ntawm scandium, Lars Nilsson. Lub xov tooj cua ntawm thorium tau pom nyob rau hauv 1898 ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm ib leeg ib txhij los ntawm Maria Sklodowska-Curie thiab Herbert Schmidt.

Peb yuav tsum tsim peb tus kheej ntau lawm

Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm, cov ntaub ntawv tau sau rau Efim Pavlovich Slavsky thiab Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov tias nws yog tsim nyog los hloov mus rau lub thorium voj voog. Thiab thorium fais fab engineering tau sim ua: reactors tau ua haujlwm ntawm Mayak thiab hauv Tebchaws Yelemees. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim cov tub rog kev taw qhia txog lub zog, thiab, raws li, ua haujlwm ntawm plutonium, thiab thorium program tau khov. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev txiav txim siab, uas tau ua los ntawm peb Thawj Tswj Hwm, tias nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum pib ua haujlwm hauv qhov kev taw qhia no, ntxiv dag zog thiab, tej zaum, txawm tias nrawm, yog qhov tseeb thiab raws sijhawm. Niaj hnub no, tsis muaj leej twg yuav muab lub sijhawm thib ob rau peb. Tuam Tshoj, Is Nrias teb thiab Scandinavian lub teb chaws muaj kev pabcuam thorium loj heev. Tsis ntev sawv daws yuav mus kom deb li deb peb yuav tsis caum leej twg. Tuam Tshoj tau mus txog rau tam sim no nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj kev lag luam nrog nws tus kheej ore puag uas peb yuav tsis ntshai Tuam Tshoj nrog rau hnub no. Peb tuaj yeem ntes nrog Tuam Tshoj thiab yuav tsum ua txhua yam kom Tuam Tshoj los ntawm peb, tsawg kawg yog ib kauj ruam, ob qho tib si khaws cia hauv keeb kwm yav dhau hauv nuclear engineering, hauv nuclear technologies. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, peb tab tom muab txoj kev ntawm no thiab. Tuam Tshoj tau mob siab rau nkag mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam nrog nws cov reactors nuclear, nrog nws tus kheej thev naus laus zis. Thiab kuv tuaj yeem lees paub koj tias muab txoj haujlwm uas peb muaj tam sim no, peb yuav poob qhov kev sib ntaus.

Lawv twb muab cov reactors uas tsis muaj fais fab thiab, tu siab txaus lees, lawv yuav industrialize lub floating reactor nroj tsuag sai dua peb - peb cov comrades yog heev txaus siab rau cov reactors, es tsis txhob ntawm tsim lawv tus kheej ntau lawm. Peb yuav tsum txhim kho. Piv txwv li, gas reactors, high-temperature gas-cooled reactors yog, qhov tseeb, ib qho kev cog lus zoo heev. Tab sis rau qee qhov laj thawj peb kuj ua qhov no maj mam, ua tsis taus pa, inertly.

Hmoov tsis zoo, thoob plaws xyoo 1990, peb tau los ntawm lub tswv yim tias nws yooj yim dua thiab pheej yig dua los yuav lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, piv txwv li, hauv Suav teb, dua li ua peb tus kheej cov khoom.

Tus nqi roj tshiab npaum li cas

Cov neeg tsim khoom yog conservatives. Thiab lawv conservatism yog ncaj ncees. Lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom yog qhov tseeb: Kuv muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo, kuv ua haujlwm, kuv yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev npaj, kev tsim khoom, rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Txhua yam kev tsim kho tshiab ua rau kuv muaj kev pheej hmoo. Kev pheej hmoo ntawm qee yam tshiab, uas yuav tsum tau ntsib, thiab tib lub sijhawm, qee qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, sib tshooj, thiab lwm yam yog ib txwm ua tau. Kuv puas xav tau nws? Kuv xav nyob kaj siab lug. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov kev nyiam no: kev txhim kho, kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov tshiab thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev saib xyuas cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim khoom, nws ib txwm ua, yog thiab yuav yog. Lwm qhov yog tias nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau kov yeej nws rationally.

Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau hom roj uranium: nitride, ceramic, roj nrog ntxiv ntawm cov av tsawg. Muaj coob tus xaiv. Thiab qhov no puas ua tiav yam tsis muaj nqi, tsis muaj nyiaj? Tsis yog kiag li. Yuav kom tau txais cov roj tshiab raws li thorium, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim cov cuab yeej siv rau kev tsim cov khoom siv no. Thiab ua ntej hais tias lub zog thorium yog kim dua li uranium, peb yuav tsum ua qhov yooj yim - kev sib piv kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, yog tias lub yaj ntawm thorium fluoride yog siv los ua roj rau lub reactor, nws zoo li kuv tias nws tsis kim heev kom tau txais thorium fluorides. Yog hais tias peb tau txais roj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm spherical ntsiab - qhov no yog qhov thib ob kev xaiv, ceramics - peb xaiv. Ntxiv mus, peb tab tom tham ntawm no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, hais txog raw cov ntaub ntawv, txog monazite, thiab cov lus nug ntawm tus nqi yuav txiav txim siab coj mus rau hauv tus account lub complex siv. Ntawd yog, kev rho tawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj, uranium thiab zirconium los ntawm monazite - tag nrho cov no yuav txo tau tus nqi ntawm kev tsim roj raws li thorium.

Ib me ntsis txog ceev reactors. Nws tsis muaj teeb meem los ntawm dab tsi thev naus laus zis, ntawm dab tsi reactor, nyob rau hauv dab tsi tsim version siv ceev ceev neutrons, ignite ib tug natural khoom - nyob rau hauv ib los yog lwm tus nqi, pov tseg tseem yuav generated. Thiab cov khib nyiab yuav tsum tau siv dua. Yog hais tias peb tham txog lub purity ntawm methodology thiab lub tswv yim, xws li tsis muaj kaw lub voj voog thiab ua tsis tau. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv ntawm thorium zog yuav muaj tsawg active pov tseg uas yuav tsum tau rov ua dua.

Kuv ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub peb yuav maj mam hloov mus rau thorium zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li thaum qhov tseeb kev tshawb fawb thiab kev xam los ntawm physicists ntawm lub Tomsk Polytechnic University, theoretical xam ntawm lub hauv paus, qhia tau hais tias ib tug evolutionary hloov mus rau thorium zog yog ua tau nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub teeb. - dej reactors. Ntawd yog, tsis yog kev hloov pauv tam sim ntawd, tab sis maj mam hloov pauv ntawm cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub teeb-dej reactors uas twb muaj lawm nrog ib feem hloov ntawm cov tub ntxhais los ntawm cov roj uranium mus rau thorium.

Ua ntej dai cov nyiaj muas noj uas qhov no yog qhov tsis zoo, thiab qhov no yog qhov zoo, koj yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev lag luam tiag tiag. Cia peb hais tias peb ua ob peb lub roj rods thiab khiav nws tag nrho ntawm cov rooj zaum zaum. Tshem tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm nuclear physics. Kev tshawb fawb ntau yuav tsum tau ua, thiab mus sij hawm ntev. Thiab qhov ntxiv peb ncua, sib cav tias nws nyuaj thiab nyuaj, qhov ntau peb yuav lag qab hauv kev txhim kho. Koj yuav tsum ua txhua yam raws sijhawm. Ib zaug, Sredmash tau koom nrog qhov no, tau txais cov hlau thorium ntawm peb cov lag luam, thiab cov thev naus laus zis no muaj. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsa cov kev paub qub, cov ntaub ntawv qub, tej zaum lawv txhua tus khaws cia hauv cov ntaub ntawv, thiab cov kws tshaj lij yuav pom nws. Muab rau hauv tus account dab tsi tau ua tiav thiab cov cib fim tshiab, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua txhua yam no mus ntxiv.

Ib co thorium deposits nyob rau hauv Russia:

• Tugan thiab Georgievskoe (Tomsk cheeb tsam)

• Ordynskoe (Novosibirsk cheeb tsam)

• Lovozerskoe thiab Khibinskoe (Murmansk cheeb tsam)

• Ulug-Tanzekskoe (Republic of Tyva)

• Kiyskoe (Krasnoyarsk Territory)

• Tarskoe (Omsk cheeb tsam)

• Tomtorskoe (Yakutia)

Thorium rau Arctic thiab dhau mus

Muaj qhov xav tau loj heev rau serial mobile thiab chaw nres tsheb fais fab nroj tsuag ntawm ultra-low thiab qis zog (los ntawm 1 mus rau 20 MW), uas tuaj yeem siv los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cua sov hauv kev tsim kho ntawm thaj chaw sab qaum teb, kev txhim kho cov nyiaj tso tawm tshiab muaj., nrog rau kev muab hluav taws xob rau cov tub rog nyob deb nroog. Cov kev teeb tsa no yuav tsum muaj lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev npaum li qhov ua tau yam tsis muaj roj nuclear, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm yuav tsum tsis txhob khaws plutonium, lawv yuav tsum yooj yim los tswj. Lawv tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv lub voj voog uranium-plutonium, vim tias plutonium accumulates thaum nws siv. Hauv qhov no, kev cog lus lwm txoj rau uranium yog kev siv thorium.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm lub zog hauv Arctic yog qhov teeb meem thib ib. Thiab qhov no yuav tsum tau daws kom meej meej. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv Zhodino, peb cov phooj ywg Belarusian nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no loj tshaj plaws BelAZ, nrog ib tug nqa peev xwm ntawm 450 tons. Yuav kom qhov no "BelAZ" ua hauj lwm ib txwm, tag nrho nws wheelsets yog tsav nyias, muaj ib tug cais cav rau txhua lub log. Tab sis txhawm rau kom tau txais hluav taws xob, muaj ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob loj loj uas tsav lub tshuab hluav taws xob, lawv faib txhua yam rau cov tshuab hluav taws xob no. Cia peb ua ib qho me me thorium reactor, thiab nws tsis tas yuav raug ntsia ncaj qha rau ntawm BelAZ no. Koj tuaj yeem ua cov kev xaiv sib txawv. Piv txwv li, nws yuav ua tau zoo heev los siv cov thorium reactors qis rau hydrogen ntau lawm. Thiab hloov tag nrho cov cav rau hydrogen. Hauv qhov no, peb theoretically tau txais daim duab ci ntsa iab, vim tias thaum peb hlawv hydrogen, peb tau txais dej. Lub zog "ntsuab" kiag li txhua tus npau suav ntawm. Los yog peb yuav ua nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag raws li lub hwj chim reactors tsawg. Nrog rau kev txhim kho ntxiv thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm Arctic, mobile reactors hauv zos, reactor installation ntawm lub hwj chim qis yuav muab, los ntawm kuv qhov kev xav, kev lag luam vwm hauv lub tebchaws. Tsuas yog vwm xwb. Lawv yuav tsum tau raws nraim mobile, hauv zos, mobile. Thiab kuv xav tias nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj heev los ua cov reactors ntawm lub hwj chim qis ntawm thorium nrog lub sijhawm refueling ntawm kaum xyoo lossis ntau dua hauv Arctic. Yog lawm, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom lub zog qis reactors siv cov thev naus laus zis uas twb muaj lawm: cia peb nqa cov reactors uas peb muaj nyob rau hauv cov tub rog, ntawm submarines, thiab nuclear-powered ships. Wb muab tso rau. Cia peb pib siv. Txhua yam no ua tau. Tab sis cov teeb meem hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab kev tshem tawm, thauj khoom, tshem tawm thiab tshem tawm hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav ntawm sab qaum teb latitudes yuav nyuaj heev rau kev siv hom kev teeb tsa no.

Lwm qhov piv txwv. Nyob rau hauv lub loj Yakut quarries ntawm Alrosa, nyob rau hauv lub mining subdivisions ntawm Lebedinsky GOK, thaum extracting hlau ore, peb siv hnyav-lub luag hauj lwm BelAZ los yog kab ntsig, thiab muaj ib tug loj teeb meem ntawm airing lub quarries los ntawm pa emissions thiab tom qab loj heev tawg tawg. ore. Dab tsi yog siv? Mus txog rau lub dav hlau nyoob hoom qav taub xyaw, tab sis lawv kuj khiav ntawm fossil roj, kerosene, thiab lwm yam, nyob rau hauv lem, thib ob muaj kuab paug ntawm cov chaw txua txiag zeb tshwm sim. Thaum hloov mus rau cov tsheb nrog thorium-raws li reactors, tsis tas yuav tsum tau ua kom cua qhib lub qhov, roj thiab roj cov khoom lag luam tsis xav tau, thiab lwm yam.

Nws yog ib qho kev poob siab rau kuv thaum Russia, tus thawj tswj hwm kev cai lij choj ntawm Soviet Union, tsis tuaj yeem muab nws txoj kev lag luam nuclear nrog cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, uranium raw khoom. Kuv tsis nkag siab qhov no, tab sis kuv tau coj los rau hauv ib lub tsev kawm qub thiab tsis ua haujlwm nyob qhov twg tsuas yog Sredmash. Nws tsis muaj lus tso dag, qee lub sijhawm dhau los, txiav txim los ntawm cov chaw haujlwm ntawm Rosatom, peb raug yuam kom yuav cov khoom siv raw hauv Australia.

Lavxias teb sab tuam txhab, lawv hais tias, yog unprofitable, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, yog vim li cas zoo xws li cov lag luam nyob rau hauv Ukraine, qhov twg kuj underground mining thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm hlau nyob rau hauv ore zoo li peb, yog profitable? Tej zaum, qhov kev xav tau tau los, lub xeev yuav tsum muaj lub xeev reserves ntawm cov khoom siv tswv yim rau kev loj hlob ntawm nuclear zog, nrog rau kev lag luam feem ntau. Noj mus rau hauv tus account xws li tricks uas tau tshwm sim (kev rau txim, thiab lwm yam), nyob rau hauv txhua lub sij hawm peb yuav muab tso rau hauv ib tug heev, heev tsis xis nyob, nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm.

Qhov twg nws yog hais txog cov teeb meem ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, hais txog kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub xeev, tsis tsuas yog los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm kev muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv, lub xeev kev ruaj ntseg yog ib tug capacious thiab loj lub tswv yim, thiab nws tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog riam phom. Cov no yog cov khoom noj thiab lwm yam khoom siv tswv yim.

Lub tsev hauv paus ntawm cov kws tshuaj ntsuam thiab cov kws tshaj lij nyob qhov twg?

Nws zoo li kuv hais tias nyob rau hauv ib lub ministry yuav tsum muaj ib hom ntawm lub hauv paus chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kws tshuaj ntsuam, advisers, grey cardinals, yog hais tias koj nyiam, hu rau lawv txawm koj nyiam, leej twg yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cais cov nplej los ntawm chaff, defining. txoj kev loj hlob zoo. Hmoov tsis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog niaj hnub no, kev txiav txim siab feem ntau ua tsis muaj kev tshuaj xyuas kom raug. Kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev lag luam yuav tsum tau koom nrog hauv kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev npaj tswv yim, kom nkag siab meej txog qhov kev coj ua ntawm kev lag luam yuav txhim kho ntxiv. Thiab qhov no yuav tsum yog raws li kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb.

Cov xov xwm tsis zoo yog tias peb yeej tsis nco qab txog lub tswv yim ntawm "cov hlau tseem ceeb", hais txog qhov xav tau rau kev tsim kho ntawm kev lag luam nuclear, rau nws txoj haujlwm tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam. Hauv kuv qhov kev nkag siab, yttrium, beryllium, lithium yog qhov xav tau tsis zoo, ib pawg hnyav nruab nrab yog qhov xav tau - cov no yog neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium. Cov ntsiab lus no xav tau tiag tiag rau 5-10-15 xyoo tom ntej. Yog lawm, peb tau txiav txim siab tias peb xav tau cov ntsiab lus no. Kuv yuav nug ib lo lus nug yooj yim: cov thawj coj ntawm cov txiv neej, cov kws tshaj lij cov kws tshaj lij, peb tau txais cov ntsiab lus no. Peb yuav ua li cas nrog lawv? Peb puas muaj kev lag luam theem nrab npaj ua cov khoom lag luam los ntawm cov ntsiab lus no? Leej twg yuav ua yog tias muaj cov lag luam no? Ua ntej, lawv tuaj yeem qhia peb tias yog, peb tsim cov qauv. Lo lus nug txawv. Koj puas tau ua tej yam uas muaj kev sib tw? Cov khoom no yog Lavxias teb sab thiab nws puas yuav yog cov khoom lag luam uas zoo dua hauv nws cov yam ntxwv dua li German, thiab lwm yam? Nws zoo li TV. Rau koj, raws li ib tug neeg siv khoom, peb yuav muab ib tug Lavxias teb sab TV teeb thiab Japanese TV teeb. Kuv paub tseeb tias koj yuav yuav Japanese. Qhov ntawd yog lo lus nug - yog kev lag luam npaj siv lub ntiaj teb tsawg kom raug thiab nyob rau hauv txoj cai. Peb puas tau npaj ua cov khoom sib tw tawm ntawm lawv lossis peb puas tau tsim cov ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj muag rau hauv kev ua lag luam? Tuam Tshoj nrog peb lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj yuav tsis cia peb mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam. Muaj ib qho nyuaj ntawm cov teeb meem uas peb yuav tsum daws txhua yam, tab sis peb tsuas yog tshaj tawm.

Tab sis qhov phem dua yog kev laus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, lub peev xwm hauv kev ua haujlwm, hauv lub koom haum hauv lub xeev. Thiab qhov no, hmoov tsis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm sim hauv cov khoom siv raw khoom faib. Thiab cov khoom siv raw khoom faib yog cov caj qaum. Yog tias koj tsis muaj cov khoom siv raw, ces yuav tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi los ntawm. Hlau tuaj yeem tsim tau, tab sis yuav ua li cas cov hlau tuaj yeem noj tau? Peb tsis tau hais tias tsis muaj nuj nqis uas peb yuav tsum xav thiab xav txog ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv raw, suav nrog thorium. Nrog rau qhov no, ib tus yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog uranium, ib qho yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog cov khoom khaws cia (natural Cheebtsam 238 hauv ntau hom). Tag nrho cov no yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaim tsom, muaj peev xwm, ib txwm, grounded ya, nyob rau hauv txawv versions. Koj tsis tuaj yeem xa tus neeg kawm tiav Harvard mus rau kuv lub tsev, lossis tus kws lij choj mus rau lub rooj cob qhia metallurgical. Lawv yuav tsis mus qhov ntawd. Thiab leej twg cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij tam sim no? Hauv Urals, muaj tag nrho kev lag luam ncaj qha ntsig txog Ministry of Medium Machine Building, chemical engineering. Cov tshuaj muaj zog tshaj plaws engineering nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub Urals.

Qhov zoo ntawm kev siv thorium:

+ Kev khwv tau. Thorium xav tau ib nrab ntau npaum li uranium los tsim tib lub zog.

+ Kev nyab xeeb. Thorium-fueled nuclear reactors muaj kev nyab xeeb dua li uranium-fueled reactors vim hais tias thorium reactors tsis muaj reactivity margin. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom siv reactor muaj peev xwm ua rau tsis muaj kev tswj xyuas cov saw hlau.

+ Yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm thorium, nws muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug reactor uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau refueling.

Peb qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev siv thorium:

- Thorium yog cov khoom tawg ua ke uas tsis tsim nws cov ore thiab deposits, nws cov extraction yog kim dua uranium.

- Qhib monazite (ib qho ntxhia uas muaj thorium) yog txheej txheem ntau dua li qhib cov uranium ore ntau.

- Tsis muaj kev tsim technology zoo.

Nws yog ib qho paradoxical - niaj hnub no tsis muaj tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv tebchaws Russia cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij hauv chemical engineering. Thiab yuav ua li cas cov cuab yeej yuav tsim nyob rau hauv dav dav yam tsis muaj cov kws tshaj lij? Cov laus yuav ncaim mus. Nqa ib tug qauv rau VNIIKhT tam sim no, tsis muaj leej twg txiav nws. Yog tias kuv yuam kev, sau tias Valery Konstantinovich yuam kev. Qhov no yuav yog qhov tseeb thiab raug. Ntawm no peb qhia rau koj tias xws li thiab xws li ib lub tsev kawm ntawv npaj. Kuv tsuas yog yuav zoo siab tias kuv tau yuam kev, zoo siab tiag tiag. Kuv hais qhov no los ntawm tus kheej kev paub. Tsis ntev los no kuv tau nyob hauv Urals thiab ntsib nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam no, cov no yog lawv cov lus. Lawv hais rau kuv tias: "Hauv tsib xyoos, koj tuaj yeem hnov qab tias muaj kev lag luam xws li chemical engineering hauv Russia."Cov no yog cov neeg uas muaj kev paub dhau los hauv kev tsim thiab tsim cov khoom siv rau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg: cov tshuab ziab khaub ncaws tshwj xeeb, qhov cub tshwj xeeb, chav nyob rau decomposition, rau cov tshuaj decomposition. Qhov no yog ib ceg tshwj xeeb ntawm thev naus laus zis uas cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm nrog cov kua qaub, nyob rau hauv cov cua sov, ntawm cov hlab ntsha siab.

Lwm qhov twg yog thorium siv?

1 Thorium oxide yog siv los tsim cov refractory ceramics.

2 Hlau thorium yog siv rau alloying lub teeb alloys, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog dav siv nyob rau hauv aviation thiab foob pob ua ntxaij tshuab.

3 Multicomponent magnesium-raws li alloys uas muaj thorium yog siv rau qhov chaw ntawm lub dav hlau cav, coj projectiles, hluav taws xob thiab radar khoom.

4 Thorium yog siv los ua catalyst nyob rau hauv cov organic synthesis, roj tawg, synthesis ntawm kua roj los ntawm cov thee, thiab hydrogenation ntawm hydrocarbons.

5 Thorium yog siv los ua cov khoom siv electrode rau qee yam ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev.

Vim li cas koj thiaj xav tau tus thawj coj?

Kuv yog tus thawj coj ntawm peb lub tuam txhab loj tshaj plaws ntawm Sredmash. Kuv zoo siab rau qhov no thiab kuv paub tias kev sib raug zoo tau tsim los ntawm kuv li cas, ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam txhab, tus thawj coj ntawm pawg thawj coj saib xyuas thiab tus thawj coj. Kuv tau txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov nyiaj txiag thiab kev txawj ntse uas kuv muaj. Thiab kuv tau lav ris rau qhov no. Peb tau txiav txim siab, peb khiav kev xeem. Kev ncaj ncees? Yog lawm. Tab sis peb tau ua nws. Tom qab ntawd, raws li tag nrho cov no, peb tau tsim nyog thiab ua pov thawj qhov xav tau rau cov kev txiav txim siab li no. Peb yuav tsum ua qhov no, peb yuav tsum tau siv nws, nws yog nyob rau hauv lub logic ntawm kev lag luam txoj kev loj hlob, nws yog tsim nyog, thiab hais txog. Tam sim no txhua tus tab tom tos pab pawg los ntawm Moscow, peb yuav ua li cas?

Txhua qhov system ntawm kev sib raug zoo, ib qho system hauv kev lag luam, hauv kev lag luam hauv teb chaws thiab lwm qhov chaw - qhov no yog kev ntseeg siab. Yog tias koj tso tus thawj coj, ces a) txhais tau hais tias koj tso siab rau nws, b) yog tias koj tso siab rau nws, koj muab ib lub tswv yim rau nws dawb ntab. Tab sis tus thawj coj, tus thawj coj, uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim khoom, rau tib neeg, kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb, kev ua tiav ntawm txoj kev npaj, rau ib lab ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm, tsis tuaj yeem hu xov tooj los ntawm Moscow thiab cem: "Tsis txhob ua li ntawd, tsis txhob ua li ntawd. 'tsis saib ntawm no, tsis txhob mus qhov ntawd." Yog tias muaj qee yam tshwm sim hauv kev tsim khoom, tus thawj coj yuav yog lub luag haujlwm, thiab tsis yog tus uas rub nws los ntawm Moscow. Tam sim no tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam txhab, thov zam txim rau kuv, tsis tuaj yeem yuav ib lub xab npum. Txhua yam mus dhau Moscow, los ntawm kev sib tw. Tab sis yog tias muaj, vim li cas koj thiaj xav tau tus thawj coj? Tshem nws thiab txib los ntawm Moscow yam yuav tsum tau ua.

Nws yog ib lo lus nug ntawm lub sij hawm

Cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau koom tes nrog cov tshuab hluav taws xob ceev ceev tau pom tseeb tias qhov kev pib ua haujlwm tiag tiag yog teem rau xyoo 2030. Ua ntej, tsis muaj leej twg npaj dab tsi. Muaj ntau yam teeb meem. Molten lead yog corrosive kua. Kev khiav dej num ntawm cov hlau lead hauv cov raj cua txias yog cov lus nug ntawm cov lus nug: dab tsi tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam, dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem ciam teb, kev hloov pauv loj npaum li cas thiab kev hloov pauv kub, cov lus nug, cov lus nug, cov lus nug. Qhov tseeb yog tias ciam teb cov txheej txheem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev muaj zog, muaj cov coefficients sib txawv ntawm huab hwm coj hloov pauv, hloov hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Cov hmoov txhuas yuav tsum muaj qee yam zoo, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa oxygen. Muaj ntau lo lus nug. Puas muaj cov lus teb rau cov lus nug no? Tsis paub. Peb xav tau cov lej, suav.

Raws li rau thorium, nws tag nrho nyob ntawm seb peb npaj nws li cas, peb npaj nws li cas, hom kev thauj khoom twg thiab leej twg yuav tswj xyuas qhov project. Yog tias peb muaj peev xwm ua tau qhov no muaj peev xwm, peb yuav xaiv cov kws tshaj lij uas mob siab rau lub tswv yim ntawm thorium zog, peb yuav faib nyiaj, ib qho kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb reactor tsuas yog rau cov hom phiaj no, nrog rau cov roj ntau lawm, Kuv xav tias peb yuav ua tau raws li cov tswv yim. ua rau lub sijhawm luv luv, raws li nws tau nyob hauv plaub caug thiab tsib caug … Cov chaw soj nstuam twb tau ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev ntawm lub hauv paus, ntawm kev ua ntawm monazite nrog kev xaiv tso tawm ntawm thorium thiab tsim cov av tsawg. Txhua yam uas tau ua ua ntej yuav tsum tau muab sau ua ke, txheeb xyuas, thiab coj los ua ke nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm pawg neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov thorium zog. Thiab ua haujlwm.