Chij thiab lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Tartary. Ntu 2

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Peb txuas ntxiv nkag siab txog yam uas tau piav qhia ntawm tus chij ntawm Tartary, uas muaj nyob rau hauv ntau phau ntawv siv ntawm 18th-19th centuries. Leej twg tau piav qhia ntawm cov chij no: zaj lossis griffin, Slavic Semargl?

Thawj ntu ntawm tsab xov xwm: Chij thiab lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Tartary. Ntu 1

Txhua lub koom haum ntawm tib neeg, tsis hais lub koom haum lossis lub xeev, tsim nws tus kheej lub cim, uas yog ib hom ntawm daim npav tuaj xyuas thiab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas qhov kev sib koom ua ke. Cov cim thawj yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev ua si - kev lag luam, kev tsim khoom, kev pabcuam ntau yam, hauv kev ua kis las, hauv kev ntseeg thiab cov koom haum pej xeem. Lub xeev cov cim, ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem thiab lwm yam teeb meem, daws cov teeb meem ntawm kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov neeg hauv lub tebchaws, lawv txoj kev paub txog lawv txoj kev sib koom siab.

Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm "Tus chij nto moo ntawm lub teb chaws tsis paub" peb pom tias Tartary-Tartary muaj cov tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab thiab chij. Nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm no, peb yuav xav txog lub imperial chij ntawm Tartary los yog lub Tatar Caesar chij, raws li nws yog hu ua nyob rau hauv lub "Tshaj tawm ntawm lub naval chij ntawm tag nrho cov xeev ntawm lub ntiaj teb no", luam tawm nyob rau hauv Kiev nyob rau hauv 1709 nrog tus kheej kev koom tes ntawm Peter kuv. Peb kuj tseem yuav xav txog seb tus chij no puas tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke cov neeg sib txawv hauv nws tus kheej Great Tartary thiab kov rau qee lub sijhawm ntawm peb yav dhau los.

Yuav pib nrog, cia peb nco qab cov lus piav qhia ntawm tus chij no tau muab rau hauv "Phau Ntawv Chij" los ntawm Dutch cartographer Karl Allard (tshaj tawm hauv Amsterdam xyoo 1705 thiab rov luam tawm hauv Moscow hauv 1709): (tus nab loj) nrog tus Tsov tus tw basilisk. "Tam sim no cia peb saib cov duab ntawm tus chij no los ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm 18th-19th centuries (cov lus suav nrog cov duab ntawm cov chij los ntawm cov chaw luam tawm: Kiev 1709, Amsterdam 1710, Nuremberg 1750 (peb chij), Paris 1750, Augsburg 1760, England 1783, Paris 1787, England 1794, Unknown Publishing House XVIII century, USA 1865).

Hmoov tsis zoo, cov duab kos tawm ntau yam xav tau. yog rau siv thiab tsis yog lub hom phiaj heraldic. Thiab qhov zoo ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov duab pom yog qhov tsis muaj zog, txawm li cas los xij, nws zoo dua tsis muaj dab tsi.

Hauv qee cov duab kos, tus tsiaj uas tau piav qhia ntawm tus chij tiag tiag zoo li zaj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lwm cov duab nws yuav pom tau hais tias tus tsiaj muaj ib tug beak, thiab zoo li tsis muaj zaj nrog ib tug beak. Lub beak yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom nyob rau hauv daim duab los ntawm kev sau ntawm cov chij luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv 1865 (qhov kawg daim duab nyob rau hauv qab kab). Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv daim duab no nws yuav pom tau hais tias lub taub hau ntawm tus tsiaj yog ib tug noog, thaj, eagle. Thiab peb paub txog tsuas yog ob tug zoo kawg nkaus creatures nrog noog taub hau, tab sis tsis yog ib tug noog lub cev, qhov no yog griffin (sab laug) thiab basilisk (txoj cai).

Txawm li cas los xij, basilisk feem ntau yog piav qhia nrog ob lub paws thiab lub taub hau ntawm qaib, thiab hauv txhua daim duab kos, tshwj tsis yog rau ib qho, muaj plaub lub paws thiab lub taub hau yog tsis muaj qaib. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau yam ntaub ntawv kev pab thov hais tias basilisk yog ib qho tshwj xeeb European cov ntawv tseeb. Rau ob qho laj thawj no, peb yuav tsis xav tias basilisk yog "tus neeg sib tw" rau tus chij Tartar. Plaub lub paws thiab ib tug dav dawb hau lub taub hau qhia tias peb tseem tab tom ntsib ib tug griffin.

Cia wb mus saib lwm qhov kev kos duab ntawm imperial chij ntawm Tartary, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th.

Tab sis tej zaum tus tshaj tawm Asmeskas tau txais txhua yam tsis raug, vim Allard's Book of Flags tau hais meej meej tias tus zaj yuav tsum tau piav qhia ntawm tus chij.

Thiab Allard tuaj yeem yuam kev lossis txhob txwm tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tus neeg txiav txim. Tom qab tag nrho, dab ntxwg nyoog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab nyob rau hauv pej xeem lub tswv yim, uas nyob rau hauv niaj hnub lub sij hawm peb txhua tus tau pom nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv ntawm Libya, Iraq, Yugoslavia, thiab kom ncaj ncees, lub USSR, tau xyaum txij thaum immemorial.

Ib qho piv txwv yuav pab peb teb cov lus nug no, pom meej los ntawm tib lub "Lub Ntiaj Teb Geography", luam tawm nyob rau hauv Paris xyoo 1676, uas peb pom lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab uas piav txog tus noog rau tsab xov xwm dhau los.

Lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Little Tartary (raws li keeb kwm canonical ntawm Crimean Khanate) qhia txog peb cov dub griffins ntawm daj (kub) teb. Qhov kev piav qhia no muab sijhawm rau peb los lees paub nrog qhov muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo tias tus chij imperial ntawm Tartary tsis piav txog zaj, tab sis ib tug griffin los yog ib tug vulture (gryv), raws li nws tau hu ua nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv ntawm 18th-19th centuries. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tus tshaj tawm Asmeskas ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th uas yog, uas tau muab cov tsiaj nyeg tso rau ntawm tus chij ntawm Tatar Caesar, thiab tsis yog zaj. Thiab Karl Allard, hu rau cov vulture ib zaj, tau yuam kev, los yog los ntawm ib tug neeg txiav txim cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus chij yog distorted, yam tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tsab ntawm Phau Ntawv Chij.

Tam sim no cia saib seb lub mane tuaj yeem yog lub cim uas tuaj yeem ua raws li cov neeg uas nyob hauv lub tebchaws muaj ntau haiv neeg, ncab ntawm Tebchaws Europe mus rau Dej Hiav Txwv Pacific.

Archaeological nrhiav thiab cov phau ntawv qub yuav pab peb teb lo lus nug no.

Thaum excavating Scythian faus mounds nyob rau hauv lub loj heev expanses ntawm Eurasia, kuv tsis ntshai lo lus no, ntau yam khoom nrog rau cov duab ntawm ib tug vwm vwm tuaj nyob rau hauv droves. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev tshawb pom no tau sau tseg los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm 4th lossis txawm tias xyoo pua 6 BC.

Qhov no yog Taman, Crimea thiab Kuban.

Thiab Altai.

Ob lub cheeb tsam Amu Darya thiab Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

Lub pectoral ntawm lub xyoo pua 4 BC yog ib tug tiag tiag masterpiece. los ntawm "Tolstoy lub ntxa" ze Dnepropetrovsk.

Daim duab ntawm griffin kuj tau siv rau hauv tattoos, uas tau lees paub los ntawm archaeological excavations ntawm faus av ntawm lub 5th-3rd centuries BC. hauv Altai.

Nyob rau hauv Veliky Ustyug nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, tus tsiaj zoo heev tau pleev xim rau ntawm lub hau ntawm lub hauv siab.

Nyob rau hauv Novgorod nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th, lub vulture yog carved rau ntawm ntoo kab, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub Surgut cheeb tsam nws tau depicted rau medallions. Nyob rau hauv Vologda, nws yog carved ntawm birch bark.

Nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Tobolsk thiab Ryazan, lub vulture twb depicted ntawm lub tais thiab bracelets.

Ib daim duab ntawm griffin tuaj yeem pom ntawm nplooj ntawv sau ntawm 1076.

Txawm tias niaj hnub no, griffins tuaj yeem pom ntawm phab ntsa thiab rooj vag ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj Lavxias thaum ub. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv yog lub xyoo pua 12th Dmitrievsky Cathedral nyob rau hauv Vladimir.

Cov phab ntsa ntawm St. George Cathedral hauv Yuryev-Polsky kuj muaj cov duab ntawm griffins.

Muaj griffins ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Intercession-on-Nerl, nrog rau ntawm lub rooj vag ntawm lub tuam tsev hauv Suzdal.

Thiab nyob rau hauv Georgia, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th lub tuam tsev ntawm Samtavisi, txog 30 kilometers ntawm lub nroog ntawm Gori, muaj ib tug duab ntawm ib tug griffin.

Tab sis lub vulture twb depicted tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas vaj tse. Lub cim no tau dav siv nyob rau hauv Russia los ntawm cov poj dukes thiab vaj ntxwv nyob rau hauv lub 13th-17th centuries (duab duab los ntawm lub multivolume Antiquities ntawm Lavxias teb sab State, luam tawm los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub supremely tsim Committee nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th). Peb tuaj yeem pom cov noog ntawm lub kaus mom hlau ntawm Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (XIII caug xyoo).

Peb pom Giphon ob qho tib si ntawm cov vaj ntxwv zion (lub nkoj) ntawm 1486 thiab ntawm lub qhov rooj nkag mus rau sab sauv ntawm Terem Palace ntawm Moscow Kremlin (1636).

Txawm tias nyob rau ntawm tus chij (zoo banner) ntawm Ivan IV lub txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv 1560 muaj ob griffins. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Lukian Yakovlev, tus sau phau ntawv ntxiv rau ntu III ntawm Antiquities ntawm Lavxias teb sab State (1865), qhov twg lub banner nrog lub thwj cim yog qhia, nyob rau hauv lub preface (pp. 18-19) sau hais tias " … Cov banners yeej ib txwm ua nrog dluab ntawm cov ntsiab lus dawb ceev, lwm yam dluab, uas peb yuav hu txhua txhua hnub, tsis pub rau cov banners."

Tom qab Ivan IV, cov tsiaj nyeg tsis tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm muaj koob muaj npe, tab sis ntawm lwm cov cwj pwm muaj koob muaj npe nws tseem siv tau mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm Tsar's Saadak. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm huab cua tias "tus neeg caij tsheb" ntawm tus nees tsis tawm tsam rau griffin, nws pricks nws tus kheej ib tug nab ntawm ib kawg ntawm hneev, thiab griffin sawv ntawm lwm qhov kawg thiab tuav lub Xeev. lub tebchaws Russia.

Qhov kawg ua duab ntawm griffin ntawm cov khoom muaj koob muaj npe ua ntej so ntev mus txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau pom nyob rau ntawm ob lub zwm txwv, uas tau ua rau Tsars Ivan thiab Peter Alekseevich.

Lub griffin tseem muaj nyob rau ntawm ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm lub hwj chim muaj koob muaj npe ntawm "Power ntawm Lavxias teb sab Kingdom" los yog lwm yam "Hwj chim ntawm Monomakh".

Tam sim no xav tias nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Tartary (Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, USSR - raws li koj nyiam), dluab ntawm griffin tau siv tsawg kawg yog txij li thaum xyoo pua 4th BC. mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th (nyob rau hauv Muscovy), thiab nyob rau hauv lub Perekop lub nceeg vaj (raws li Sigismund Herberstein nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th hu ua Crimean Khanate paub rau peb) - feem ntau yuav ua ntej lub capture ntawm Crimea, i.e. mus txog rau lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Yog li, lub sij hawm tas mus li ntawm lub neej ntawm lub cim no nyob rau thaj tsam loj ntawm Eurasia, yog tias peb tau coj los ntawm canonical chronology, yog ntau tshaj li ob txhiab ob puas tsib caug xyoo!

Raws li cov lus dab neeg, griffins tiv thaiv kub nyob rau hauv Ripaean roob ntawm Hyperborea, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm mythical giants ntawm Arimasp. Lawv tab tom sim nrhiav qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov duab ntawm griffin hauv Assyrian, Egyptian thiab Scythian kab lis kev cai. Tej zaum lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm no zoo heev tsiaj yog txawv teb chaws. Tab sis coj mus rau hauv tus account lub "chaw nyob" ntawm griffin thiab qhov tseeb hais tias, nrog tsawg tsawg, cov duab ntawm Scythian vulture tsis tau hloov ntau npaum li cas txij li thaum lub xyoo pua 4th BC, nws zoo nkaus li tias griffin tsis yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau Scythia.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob ntshai tias griffins tseem siv nyob rau hauv lub heraldry ntawm lub zos nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws nyob sab Europe mus rau niaj hnub no. Yog hais tias peb tham txog sab qaum teb ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, lub Baltic lub xeev, thiab nyob rau hauv feem ntau hais txog lub yav qab teb ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Baltic, ces cov no yog thaj av ntawm ancient sij hawm ntawm lub Slavs. Yog li ntawd, griffins ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Mecklenburg, Latvia, Pomeranian Voivodeship ntawm Poland, thiab lwm yam. yuav tsum tsis txhob nug.

Interestingly, raws li cov lus dab neeg sau tseg nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th los ntawm Nikolai Marshal Turiy nyob rau hauv nws ua hauj lwm Annals ntawm lub Heruls thiab Vandals: "Antyuriy muab Bucephalus lub taub hau rau hneev ntawm lub nkoj uas nws sailing, thiab muab ib tug vulture rau lub mast." (A. Frencelii. Op. Cit. P. 126–127, 131). Cov hais txog Antyury yog cov yawg koob yawg koob ntawm kev txhawb nqa princes, uas yog tus khub ntawm Alexander lub Great (qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau peb kev tshawb fawb ntxiv). Thaum tuaj txog hauv Baltic, nws nyob ntawm nws sab qab teb ntug dej hiav txwv. Nws cov phooj ywg, raws li tib cov lus dab neeg, tau los ua tus tsim ntawm ntau cov tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe txhawb nqa. Los ntawm txoj kev, ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Mecklenburg, nrog rau lub griffin, muaj ib tug nyuj lub taub hau, thiab Bucephalus txhais tau tias "bull-headed" (Kuv tuaj hla cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm

swow).

Yog hais tias peb nco qab cov duab ntawm griffins nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm St. Mark nyob rau hauv Venice, ces kuj muaj ib tug Slavic kab, tk. muaj qhov ua tau tias Venice tuaj yeem yog Venedia, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd Latinized.

Raws li peb tau pom, cov duab ntawm griffin, ob qho tib si ntawm cov Slavs thiab ntawm lwm cov neeg ntawm peb lub teb chaws, yog nrov, yog li ntawd, lub xub ntiag ntawm griffin nyob rau hauv lub cim ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm yuav tsum tsis txhob ua surprise. los yog kev ntxhov siab.

Qhov tseeb tiag. Yog tias koj saib rau lub npe qub Lavxias teb sab rau griffin, koj tuaj yeem pom tias nws tsis yog divas xwb, tab sis kuj txhais ceg, ceg, qee zaum, liab qab, ceg. Nogai Horde tam sim ntawd los rau hauv siab. Yog hais tias peb xav hais tias nws lub npe tsis yog li ntawd los ntawm lub npe ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm lub Golden Horde - Nogai, raws li los ntawm lub npe ntawm tus noog Nogai, i.e. griffin, nyob rau hauv lub banners nrog cov duab uas lawv sib ntaus sib tua, piv txwv li, lub vanguard ntawm lub Tatar Caesar, ces es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug laib ntawm incomprehensible savages "Mongols" yog pom ib tug heev presentable tub rog chav tsev ntawm Tartary.

Los ntawm txoj kev, tus chij Nogai tshiab tau taug kev hauv Is Taws Nem, keeb kwm kev sib txuas uas nrog yav dhau los, txiav txim los ntawm qee qhov kev tshuaj xyuas, ua rau muaj lus nug. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws hnav ib tug tis tsiaj nyaum, txawm tsis yog ib tug vwm, tab sis ib tug hma. Thiab ib qho me me los ntawm "Vertograd ntawm Keeb Kwm ntawm Lub Tebchaws ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj" los ntawm Hetum Patmich (15th caug xyoo), piav qhia txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Temnik Nogai ntawm Terek, yuav tsis yog superfluous mus saib, txawm tias cov duab ntawm griffin. tsis nyob ntawd.

Txuas ntxiv: Chij thiab lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Tartary. Ntu 3