Tara: ib tug qub Lavxias teb sab outpost
Tara: ib tug qub Lavxias teb sab outpost

Video: Tara: ib tug qub Lavxias teb sab outpost

Video: Tara: ib tug qub Lavxias teb sab outpost
Video: Vim li cas koj lub neej thiaj li tsis txawj muaj nyiaj yog ua cas? ( How to Change your life) 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Tara yog lub nroog nyob ntsiag to thiab ntsiag to. Tab sis qhov no yog tam sim no. Thiab 425 xyoo dhau los, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, nrhiav tau ib lub nroog los ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov tawm tsam Siberian Khanate yog ib yam ntawm kev lom zem. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, keeb kwm ntawm lub fortress yog rov qab me ntsis los ntawm archaeologists.

Tara tau tsim los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrei Yeletsky ua qhov chaw tshaj tawm, hais txog qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm nomads los ntawm sab qab teb steppes yuav tsum tawg. Raws li, nws tau tsim sai heev kom qhov kev tsim kho tsis muaj sijhawm los cuam tshuam. Nyob rau toj siab, txoj hauv kev uas tau them los ntawm ntau tus dej ntws thiab marshes, lub fortress tau zoo tag nrho rau hauv toj roob hauv pes.

Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia
Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia

Yeletsky raug yuam kom tsim ib lub nroog ntawm 300, thiab lub tsev loj cuj txog li 500 square metres. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis zoo li muaj sijhawm txaus lossis sijhawm. Phau ntawv keeb kwm sau tseg tias “… ib lub nroog me tau ua rau ntawm 42 square fathoms, thiab lub tsev loj cuj yog 200 fathoms ntev thiab 150 fathoms dav. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev lojcuj, yuav tsum muaj philistine courtyards. Tab sis qhov chaw no tau nruj heev, thiab ntau tus ntawm lawv, tsis xav tau, txhim tsa tom qab tsev loj cuj."

Lub fortress twb rebuilt raws li tag nrho cov kev cai. Thawj qhov kev piav qhia ntawm Tara, ua nyob rau hauv 1624 los ntawm Vasily Tyrkov, qhia hais tias lub nroog yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug fortress phab ntsa, muaj 116 gorodni - ntoo cav cabins puv nrog lub ntiaj teb, thiab tsib yees, ib tug txav octahedral dov-tawm pej thuam (ib yob. -off ntauwd - lub sab sauv platform, nyob rau qhov twg cov cannons tau ntsia) thiab ob "dej" rooj vag ntsib lub Irtysh thiab Arkarka. Lub tsev kaw neeg tiv thaiv ib tug siab tyn. Muaj rau lub tsev - plaub lub qhov rooj nkag tau thiab ob lub lag ntseg.

Tam sim ntawd tom qab ua tiav ntawm kev tsim kho, Lavxias teb sab expeditionary Corps pib ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv lub Peb Hlis 1595, ib tug detachment ntawm Tobolsk thiab Tyumen servicemen "nrog hluav taws-sib ntaus sib tua", ntxiv dag zog los ntawm lub Tara Cossacks, ua ib tug taug kev mus rau lub Tara River tawm tsam cov zos loyal rau Kuchum. Thoob plaws hauv nws keeb kwm ntxiv, Tara garrison kuj tau sim ua kom muaj zog. Thiab peb xyoos tom qab, qhov teeb meem nrog Kuchum tau daws thaum kawg. Ib tug detachment ntawm Tara tus tswv xeev Andrei Voeikov npog 700 mais hla lub steppes thiab swamps nyob rau hauv 16 hnub, hla ntau tus dej, caum lub retreating khan. Ntawm Irmen River, Kuchum lub detachments tau swb lawm. Txawm li cas los xij, lub ntsiab lus hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm Russians thiab cov neeg nyob hauv steppe tsis tau muab tso rau qhov no.

Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia
Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia

Rau thawj ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab, Tara yog ib lub fortress, thiab nws posad tshwm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, lub Tara fortress tau ua "ib qho chaw ruaj khov rau txhua tus qub Kuchum ulusniks," hais tias Nikolai Karamzin Keeb Kwm ntawm Lavxias Tebchaws. Lub hauv ntej outpost tau tsis tu ncua ntxiv nrog riam phom thiab tub rog sib txuas. Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj ob tug tswv xeev nyob rau hauv Tara - tus thawj thiab cov junior.

Qhov tseeb, muaj cov neeg tua phom hauv nroog los ntawm nws lub hauv paus. Raws li tsab ntawv ntawm Lub Ob Hlis 10, 1595, cov neeg tua phom raug xa mus "los ntawm Moscow" mus rau "Tara" kom "kho ib pab tub rog rau kev sib tw tawm tsam Kuchyum huab tais". Voivode Yuri Shakhovskoy, uas coj lub fortress nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1627, sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv lub nroog muaj 10 zatinnaya squeaks (uas yog, serfs npaj rau tua "los ntawm qab lub tyna") nrog 160 cannonballs ntawm lub yees.

Tsis tas li ntawd, ib-thiab-ib-ib nrab tooj liab squeak nrog 280 hlau cores raug ntsia rau ntawm cov dov ntauwd. Raws li rau lub tsev loj cuj Tarsky, ntawm no ntawm New Pyatnitskaya, Chatskaya thiab Borisoglebskaya rooj vag yees, ceev-hluav taws kub squeaks nrog 270 cores kuj tau ntsia, thiab, ntxiv rau, volkones tau nruab rau tag nrho plaub yees. Qhov no yog li cas cov falconets tau hu ua nyob rau hauv Russia. Ib tug ntawm lawv, los ntawm txoj kev, yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub zos tsev cia puav pheej ntawm lub zos lore.

Ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub fortress, tam sim no muaj kev tswj hwm, chaw xa ntawv, lub tsev ntawm Kab lis kev cai thiab Lenin Square. Txawm li cas los xij, lub hauv paus ntawm cov yees thiab lwm yam khoom qub ntawm Tara qub tau muaj sia nyob hauv av. Ib tug uas pheej tiv thaiv raids thiab sieges, yeej tsis xa mus rau cov yeeb ncuab, ob peb zaug hlawv tawm mus rau hauv av thiab twb rebuilt dua.

Tara av khaws cia ntau: cov nplhaib nrog European tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab (muaj ntau tus tub rog txawv teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub garrison ntawm lub fortress), kev lag luam ntsaws ruaj ruaj, av nplaum cov menyuam yaus xuav, Kalmyk xub xub, mos txwv … Omsk archaeologist Sergei Tataurov tau khawb ntawm no. rau 12 xyoos.

Muaj tseeb tiag, cov kev kawm hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsev, cov ntoo taug kev thiab cov seem ntawm lub palisade yuav tsum tau npog nrog lub ntiaj teb dua tom qab kev kawm. Tab sis ntawm no nws yuav ua tau heev kom ua tau ib lub tsev cia puav pheej qhib-cua. Tab sis txog tam sim no, xya lub nroog npaj txoj kab tav toj ntawm Tara, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm hais tias, "xya lub nroog nyob saum ib leeg," yog zais ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag.

Cov excavations no tau tso lub teeb rau ntawm ib qho ntawm feem ua yeeb yam tshooj hauv keeb kwm ntawm Tara. Tom qab tag nrho, kev taug txuj kev nyuaj siab nrog lub hom phiaj loj heev, uas thaum kawg tau ua tiav, muaj txhua txoj hauv kev los xaus 40 xyoo tom qab. Nyob rau hauv 1634, Tara yog nyob rau verge ntawm kev tuag …

Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia
Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia

Kuchum muaj cov tub thiab cov xeeb ntxwv, uas, ntawm chav kawm, xav ua pauj. Lawv tau ua raws li thaj chaw ntawm thaj av Novosibirsk niaj hnub - ntawm ib lub koog pov txwv hauv nruab nrab ntawm Lake Chany, ib sab ntawm cov ntses niaj hnub no tsis hloov pauv raws txoj kev. Los ntawm lub sij hawm mus rau lub sij hawm, detachments ntawm lub Kuchumovichs tshwm nyob rau hauv lub Irtysh cheeb tsam.

Kev sib pauv kev coj zoo tau tshwm sim nrog kev txaus siab tsis tu ncua. Nyob rau hauv 1618, Tsarevich Ishim tau pib tawm tsam ntawm Tarsk koog tsev kawm ntawv ua ke nrog ob lub Kalmyk tayshes. Hauv kev teb, kev sib tw tau ua nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Alexei Vilyaminov-Vorontsov, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm ulus ntawm Tsarevich Ishim thiab Taisha "sib ntaus thiab ntaus ntau tus neeg Kolmak thiab coj lawv cov jones thiab menyuam yaus, thiab ntau tus ntxhuav thiab nees ntes tau, thiab ntawm Tara nws yog tag nrho ntawm ob leeg nees thiab ntxhuav coj ". 17 tus ntxhuav raug xa mus rau Tobolsk, thiab 58 mus rau Tara.

Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia
Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia

Ntxiv mus, raws li "Keeb kwm ntawm Siberia" los ntawm Gerhard Miller hais tias, lub Cuaj Hlis mus ntsib Kalmyks rau Tara tau ua ntej los ntawm kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo. Ib tug Tatar tuaj rau Tyumen, uas tau hais tias lub Kazakh horde tau tawm tsam cov thawj coj Ablai thiab Davletkirey, thiab yuav tsis muaj kev tawm tsam rau thaj av Lavxias los ntawm lawv sab.

Cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug tau ua tiav. Thaum Kalmyks tuaj txog Tara rau lub Cuaj Hlis 12, lawv tsis xav tau. Cov neeg nyob hauv steppe ravaged thiab hlawv yuav luag tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab thiab Tatar zos nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nroog thiab nrog lawv booty mus rau hauv lub steppe. Thiab ib hlis tom qab lawv tau tshwm sim dua thiab coj lub fortress nyob rau hauv siege. Txawm li cas los xij, tus tswv xeev, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Fyodor Samoilov (ob feem peb ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Tara yog cov thawj coj. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub nroog Siberian no tau muab qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb) tau los ua tus txiv neej pom deb: tom qab lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj, nws tau thov kev pab tub rog los ntawm Tobolsk. Yog li ntawd muaj ib tug mus ntsib cov qhua.

Lub siege ntawm Tara yog piv txwv li piav nyob rau hauv ib tug qub tub rog zaj dab neeg: "Kuv tuaj rau lub nroog phab ntsa nyob rau hauv ib tug armed ci tsoos tsho thiab lus qhia rau cov pej xeem: rhuav lub nroog thiab tshem tawm qhov chaw: peb xav mus roam, qhov no yog qhov chaw ntawm peb lub teb chaws.." Cov ntawv rho tawm rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm, kos rau hauv Siberian kev txiav txim, piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1634 ntau ntxiv: "Yog lawm, hauv 143 Lub Kaum Hli thiab hnub 13th, cov menyuam yaus tuaj rau lub nroog Tara ntawm Kuishins, Onbo ib Yanza, thiab Kuishin. Onbo tus tub xeeb ntxwv, thiab nrog lawv ntau cov tub rog.

Thiab hais tias de service neeg thiab arable peasants thiab Yurt Tatars tawm hauv lub nroog rau quav nyab thiab taws, thiab cov neeg ntawd raug snatched deb ntawm lub nroog thiab raug ntaus, thiab lwm tus neeg raug tua mus rau hauv lub nroog thiab mus rau hauv tsev kaw neeg … Thiab nws tau nrog Cov neeg Kolmattsk nyob rau hauv lub nroog sib ntaus sib tua txij thaum sawv ntxov mus txog rau thaum yav tsaus ntuj, thiab cov neeg Kolmak, tau ncaim ntawm lub nroog, sawv 10 mais deb …"

Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia
Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia

Kev tshawb fawb archaeological nyob rau hauv keeb kwm chaw ntawm Tara ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus ntxiv no laconic piav qhia. Nyob rau hauv 2016, ib feem ntawm lub nroog nyob ib sab ntawm lub fortress phab ntsa raug khawb. Thiab nws tau pom tias nyob ib ncig ntawm 1629-1636 muaj hluav taws. Ntawm cov tsev pheeb suab uas hlawv, archaeologists pom cov mos txwv thiab xub xub taub.

Ntawd yog, Kalmyks tau tswj kom tua hluav taws rau qhov chaw tiv thaiv ntawm lub nroog. Lub fortifications kub hnyiab, tab sis cov steppe inhabitants tsis mus ua phem - lawv kaw lawv tus kheej mus rau tag nrho thiab loot nyob rau hauv lub zos. Thiab ib hlis tom qab, paub tias cov phab ntsa fortress raug puas tsuaj, lawv rov qab los nrog lub zog ntau dua. Cov pej xeem pej xeem raug kev txom nyem dua - ob peb tau tswj kom nkaum qab lub phab ntsa Tara. Cov neeg nyob hauv steppe tau mus rau kev tawm tsam los ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm Arkarka.

Nyob ntawd, ntawm ko taw ntawm lub fortress phab ntsa, archaeologists tau sau ntau tshaj ib puas mos txwv. Lawv tsis txaj muag ntawm lub pob tsuas ntawm 8 m. Nyob rau hauv pem teb sab, lub nroog tau tiv thaiv los ntawm ob kab ntawm fortifications - lub tsev lojcuj phab ntsa nrog slingshots nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws thiab ib tug fortress phab ntsa. Thiab los ntawm phab ntsa ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv tsuas muaj ib phab ntsa xwb, ntxiv mus, puas los ntawm hluav taws tsis ntev los no. Kev ua phem tau ua ntej los ntawm archery ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm phab ntsa. Archaeologists pom ntau cov mos txwv nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam me me ntawm lub fort ntawm lub tsev loj cuj Tobolsk thiab lub Knyazhnaya fortress yees. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov neeg tawm tsam tau tswj kom kov yeej lub fortifications hauv cheeb tsam ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub fort. Tab sis lawv txoj kev vam meej tau txwv rau qhov no - Kalmyks tsis tuaj yeem nqa ib qho ntawm cov yees.

Cov neeg nyob hauv steppe retreated mus rau Rzhavets kwj (ib tug tributary ntawm Arkarka) txog 700 m ntawm lub fortress. Cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm lub fortress tam sim ntawd txeeb lub teg num, staging ib tug sortie. Cov mos txwv kuj pom ntawm qhov chaw no.

Cov nomads tau thim rov qab mus ntxiv 10 mais thiab teeb tsa ib lub chaw pw ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus Dej Ibeyka. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau pab lawv: cov tub rog Tara thiab Tobolsk tau hla lub Kalmyks thiab thaum kawg swb lawv. Lawv tso cov neeg Lavxias thiab Tatar neeg raug kaw, ntes peb puas nees. Cov laus "Cov Lus Nug ntawm Lub Nroog Tara thiab Tyumen" ua tim khawv tias cov neeg Lavxias tsis tau ua tiav hauv kev ua tiav zoo li kev tawm tsam. Xyoo tom ntej, cov neeg nyob hauv steppe dheev tshwm sim nyob ze Tyumen, ua rau muaj kev tua neeg tua neeg thiab tub sab hauv lub nroog, ua rau tag nrho. Kev sim kom rov qab tau cov neeg Tyumen xaus tu siab.

Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia
Tsis nco qab outpost ntawm Russia

Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Siberian outpost tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov tub rog cov neeg tseem ceeb, zoo ib yam li niaj hnub kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb, thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb thoob ntiaj teb. Piav txog kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub nroog, Miller sau txog kev ua siab loj ntawm Lithuanian tus thawj coj Andrei Kropotov, lub taub hau ntawm mounted Cossacks Nazar Zhadobsky thiab Tatar taub hau ntawm Warrior Dementyev. Tara ciaj sia. Hauv xyoo tom ntej, kev tawm tsam ntawm Kalmyks thiab lwm cov nomads txuas ntxiv mus, tab sis qhov kev nruj nruj tau maj mam txo qis. Kev sib tw loj kawg ntawm Kuchumovich mus rau phab ntsa ntawm Tara tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1667, thaum "Kuchuk tus tub huabtais nrog nws cov tub sab nrog cov tub rog ntawm Bashkirs" tau txeeb lub nroog Tara thiab mus txog lub nroog.

Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv no "kev lom zem" lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Tara lawv tswj tsis tau tsuas yog mus tua. Ob peb paub hais tias cov Russians thawj zaug kawm txog tshuaj yej ua tsaug rau boyar tus tub Ivan Perfiliev, ib tug neeg ntawm Tara. Nyob rau hauv 1659, Perfiliev coj mus rau Lavxias teb sab Embassy nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj. Nws xa mus rau Suav huab tais tsab ntawv ntawm Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich thiab coj thawj kaum poods ntawm tshuaj yej rau Russia.

Lub nroog Tara tau nto moo heev. Thiab, undoubtedly, nws yuav tsum tau nyob li ntawd, yog hais tias tsis yog rau lub notorious Tarsky revolt, thaum cov neeg Tarsk nyob rau hauv 1722 tsis kam cog lus ua ntej rau lub "tseem tsis paub successor" ntawm Peter kuv thiab them dearly rau nws. Thiab tom qab cov xwm txheej no, nws raug yuam kom tsis nco qab txog lub nroog Siberian ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog muaj koob meej.

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