Soviet computer technology. Zaj dab neeg ntawm take-off thiab oblivion

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ua kom tiav thiab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev txhim kho ntawm Soviet electronics. Yog vim li cas Soviet electronics nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ho tseem ceeb tshaj txawv teb chaws "hardware"? Tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias twg tau ua tus paub txog Soviet kev paub hauv Intel's microprocessors?

Muaj pes tsawg tus xub tseem ceeb tau raug rho tawm haujlwm nyob rau xyoo tas los no ntawm lub xeev ntawm peb cov cuab yeej siv computer! Thiab hais tias nws tsis muaj kev cia siab rov qab los (nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nws yuav tsum tau hais txog "kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev npaj kev lag luam"), thiab nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los tsim nws tam sim no, vim tias "peb nyob mus ib txhis." Thiab nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua txhua rooj plaub, lub laj thawj yuav tau nrog rau qhov xaus hais tias "Western technology yeej ib txwm zoo dua", hais tias "Lavxias teb sab computers tsis paub yuav ua li cas" …

Feem ntau, kev thuam Soviet computers, kev saib xyuas yog tsom rau lawv qhov tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab, kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, thiab tsis muaj peev xwm. Yog lawm, ntau tus "kev paub" programmers tej zaum yuav nco ntsoov cov "ES-ki" "hanging" kawg ntawm 70s thiab 80s, lawv tuaj yeem tham txog yuav ua li cas cov "Sparks", "Agatha", "Robotrons" zoo li, "Electronics" tawm tsam. keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm IBM PCs uas nyuam qhuav pib tshwm sim hauv Union (tsis yog cov qauv tshiab) nyob rau hauv lub lig 80s - thaum ntxov 90s, hais tias xws li kev sib piv tsis xaus rau hauv kev nyiam ntawm domestic computers. Thiab qhov no yog li ntawd - cov qauv no yeej tsis zoo rau lawv cov Western counterparts hauv lawv cov yam ntxwv.

Tab sis cov npe teev npe ntawm cov khoos phis tawj no tsis yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev tsim kho hauv tsev, txawm hais tias lawv tau nthuav dav tshaj plaws. Thiab qhov tseeb, Soviet electronics tsis tsuas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, tab sis tej zaum outstripped ib tug zoo xws li Western kev lag luam!

Tab sis yog vim li cas, ces, tam sim no peb siv tshwj xeeb txawv teb chaws "hardware", thiab nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, txawm lub nyuaj-yeej computer computer zoo li ib tug heap ntawm hlau piv rau nws Western counterpart? Puas yog cov lus hais txog qhov zoo tshaj ntawm Soviet electronics tsis muaj tseeb?

Tsis yog, tsis yog! Vim li cas? Cov lus teb yog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no.

Peb txiv lub koob meej

Cov nom tswv "hnub yug" ntawm Soviet computer technology yuav tsum tau xav txog qhov kawg ntawm 1948. Nws yog ces hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug zais cia chaw kuaj mob nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Feofaniya ze Kiev, nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Sergei Aleksandrovich Lebedev (thaum lub sij hawm - tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum ntawm hluav taws xob Engineering ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm Ukraine thiab kuj lub taub hau ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm lub Laboratory. Lub koom haum ntawm Precise Mechanics thiab Computing Technology ntawm Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR), ua hauj lwm pib ntawm kev tsim ib tug me me hluav taws xob suav tshuab (MESM) …

Lebedev muab tso rau pem hauv ntej, ua kom pom tseeb thiab siv tau (ywj siab ntawm John von Neumann) cov ntsiab cai ntawm lub khoos phis tawj nrog ib qho program khaws cia hauv lub cim xeeb.

Hauv nws lub tshuab thawj zaug, Lebedev tau siv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim lub computer, xws li:

muaj cov khoom siv lej lej, nco, nkag / tawm thiab tswj cov khoom siv;

coding thiab khaws cia ib qho kev pab cuam hauv nco zoo li cov lej;

binary tooj system rau encoding tus lej thiab cov lus txib;

tsis siv neeg ua tiav ntawm kev xam raws li qhov kev zov me nyuam khaws cia;

lub xub ntiag ntawm ob qho tib si arithmetic thiab logic ua haujlwm;

lub hauv paus ntsiab lus hierarchical ntawm lub tsev nco;

siv cov txheej txheem lej los siv cov lej.

Kev tsim, kev teeb tsa thiab kev debugging ntawm MESM tau ua tiav hauv lub sijhawm sau tseg (kwv yees li 2 xyoos) thiab tsuas yog ua los ntawm 17 tus neeg (12 tus kws tshawb fawb thiab 5 tus kws tshaj lij). Kev sim khiav ntawm lub tshuab MESM tau tshwm sim rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 6, 1950, thiab ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 25, 1951.

Xyoo 1953, ib pab neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm SA Lebedev tau tsim thawj lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb - BESM-1 (los ntawm Lub Tshuab Hluav Taws Xob Loj), tso tawm hauv ib daim qauv. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow, nyob rau ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Precision Mechanics (abbreviated li ITM) thiab lub Computer Center ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR, tus thawj coj ntawm uas yog SA Lebedev, thiab tau sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv Moscow cog ntawm xam thiab tshuaj ntsuam. Machines (abbreviated li CAM).

Tom qab BESM-1 RAM tau nruab nrog lub hauv paus txhim kho, nws qhov kev ua tau zoo mus txog 10,000 kev ua haujlwm ib ob - nyob rau theem ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Xyoo 1958, tom qab lwm qhov kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm RAM, BESM, uas twb tau txais lub npe BESM-2, tau npaj rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ib qho ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm Union, uas tau ua nyob rau hauv ntau lub kaum os.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Moscow Cheeb Tsam Tshwj Xeeb Design Bureau No. 245, uas yog tus thawj coj los ntawm MA. A. Lesechko, kuj tau tsim nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1948 los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm I. V. Stalin. Xyoo 1950-1953 pab neeg ntawm no tsim bureau, tab sis twb nyob rau hauv cov thawj coj ntawm Bazilevsky Yu. Ya. tsim lub hom phiaj dav dav digital computer "Strela" nrog kev ceev ntawm 2 txhiab ua haujlwm ib ob. Lub tsheb no tau tsim los txog rau xyoo 1956, thiab tag nrho ntawm 7 daim ntawv luam tawm. Yog li, "Strela" yog thawj lub tshuab computer - MESM, BESM muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd hauv ib daim ntawv xwb.

Feem ntau, qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1948 yog lub sijhawm ua tau zoo heev rau cov neeg tsim ntawm thawj Soviet computers. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias ob lub computers uas tau hais los saum toj no yog cov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, dua, nyob rau hauv parallel nrog lawv, lwm ceg ntawm lub Soviet computer kev lag luam tsim - M-1, "Automatic digital computing machine", uas yog coj los ntawm IS. Brook.

M-1 tau tsim nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1951 - ib txhij nrog MESM thiab yuav luag ob xyoos yog tib lub khoos phis tawj ua haujlwm hauv USSR (MESM yog thaj chaw nyob hauv Ukraine, ze Kiev).

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ceev ntawm M-1 tau dhau los ua qhov qis heev - tsuas yog 20 kev ua haujlwm ib ob, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev tshawb fawb nuclear ntawm lub koom haum IV Kurchatov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, M-1 tau siv ntau qhov chaw - tsuas yog 9 square metres (piv nrog 100 square metres rau BESM-1) thiab siv zog tsawg dua li Lebedev lub hlwb. M-1 tau dhau los ua poj koob yawm txwv ntawm tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawm "cov khoos phis tawj me", uas nws tus tsim yog Brook yog tus txhawb nqa. Xws li cov cav tov, raws li Brook, yuav tsum tau npaj rau cov chaw tsim khoom me me thiab cov koom haum tshawb fawb uas tsis muaj txoj hauv kev thiab thaj chaw los yuav cov tshuab ntawm hom BESM.

Tsis ntev M-1 tau txhim kho tiag tiag, thiab nws qhov kev ua tau zoo mus txog qib "Strela" - 2 txhiab kev ua haujlwm ib ob, tib lub sijhawm, qhov loj thiab lub zog siv tau nce me ntsis. Lub tsheb tshiab tau txais lub npe ntuj M-2 thiab tau muab tso rau hauv 1953. Hais txog tus nqi, qhov loj me thiab kev ua haujlwm, M-2 tau dhau los ua lub khoos phis tawj zoo tshaj plaws hauv Union. Nws yog M-2 uas yeej thawj qhov kev sib tw chess thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov khoos phis tawj.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, xyoo 1953, cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev suav rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub teb chaws kev tiv thaiv, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam hauv lub tebchaws tuaj yeem daws tau ntawm peb hom computers - BESM, Strela thiab M-2. Tag nrho cov computers no yog thawj tiam computers. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus - cov raj hluav taws xob - txiav txim siab lawv qhov loj me, kev siv hluav taws xob tseem ceeb, tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab, vim li ntawd, cov khoom me me thiab lub voj voog nqaim ntawm cov neeg siv, feem ntau yog los ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb. Nyob rau hauv xws li cov cav tov, muaj xyaum tsis muaj txhais tau tias ntawm combining cov hauj lwm ntawm cov kev pab cuam raug tua thiab parallelizing lub lag luam ntawm ntau yam khoom siv; cov lus txib raug tua ib qho tom qab, ALU ("arithmetic-logic device", ib chav tsev uas ncaj qha ua cov ntaub ntawv hloov dua siab tshiab) tsis ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pauv nrog cov khoom siv sab nraud, cov txheej txheem tau txwv heev. Qhov ntim ntawm BESM-2 RAM, piv txwv li, yog 2048 39-ntsis lo lus; sib nqus nruas thiab sib nqus daim kab xev drives tau siv los ua lub cim xeeb sab nraud.

Setun yog thawj zaug thiab tib lub computer ternary hauv ntiaj teb. Moscow State University. LUB USSR.

Manufacturing cog: Kazan Cog ntawm Mathematical Machinery ntawm USSR Ministry of Radio Industry. Cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov ntsiab lus logic yog Astrakhan cog ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm USSR Ministry of Radio Industry. Cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov nruas sib nqus yog Penza Computer Plant ntawm USSR Ministry of Radio Industry. Cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov tshuab luam ntawv yog Moscow cog ntawm Typewriters ntawm USSR Ministry of Instrument Industry.

Ua tiav xyoo ntawm kev txhim kho: 1959.

Xyoo pib ntawm kev tsim khoom: 1961.

Kev tsim tawm: 1965.

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov tsheb tsim: 50.

Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, "Setun" tsis muaj analogues, tab sis keeb kwm nws tshwm sim hais tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv mus rau lub ntsiab ntawm binary logic.

Tab sis tom ntej no txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lebedev yog ntau tsim - lub M-20 computers, lub serial ntau lawm uas pib nyob rau hauv 1959.

Tus naj npawb 20 hauv lub npe txhais tau hais tias kev ua haujlwm siab - 20 txhiab kev ua haujlwm ib ob, tus nqi ntawm RAM ob zaug dhau ntawm OP BESM, qee qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov lus txib tau raug pom zoo. Lub sijhawm ntawd nws yog ib lub tshuab muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab txhim khu kev qha hauv ntiaj teb, thiab nws tau siv los daws ntau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws theoretical thiab siv cov teeb meem ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Hauv M20 tshuab, muaj peev xwm sau cov kev pab cuam hauv mnemonic codes tau siv. Qhov no nthuav dav lub voj voog ntawm cov kws tshaj lij uas muaj peev xwm ua kom zoo dua ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev suav. Ironically, raws nraim 20 M-20 computers raug tsim.

Thawj tiam computers tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR tau ntev. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv 1964, lub Ural-4 computer, uas yog siv rau kev xam nyiaj txiag, tseem raug tsim nyob rau hauv Penza.

yeej gait

Xyoo 1948, lub tshuab hluav taws xob semiconductor tau tsim nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas, uas tau pib siv los ua lub hauv paus rau lub computer. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov khoos phis tawj nrog qhov loj me me, kev siv hluav taws xob, thiab ntau dua (hauv kev sib piv nrog lub khoos phis tawj teeb) kev ntseeg siab thiab kev tsim khoom. Qhov teeb meem ntawm programming automation tau dhau los ua qhov ceev heev, txij li qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm tsim cov kev pabcuam thiab lub sijhawm rau kev suav tiag tau nce.

Qhov thib ob theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub computer technology nyob rau hauv lub lig 50s - thaum ntxov 60s yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov creation ntawm advanced programming lus (Algol, Fortran, Cobol) thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm automating hauj lwm khiav tswj siv lub computer nws tus kheej, uas yog, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm systems. Thawj qhov kev ua haujlwm tau ua haujlwm rau tus neeg siv ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua tiav ib txoj haujlwm, thiab tom qab ntawd cov cuab yeej raug tsim los nkag rau ntau yam haujlwm ib zaug (ib pawg ntawm cov haujlwm) thiab faib cov khoom siv suav nrog ntawm lawv. Multiprogramming hom ntawm kev ua cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoos phis tawj no, feem ntau hu ua "cov khoos phis tawj thib ob":

combining input / output ua hauj lwm nrog kev xam nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus processor;

nce ntawm RAM thiab lub cim xeeb sab nraud;

siv cov khoom siv alphanumeric rau cov ntaub ntawv nkag / tawm;

"kaw" hom rau cov neeg siv: tus programmer tsis raug tso cai rau hauv chav computer, tab sis tau muab cov kev pab cuam hauv cov lus algorithmic (cov lus siab) rau tus neeg teb xov tooj rau nws qhov kev nkag mus rau hauv lub tshuab ntxiv.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub 50s, serial zus tau tej cov transistors kuj tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR.

Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm pib tsim lub khoos phis tawj thib ob nrog kev ua haujlwm siab dua, tab sis tsawg dua qhov chaw thiab siv zog. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub computer technology nyob rau hauv lub Union mus yuav luag nyob rau hauv ib tug "explosive" pace: nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm, tus xov tooj ntawm txawv computer qauv muab tso rau hauv kev loj hlob pib suav nyob rau hauv kaum ob: qhov no yog lub M-220 - tus txais txiaj ntsim ntawm lub Lebedev M. -20, thiab "Minsk-2" nrog rau cov ntawv tom ntej, thiab Yerevan "Nairi", thiab ntau lub khoos phis tawj tub rog - M-40 nrog kev ceev ntawm 40 txhiab kev ua haujlwm ib ob thiab M-50 (uas tseem muaj cov khoom siv raj). Nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov kawg uas xyoo 1961 nws muaj peev xwm los tsim kom muaj lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv missile tiv thaiv system (thaum lub sij hawm kev sim, nws tau rov tuaj yeem tua cov foob pob hluav taws tiag tiag nrog kev sib tsoo ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub taub hau nrog qhov ntim ntawm ib nrab ntawm ib nrab. cubic meter). Tab sis ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov kuv xav hais txog BESM series, tsim los ntawm ib pab pawg neeg tsim khoom ntawm ITM thiab VT ntawm USSR Academy ntawm Sciences nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm SA Lebedev, uas nws txoj hauj lwm pinnacle yog BESM-6 computer tsim nyob rau hauv 1967. Nws yog thawj lub khoos phis tawj Soviet kom ua tiav qhov nrawm ntawm 1 lab kev ua haujlwm ib ob (qhov ntsuas tau dhau los ntawm cov khoos phis tawj hauv tsev ntawm kev tso tawm tom ntej tsuas yog thaum ntxov 80s, nrog kev ua haujlwm qis dua li ntawm BESM-6).

Ntxiv rau qhov kev kub ceev (qhov taw qhia zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab ib qho ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb), lub koom haum tsim qauv ntawm BESM-6 tau txawv los ntawm ntau tus yam ntxwv uas tau hloov pauv rau lawv lub sijhawm thiab cia siab tias yuav muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev nyob rau tiam tom ntej. computers (lub hauv paus ntawm uas yog ua los ntawm integrated circuits). Yog li, thawj zaug hauv kev xyaum ua haujlwm hauv tsev thiab ua tiav ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm cov khoos phis tawj txawv teb chaws, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib txuas ua tiav cov lus qhia tau dav siv (txog 14 cov lus qhia tshuab tuaj yeem ua ib txhij hauv lub processor ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev tua). Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus no, lub npe hu ua tus tsim qauv ntawm BESM-6 Academician S. A. Lebedev txoj cai "dej pipeline", tom qab ntawd tau siv dav los ua kom cov khoom tsim tau ntawm cov khoos phis tawj dav dav, tau txais lub npe "command conveyor" hauv cov lus niaj hnub no.

BESM-6 tau tsim ntau ntawm Moscow cog SAM los ntawm 1968 txog 1987 (tag nrho ntawm 355 lub tsheb tau tsim tawm) - ib hom ntaub ntawv! Lub xeem BESM-6 tau rhuav tshem niaj hnub no - hauv xyoo 1995 ntawm Mil helicopter cog hauv Moscow. BESM-6 tau nruab nrog cov kev kawm loj tshaj plaws (piv txwv li, Computing Center ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences, Lub Koom Haum Koom Tes rau Nuclear Research) thiab kev lag luam (Central Institute of Aviation Engineering - CIAM) cov koom haum tshawb fawb, cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom.

Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm curator ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Computer Science nyob rau hauv Great Britain, Doron Sweid, hais txog yuav ua li cas nws yuav ib tug kawg ua hauj lwm BESM-6 nyob rau hauv Novosibirsk yog nthuav. Lub npe ntawm tsab xov xwm hais rau nws tus kheej:

Cov ntaub ntawv rau cov kws tshaj lij

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm RAM modules, chav tswj hwm thiab chav ntsuas lej lej hauv BESM-6 tau ua nyob rau tib lub sijhawm thiab asynchronously, ua tsaug rau cov khoom siv tsis sib xws rau nruab nrab cia ntawm cov lus txib thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Txhawm rau ua kom lub raj xa dej ua tiav ntawm cov lus qhia hauv cov cuab yeej tswj hwm, cais cov npe cim cia rau khaws cov indexes, cais qhov chaw nyob tus lej lej, muab kev hloov chaw ceev ceev uas siv cov ntawv teev npe, suav nrog hom kev nkag mus rau pawg, tau muab.

Associative nco ntawm kev sau npe ceev (ntawm hom cache) ua rau nws tuaj yeem khaws cov haujlwm nquag siv hauv nws thiab yog li txo cov naj npawb nkag mus rau lub cim xeeb tseem ceeb. Qhov "txheej txheem" ntawm qhov kev nkag mus rau lub cim xeeb random muab qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev nkag mus rau nws cov modules sib txawv los ntawm cov khoom siv sib txawv ntawm lub tshuab. Cov cuab yeej rau kev cuam tshuam, tiv thaiv kev nco, hloov chaw nyob virtual rau hauv lub cev thiab kev ua haujlwm tsim nyog rau OS ua rau nws tuaj yeem siv BESM-6 hauv ntau hom program thiab sijhawm sib koom. Hauv cov cuab yeej siv lej lej, cov txheej txheem nrawm nrawm rau kev sib faib thiab faib tau siv (ntau los ntawm plaub tus lej ntawm tus lej sib npaug, suav plaub tus lej ntawm tus lej hauv ib lub voj voog), nrog rau cov khoom ntxiv uas tsis muaj qhov kawg-rau-kawg nqa chains, sawv cev rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob-kab code (bitwise sums thiab hloov lwm lub tsev) thiab kev khiav hauj lwm ntawm cov input peb-kab code (tus tshiab operand thiab ob-kab tshwm sim ntawm lub yav dhau los ua hauj lwm).

BESM-6 lub khoos phis tawj muaj lub cim xeeb nkag mus rau ntawm ferrite cores - 32 KB ntawm 50-ntsis cov lus, tus nqi ntawm kev nkag mus rau lub cim xeeb tau nce ntxiv nrog kev hloov kho tom ntej mus rau 128 KB.

Cov ntaub ntawv sib pauv nrog cov cim xeeb sab nraud ntawm cov nruas sib nqus (tom qab no kuj tseem nyob rau hauv cov hlau nplaum sib nqus) thiab cov ntaub nplaum sib nqus tau ua nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm ntawm xya qhov kev kub ceev (tus qauv ntawm cov kev xaiv yav tom ntej). Kev ua hauj lwm nrog rau cov khoom siv sab nraud (cov ntaub ntawv-los ntawm cov ntsiab lus nkag / tawm) tau ua los ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm qhov kev pab cuam tsav tsheb thaum cov kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom siv tau tshwm sim.

Technical thiab kev ua haujlwm yam ntxwv:

Kev ua haujlwm nruab nrab - txog li 1 lab unicast commands / s

Lo lus ntev yog 48 binary khoom thiab ob daim tshev (qhov sib luag ntawm tag nrho cov lus yuav tsum yog "khib". Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv cov lus txib los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv - qee cov lus muaj ib nrab lo lus parity "txawm-kawg", thaum lwm tus. muaj "kawg-txawm" ". Kev hloov mus rau cov ntaub ntawv lossis tshem tawm ntawm cov lej raug ntes tau theem pib, sai li sai tau muaj kev sim ua kom tiav ib lo lus nrog cov ntaub ntawv)

Tus lej sawv cev - ntab taw tes

Ua haujlwm zaus - 10 MHz

Chaw nyob - 150-200 sq. m

Kev siv hluav taws xob los ntawm lub network 220 V / 50 Hz - 30 kW (tsis muaj cua txias system)

BESM-6 muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus nrog paraphase synchronization. Lub moos siab zaus ntawm cov ntsiab lus xav tau los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom tshiab tsim cov kev daws teeb meem los txo qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom sib txuas thiab txo cov kab mob parasitic capacitance.

Kev siv cov ntsiab lus no ua ke nrog cov kev daws teeb meem qub ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muab qhov kev ua tau zoo txog li 1 lab kev ua haujlwm ib thib ob thaum ua haujlwm hauv 48-ntsis ntab taw tes hom, uas yog cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg tsawg. hais thiab lawv ceev (txog 60 txhiab units). transistors thiab 180 txhiab diodes thiab ib zaus ntawm 10 MHz).

BESM-6 architecture yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm cov lej lej thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo, kev hloov chaw ceev ceev siv cov ntawv sau npe (nrog rau pawg nkag mus), thiab ib qho kev nthuav dav ntawm opcode (extracodes).

Thaum tsim BESM-6, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub computer tsim automation system (CAD) tau muab tso rau. Lub compact kaw ntawm lub tshuab kos duab los ntawm cov qauv ntawm Boolean algebra yog lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm thiab commissioning. Cov ntaub ntawv rau kev teeb tsa tau muab rau cov nroj tsuag hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntxhuav tau txais ntawm lub tshuab computer.

Cov tsim ntawm BESM-6 yog V. A. Melnikov, L. N. Korolev, V. S. Petrov, LA Teplitsky - cov thawj coj; A. A. Sokolov, V. N. Laut, M. V. Tyapkin, V. L. Lee, L. A. Zak, V. I. Smirnov, A. S. Fedorov, O. K. Shcherbakov, A. V. Avayev, V. Ya. Alekseev, OA Bolshakov, VF Zhirov, VA Zhukov, Yu. N. Znamensky, VS Chekhlov,. A. Lebedev.

Nyob rau hauv 1966, lub anti-missile tiv thaiv system twb deployed nyob rau hauv Moscow raws li ib tug 5E92b computers tsim los ntawm cov pab pawg neeg ntawm SA Lebedev thiab nws cov npoj yaig VSBurtsev nrog ib tug muaj peev xwm ntawm 500 txhiab ua hauj lwm ib ob, uas muaj nyob rau hauv 2002. nws yuav tsum yog nrog kev txo qis ntawm Lub Zog Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob).

Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb kuj tau tsim los rau kev xa cov foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Soviet Union, tab sis tom qab ntawd, raws li cov lus cog tseg ntawm ABM-1, kev ua haujlwm hauv cov kev taw qhia no raug txwv. VSBurtsev cov pab pawg tau koom nrog hauv kev txhim kho cov lus dab neeg los tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv dav hlau S-300, tsim xyoo 1968 rau nws lub computer 5E26, uas txawv ntawm nws qhov me me (2 cubic meters) thiab cov khoom siv ceev faj tshaj plaws. tswj uas taug qab cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm 5E26 lub khoos phis tawj yog sib npaug ntawm BESM-6 - 1 lab kev ua haujlwm ib ob.

Kev ntxeev siab

Tej zaum lub sij hawm stellar tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Soviet xam yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-sixties. Muaj ntau lub koom haum muaj tswv yim ua haujlwm hauv USSR thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub koom haum ntawm S. A. Lebedev, I. S. Bruk, V. M. Glushkov tsuas yog cov loj tshaj ntawm lawv. Qee lub sij hawm lawv sib tw, qee zaum lawv ntxiv ib leeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau ntau hom tshuab tau tsim, feem ntau tsis sib haum nrog ib leeg (tej zaum nrog rau cov tshuab tsim los ntawm tib lub koom haum), rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau tsim thiab ua nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no theem thiab tsis inferior rau lawv cov Western cov neeg sib tw.

Ntau yam ntawm cov khoos phis tawj tsim thiab lawv qhov tsis sib haum xeeb nrog ib leeg ntawm software thiab kho vajtse qib tsis txaus siab rau lawv cov neeg tsim. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim me ntsis hauv tag nrho cov khoos phis tawj tsim, piv txwv li, noj ib qho ntawm lawv raws li tus qauv. Tab sis…

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 60s, lub teb chaws tus thawj coj tau txiav txim siab, uas, raws li lub chav kawm ntawm ntxiv cov xwm txheej tshwm sim, muaj kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim: los hloov tag nrho cov sib txawv me me kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv nruab nrab cov chav kawm ntawv (muaj li ntawm ib nrab ib tug kaum os ntawm lawv - "Minsk ", "Ural", txawv versions ntawm lub architecture ntawm lub M-20 thiab lwm yam.) - nyob rau hauv lub Unified Family ntawm cov computers raws li lub architecture ntawm lub IBM 360, - lub American counterpart. Nyob rau theem ntawm Ministry of Instrumentation, qhov kev txiav txim zoo sib xws tsis tau ua kom nrov nrov hais txog lub tshuab computer. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 70s, lub PDP-11 architecture ntawm txawv teb chaws tuam txhab DEC kuj tau pom zoo raws li cov kab dav dav rau mini- thiab micro-computers. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm cov khoos phis tawj hauv tsev tau raug yuam kom luam tawm cov qauv ntawm IBM computers. Nws yog qhov pib ntawm qhov kawg.

Nov yog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm Boris Artashesovich Babayan, Tus Tswv Cuab ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb:

Nws tsis yog qhov tsim nyog xav tias pab pawg ntawm ES EVM cov neeg tsim khoom tau ua lawv txoj haujlwm tsis zoo. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tsim cov khoos phis tawj ua haujlwm tau zoo (txawm tias tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab muaj zog), zoo ib yam li lawv cov neeg sab hnub poob, lawv tiv nrog txoj haujlwm no zoo kawg nkaus, vim tias lub hauv paus tsim khoom hauv USSR lagged qab Western. Nws yog precisely lub orientation ntawm tag nrho cov kev lag luam rau "imitation ntawm sab hnub poob" thiab tsis mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thawj technologies uas yog erroneous.

Hmoov tsis zoo, tam sim no tsis paub tias leej twg nyob hauv lub tebchaws txoj kev coj noj coj ua tau txiav txim siab ua txhaum cai los txwv cov kev tsim kho hauv tsev thiab tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm kev luam cov Western counterparts. Tsis muaj laj thawj laj thawj rau qhov kev txiav txim siab li no.

Ib txoj kev los yog lwm qhov, tab sis txij thaum pib ntawm lub 70s, kev loj hlob ntawm me me thiab nruab nrab lub computer technology nyob rau hauv lub USSR pib degrade. Hloov chaw txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tsim kho kom zoo thiab sim cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv computer engineering, lub zog loj ntawm lub teb chaws lub koom haum computer science pib koom nrog " ruam" thiab, ntxiv rau, ib nrab kev cai lij choj ntawm Western computers. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem raug cai - "kev ua tsov ua rog txias" tau tshwm sim, thiab kev xa tawm cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub "lub tsev computer" mus rau USSR nyob rau ntau lub tebchaws Western tsuas yog txwv tsis pub los ntawm txoj cai.

Nov yog ib zaj lus tim khawv ntxiv ntawm B. A. Babayan:

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias txoj hauv kev ntawm kev luam tawm cov kev txiav txim siab txawv teb chaws tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj dua li qhov kev xav yav dhau los. Compatibility ntawm architectures yuav tsum compatibility ntawm lub hauv paus theem, uas peb tsis muaj. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, lub domestic electronics kev lag luam kuj raug yuam kom coj txoj kev ntawm cloning American Cheebtsam, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab lub peev xwm ntawm tsim analogs ntawm Western computers. Tab sis nws nyuaj heev.

Nws yog qhov ua tau kom tau txais thiab luam theej cov topology ntawm microcircuits, nrhiav kom paub tag nrho cov tsis muaj hluav taws xob circuits. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau teb cov lus nug tseem ceeb - yuav ua li cas rau lawv. Raws li ib tug ntawm cov kws txawj ntawm Lavxias teb sab Ministry of Economic Development, uas nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm raws li tus thawj coj ntawm ib tug loj NGO, qhov zoo ntawm cov neeg Amelikas yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv loj loj kev nqis peev nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering. Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, nws tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas cov technological kab rau zus tau tej cov hluav taws xob Cheebtsam uas yog thiab nyob twj ywm sab saum toj tsis pub leejtwg paub, tab sis cov khoom siv rau cov creation ntawm cov kab no heev. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov teeb meem no yog tias Soviet microcircuits tsim nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 70s - analogs ntawm Western sawv daws yuav - zoo ib yam li cov American-Japanese sawv daws yuav nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm functionality, tab sis tsis ncav cuag lawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tsis. Yog li ntawd, cov laug cam tau sib sau ua ke raws li American topologies, tab sis nrog peb cov khoom, tig tawm los ua haujlwm tsis tau. Kuv yuav tsum txhim kho kuv tus kheej cov kev daws teeb meem.

Sweid tsab xov xwm hais los saum toj no xaus:. Qhov no tsis muaj tseeb: tom qab BESM-6 muaj Elbrus series: thawj lub tshuab ntawm cov koob no, Elbrus-B, yog microelectronic luam ntawm BESM-6, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm hauv BESM. -6 hais kom ua system thiab siv cov software sau rau nws.

Txawm li cas los xij, lub ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm qhov xaus yog qhov tseeb: vim qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj peev xwm lossis txhob txwm ua phem rau cov thawj coj ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Soviet Union thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, Soviet computer technology raug kaw txoj hauv kev mus rau saum lub ntiaj teb Olympus. Qhov twg nws tuaj yeem ua tau zoo - kev tshawb fawb, muaj tswv yim thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm tau tso cai ua qhov no.

Piv txwv li, ntawm no yog qee qhov kev xav ntawm tus kheej ntawm ib tus kws sau ntawv ntawm kab lus:

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau txhais hais tias tag nrho cov kev txhim kho hauv tsev qub raug txwv. Raws li twb tau hais lawm, VS Burtsev pab pawg tau txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm ntawm Elbrus computer series, thiab xyoo 1980, Elbrus-1 lub computer nrog kev ceev txog li 15 lab kev ua haujlwm ib ob tau muab tso rau hauv ntau lawm. Symmetric multiprocessor architecture nrog lub cim xeeb sib koom, kev siv kev ruaj ntseg nrog cov ntaub ntawv kho vajtse, superscalarity ntawm processor processing, ib qho kev sib koom ua haujlwm rau cov txheej txheem multiprocessor complexes - tag nrho cov peev txheej no tau ua nyob rau hauv Elbrus series tshwm sim ntxov dua nyob rau sab hnub poob. Xyoo 1985, tus qauv tom ntej ntawm cov koob no, Elbrus-2, twb tau ua tiav 125 lab kev ua haujlwm ib ob. "Elbrus" ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tseem ceeb systems cuam tshuam nrog kev ua ntawm radar cov ntaub ntawv, lawv raug suav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tso cai daim hlau Arzamas thiab Chelyabinsk, thiab ntau lub computers ntawm cov qauv no tseem muab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm anti-missile tiv thaiv systems thiab chaw rog.

Ib qho nthuav heev ntawm "Elbrus" yog qhov tseeb hais tias lub system software rau lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug high-level lus - El-76, thiab tsis nyob rau hauv ib txwm assembler. Ua ntej ua tiav, El-76 code tau muab txhais ua cov lus qhia siv lub tshuab siv kho vajtse, tsis yog software.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1990, Elbrus 3-1 kuj tau tsim, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm nws cov qauv tsim thiab tau npaj los daws cov teeb meem loj ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam, suav nrog kev ua qauv ntawm lub cev. Nws qhov kev ua tau zoo mus txog 500 lab kev ua haujlwm ib ob (ntawm qee cov lus txib). Tag nrho ntawm 4 daim ntawv ntawm lub tshuab no tau tsim.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1975, ib pab pawg ntawm I. V. Prangishvili thiab V. V. Rezanov hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab tsim cov koom haum "Impulse" tau pib tsim lub khoos phis tawj PS-2000 nrog kev nrawm ntawm 200 lab kev ua haujlwm ib ob, muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom hauv xyoo 1980 thiab siv feem ntau rau kev ua haujlwm. geophysical cov ntaub ntawv, - tshawb nrhiav tshiab deposits ntawm minerals. Nyob rau hauv no complex, muaj peev xwm ntawm parallel tua ntawm cov kev pab cuam commands tau maximized, uas yog tiav los ntawm ib tug ingeniously tsim architecture.

Cov khoos phis tawj loj hauv Soviet, zoo li PS-2000, ntau txoj hauv kev txawm tias dhau lawv cov neeg sib tw txawv teb chaws, tab sis lawv raug nqi tsawg dua - yog li, tsuas yog 10 lab rubles tau siv rau kev txhim kho PS-2000 (thiab nws siv tau ua kom tau txais ib qho kev pab cuam). nyiaj tau los ntawm 200 lab rubles). Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov peev txheej yog "loj-teev" cov haujlwm - tib lub foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv lossis chaw ua haujlwm cov ntaub ntawv. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nruab nrab thiab me computers nyob rau hauv lub Union yog tiag tiag thiab rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm qeeb los ntawm kev ntxeev siab ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb Kremlin. Thiab yog vim li cas cov cuab yeej uas nyob ntawm koj lub rooj thiab uas tau piav qhia hauv peb cov ntawv xov xwm tau tsim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Asia, thiab tsis nyob hauv Russia.

Kev puas tsuaj

Txij li thaum 1991, lub sij hawm nyuaj tau los rau Lavxias teb sab science. Tsoom fwv tshiab ntawm Russia tau kawm txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab science thiab thawj technologies. Kev nyiaj txiag ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm tshawb fawb tau raug tso tseg, vim yog kev puas tsuaj ntawm Union, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom siv computer uas tau xaus rau hauv ntau lub xeev tau cuam tshuam, thiab cov khoom tsim tau ua tsis tau. Ntau tus neeg tsim khoom siv thev naus laus zis hauv tsev tau raug yuam ua haujlwm sab nraud lawv qhov tshwj xeeb, poob lawv cov kev tsim nyog thiab sijhawm. Tsuas yog daim ntawv theej ntawm Elbrus-3 lub khoos phis tawj tau tsim rov qab rau hauv Soviet lub sijhawm, ob zaug nrawm dua li cov khoom lag luam zoo tshaj plaws Asmeskas ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Cray Y-MP, tau muab tshem tawm thiab ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov hauv xyoo 1994.

Ib txhia ntawm lawv cov creators ntawm Soviet computers mus txawv tebchaws. Yog li, tam sim no, tus thawj coj tsim tawm ntawm Intel microprocessors yog Vladimir Pentkovsky, uas tau kawm hauv USSR thiab ua haujlwm ntawm ITMiVT - Lebedev Institute of Precision Mechanics thiab Computational Engineering. Pentkovsky tau koom nrog hauv kev txhim kho cov khoos phis tawj uas tau hais los saum toj no "Elbrus-1" thiab "Elbrus-2", thiab tom qab ntawd coj mus rau kev txhim kho cov processor rau "Elbrus-3" - El-90. Raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab science raws li kev txiav txim lub voj voog ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob, nyiaj txiag rau lub Elbrus project raug txiav tawm, thiab Vladimir Pentkovsky raug yuam kom emigrate rau lub tebchaws United States thiab tau txais. ib txoj haujlwm ntawm Intel. Tsis ntev nws dhau los ua ib tug kws tshaj lij ntawm lub tuam txhab thiab nyob rau hauv nws kev coj noj coj ua nyob rau hauv 1993 Intel tsim Pentium processor, rumored hu ua Pentkovsky.

Pentkovsky embodied nyob rau hauv Intel tus processors lub Soviet paub-yuav ua li cas nws paub nws tus kheej, xav ntau heev thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob, thiab los ntawm 1995 Intel tso tawm ib tug ntau tshaj Pentium Pro processor, uas twb tau los ze rau nws lub peev xwm mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab microprocessor ntawm 1990. El-90, txawm tias nws tsis tau ntes nws. Pentkovsky tam sim no tab tom tsim cov tiam tom ntej ntawm Intel processors. Yog li cov processor uas koj lub khoos phis tawj yuav khiav yog tsim los ntawm peb cov neeg sib tw thiab tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv Russia yog tias tsis yog rau cov xwm txheej tom qab xyoo 1991.

Ntau lub koom haum tshawb fawb tau hloov mus rau kev tsim cov tshuab xam zauv loj raws li cov khoom tuaj txawv teb chaws. Yog li, lub koom haum tshawb fawb "Kvant" nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm V. K. Levin tab tom tsim cov tshuab xam zauv MVS-100 thiab MVS-1000, raws li Alpha 21164 processors (tsim los ntawm DEC-Compaq). Txawm li cas los xij, kev nrhiav tau ntawm cov cuab yeej siv no cuam tshuam los ntawm kev cuam tshuam tam sim no ntawm kev xa tawm cov thev naus laus zis siab mus rau Russia, thaum muaj peev xwm siv cov complexes hauv kev tiv thaiv kab ke yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg - tsis muaj leej twg paub tias muaj pes tsawg "cov kab" tuaj yeem pom hauv lawv. yog qhib los ntawm lub teeb liab thiab lov tes taw qhov system.

Nyob rau hauv lub lag luam ntawm tus kheej lub computer, domestic computers yog kiag li tsis tuaj. Qhov ntau tshaj plaws uas cov neeg tsim khoom Lavxias mus rau yog sib sau cov khoos phis tawj los ntawm cov khoom siv thiab tsim cov khoom siv ib leeg, piv txwv li, motherboards, dua los ntawm cov khoom npaj ua tiav, thaum muab xaj rau kev tsim khoom ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom hauv Southeast Asia. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee qhov kev txhim kho zoo li no (ib tus tuaj yeem hu rau cov tuam txhab "Aquarius", "Formosa"). Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ES kab tau xyaum nres - vim li cas thiaj tsim koj tus kheej analogs thaum nws yooj yim dua thiab pheej yig dua los yuav cov khoom qub?

Tau kawg, txhua yam tsis ploj. Kuj tseem muaj cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov thev naus laus zis, qee zaum txawm tias nyob rau

dhau kaum xyoo dhau los, superior Western thiab tam sim no qauv. Hmoov zoo, tsis yog txhua tus tsim tawm ntawm kev siv tshuab computer hauv tsev mus txawv tebchaws lossis tuag. Yog li tseem muaj caij nyoog.

Seb nws yuav raug siv los ntawm peb.