Cov neeg ua yeeb yam thoob ntiaj teb kev dag ntxias

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-07 16:26

Qee lub sij hawm, saib cov frescoes, kos duab, mosaics, engravings, "Medieval" cov phau ntawv, cov cim thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv muab los ua cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm kom paub meej qhov tseeb ntawm keeb kwm, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tshem tawm qhov kev xav tias cov no yog qee yam ntawm cov menyuam yaus kos duab, los yog kos duab ntawm novice artists. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog ib txwm muaj.

Piv txwv li, paintings los ntawm Ruinist paintings ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, xws li cov Pyrenees. Nyob rau hauv xws li paintings, antique ruins tau pleev xim rau nrog paintings ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws zoo, yuav luag photographic zoo, nrog raug superimposed xim. Cov pej thuam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tseem muaj nyob rau hauv cov tsev cia puav pheej hauv ntau lub nroog. Cov duab kos duab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau nqis los rau peb hauv ntau tus lej, tab sis lawv tseem muaj.

Yog li vim li cas cov haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thaum peb kev vam meej mus txog qib no tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, thiab cov haujlwm ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab tsis txawv ntawm kev kos duab txhua yam. Thiab tag nrho cov kev txhawj xeeb no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab cov duab kos rau lawv, uas tam sim no tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev kawm keeb kwm niaj hnub no.

Raws li Oleg Pavlyuchenko, tus sau ntawm YouTube channel AISPIK, keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog yog ib qho thiab tib lub sijhawm, uas tau xaus rau hauv kev puas tsuaj thoob ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv 17th - 18th centuries, thiab nyob rau lub ruins ntawm no civilization los ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev tseem tshuav, ua dej nyab nruab nrab. Nws yog assumed tias theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm no civilization yog ho siab. Tab sis qhov kev vam meej no muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv thiab raug puas tsuaj los ntawm dej nyab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Thiab cov neeg sawv cev tseem muaj sia nyob tau tsim peb txoj kev vam meej tam sim no.

Txhua txoj kev vam meej uas muaj sia nyob hauv cov saw hlau no tau sim tshem tawm lub hnab ntim ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm uas tau nyob hauv kev vam meej yav dhau los txhawm rau txhawm rau lees paub lawv cov lus thov rau lub hwj chim thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub xeev cov qauv ntawm yav dhau los lub ntiaj teb metropolis thiab, feem ntau, hais txog lub ntiaj teb txoj cai thiab kev cai raug puas tsuaj.

Nyob rau hauv 1828, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Nicholas I, ib tug archaeographic ntoj ke mus kawm tau tsim, uas tau entrusted nrog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm sau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm. Cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg tau luam tawm los ntawm 1841 txog 1863, tom qab ntawd 10 ntim tau luam tawm, tom qab ntawd cov ntawv luam tawm raug ncua rau 22 xyoo. Tom ntej no 10 ntim tau luam tawm los ntawm 1885 txog 1914 los ntawm 14 txog 23, nrog 10 raug hloov vim qee yam. Volume 24 tsuas yog luam tawm xyoo 1929, thiab txij li xyoo 1949 ntim 25-43 tau pib luam tawm. Qhov no yog hu ua sau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab chronicles. Cais, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg rau thawj lub sijhawm ntawm kev tshaj tawm los ntawm 1841 txog 1863, thaum thawj 10 phau ntawv tau luam tawm. Raws li Oleg Pavlyuchenko, cov keeb kwm tau luam tawm, npaj los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Miller, Schletzer thiab Bayer, raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, qhov no yog nyob rau hauv 30-60s ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th.

Tom qab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Miller, Schletzer thiab Bayer thiab European falsifiers, lub sijhawm los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog qhov tseeb, lawv tau ua tag nrho lawv txoj haujlwm qias neeg, thawb txhua yam xwm txheej keeb kwm sib nrug, tshem tawm tag nrho lub sijhawm, xa cov sijhawm ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. mus rau hauv antiquity.

Txawm tias thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Peter I, tag nrho cov phau ntawv tau sau los ntawm thoob plaws hauv Russia, yuav luag ntawm kev mob ntawm kev tuag, thiab lawv raug xa los ntawm lub laub mus rau St. Cov neeg German rov sau qee phau ntawv los ntawm txhais tes, txhais los ntawm Cov Laus Laus rau hauv German, thiab qee qhov, piv txwv li, zoo li Radziwill Chronicle, zoo li ua lus Lavxias, tab sis lub ntsiab lus tau hloov pauv hauv lawv cov kev nyiam Norman. Ib feem tau sau dua tshiab, qhov seem raug rhuav tshem.

Lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm kev tshaj tawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm yog los ntawm 1885 txog 1914, thaum 10 - 23 ntim tau luam tawm. Qhov no yog feem ntau ntawm forged ancient chronicles, cov ntaub ntawv, decrees, ntawv thiab txhua yam uas yog ua tau.

Cia peb xav txog cov ntaub ntawv uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th thiab luam tawm los ntawm 1841 txog 1863.

• Nesterov lis. Nws tau txhais los ntawm Yazykov los ntawm German thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.

• Laurentian lis. Pom tau los ntawm Musin - Pushkin thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.
• Lub Pskov Chronicle. Tshaj tawm los ntawm Pogodin hauv 1837 hauv peb daim ntawv luam. Tus so tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1851 nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sau ntawm chronicles.
• Radziwill lis. Tus thawj tau txais nyob rau hauv 1760 los ntawm Prussia ntawm Königsberg. Qhov no yog kev ua haujlwm dawb huv ntawm Miller, Schletzer thiab Bayer. Ua ntej ntawd, zoo li ib daim ntawv luam tawm rau Peter I
• Lub ntsej muag annalistic set. Txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, nws tau koom nrog Zosima, qee yam ntawm Greek nobleman thiab tub lag luam. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, zoo li, thiab tau txais mus rau hauv scientific ncig. Txawm hais tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws hauv 1786, thaum nws raug xa mus los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv luam ntawv mus rau lub tsev qiv ntawv synodal.
• Kiev Chronicle, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1908, thiab lub Chronicle ntawm North-Eastern Russia, raws li kho los ntawm Kostomarov nyob rau hauv lub 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, yog cov ntshiab remakes ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19.

Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov tiav los yog tshiab tshiab annals, lurid drawings, scribbles, raws li zoo raws li fake "ncient" maps nrog distorted banks thiab ciam teb, uas yog hnub tim XIV-XVII centuries, tshwm sim.

Ib tug tau txais kev xav tias tus uas kos cov ntawv teev lus no tsis tuaj yeem hloov kho zoo los ntawm tus qauv dag nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws thiab distorted txhua yam. Qhov no qhia tias cov neeg uas rov kos duab kos duab tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog daim duab kos duab. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm amateurs.

Vim li cas cov neeg dag ntxias muaj txoj hauv kev - cov duab tsis tau kos los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, cov duab kos tsis tau tsim los ntawm cov kws kos duab kos duab, thiab tag nrho cov ntawv tau raug txhais tsis yog los ntawm cov kws txhais lus, txawm hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ntawm thawj qhov kev dag ntxias, qib tiag tiag. kev vam meej heev.

Leej twg yog tus ua txhaum ntawm kev dag ntxias? Lawv muaj qee qhov kev mob siab rau hauv kev rov tsim cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntau, nrog rau qhov ntsuas ntawm lawv qhov kev ua. Qhov ntsuas no tau npog yuav luag tag nrho lub ntiaj teb. Lawv tau koom nrog redrawing nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, thiab nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, txawm nyob rau hauv Central Asia thiab Iran. Cov neeg no yog leej twg?

Vaj tswv! Xav txog lub zej zog kaw uas muaj qee lub peev xwm rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev mob siab rau, nws yooj yim teeb tsa, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qub yog khaws cia los ntawm zej zog. Cov txheej txheem no koom nrog cov monasteries ntawm txhua qhov kev cog lus. Muaj tseeb tiag, Muslims thiab Protestants tsis muaj monasteries. Tab sis ntawm cov Muslims, qhov no yog ua los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm madrassas, thiab Protestants, raws li ideologists ntawm capitalism, zoo tau yuam kom nws nyob rau sab ntawm tib Catholics.

Cov hauj sam, tsis yog cov kws kos duab thiab kos duab, tab sis muaj kev mob siab rau thiab ntau lub sij hawm dawb, scrupulously luam cov phau ntawv qub qub los ntawm tes. Cov xibhwb kuj tsis txhais cov phau ntawv txawj ntse. Txhais los ntawm Laus Lavxias teb sab mus rau German, rau hauv Latin, mus rau hauv tshiab los yog ancient Greek, cov hauj sam uas tsis paub cov lus redrawn thiab rewrote phau ntawv, siv xwb dictionaries.

Cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog: