Lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab: keeb kwm ntawm ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Keeb kwm ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Russia hnub rov qab mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Ivan III, thaum thawj zaug cov duab ntawm ib tug ob-headed dav dawb hau tshwm nyob rau hauv lub foob ntawm lub sovereign. Nws yog lub cim no uas tau los ua lub ntsiab ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab, uas tau hloov pauv ntau lub sijhawm.

Los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, lub xeev cim ntawm Russia yog ib tug ob-headed dav dawb hau nrog qhib thiab tsa tis, crowned nrog peb crowns, nrog ib tug scepter thiab lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv nws paws thiab ib daim thaiv npog nrog ib tug duab ntawm ib tug rider-nab. -fighter ntawm lub hauv siab (cov cim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub dav dawb hau ntawm lub xeev cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th tau hnav ib feem "xaiv" tus cwj pwm thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVIII tsis tuaj yeem taug qab).

Peter's era tau ua ntau yam kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv qhov pom ntawm lub xeev lub cim, uas tau cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam rau Western Europe pom tseeb.

Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv lub xeev cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntawm Peter lub sij hawm, yam tsawg kawg yog txij li thaum lub 1710s, daim duab ntawm cov saw ntawm lub Order ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv tus Thwj Tim Andrew tus thawj hu, lub siab tshaj plaws puav pheej ntawm Russia, tsim los ntawm Peter kuv tom qab rov qab los ntawm ib tug mus txawv tebchaws. Teb chaws Europe raws li ib feem ntawm Grand Embassy, tshwm. Cov saw no tuaj yeem npog tag nrho cov ntaub thaiv npog nrog lub xeev cim thiab lub hauv paus ntaub thaiv npog nrog cov duab ntawm tus neeg caij nees. Qhov kev xaiv thib ob thaum kawg tau txiav txim siab thiab tau txais kev pom zoo tom qab.

Qhov Kev Txiav Txim ntawm St. Andrew Thawj-Hloov yog tib qho kev txiav txim ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws kom muaj cov saw caj dab. Tus Thwj Tim Andrew tus Thawj Coj yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau Peter tsis yog tsuas yog cov neeg dawb huv ntawm Russia (raws li cov lus dab neeg tau sau tseg hauv "Tale of Bygone Years"), tab sis kuj yog cov neeg dawb huv ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj thiab kev taug kev. Qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lub cim ntawm lub xeev siab tshaj plaws kev txiav txim ntxiv dag zog rau cov xwm txheej ntawm lub xeev cim thiab tsim parallels nrog cov kev lig kev cai ntawm Western European lub xeev heraldry.

Qhov thib ob, txij li xyoo 1710, ntawm lub xeev cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj, crowns hla tus dav dawb hau lub taub hau, es tsis txhob ntawm cov qub huab tais huab tais, coj daim ntawv ntawm Western European imperial crowns - los ntawm ob hemispheres nrog ib tug hoop nyob rau hauv nruab nrab. Qhov no, pom tau tias, tau hais txog cov xwm txheej imperial ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub nceeg vaj, raug pom zoo nyob rau hauv 1721 tom qab kawg ntawm Tsov Rog Northern.

Qhov thib peb, los ntawm 1710s ntawm cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntawm tis ntawm dav dawb hau, cov duab ntawm rau lub ntsiab lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab pib muab tso rau - Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Kazan, Astrakhan thiab Siberian kingdoms. Qhov kev tsim kho tshiab no tseem pom qhov sib piv hauv European heraldry, suav nrog lub xeev heraldry ntawm Holy Roman Empire ntawm lub tebchaws German. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab xeev heraldry, qhov kev lig kev cai no tau nkag mus (txawm hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab hloov nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th).

Plaub, pib los ntawm 1710s, lub tswv yim ntawm horseman-nab-fighter li St. George lub Victorious tau tsim (xws li Peter kuv tus kheej). Qhov no conjugation tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov ze ntawm lub iconographic hom ntawm cov dluab ntawm horseman thiab St. George lub Victorious thiab tawm los ntawm yav dhau los, secular-cratological txhais ntawm tus nab fighter ntawm lub 16th - 17th centuries.

Tom qab tsim nyob rau hauv 1722 ntawm lub Heraldic Master's Office, ib tug nom lub cev ua hauj lwm, thiab lwm yam, nrog rau cov teeb meem ntawm official heraldry, thawj tus kws tshaj lij heraldist nyob rau hauv Russia, suav FM Santi, tsim ib daim ntawv tshiab ntawm lub xeev emblem, raws li uas lub Lub cim tau pom zoo los ntawm tsab cai ntawm Catherine I ntawm lub xeev foob hnub tim 11 Lub Peb Hlis, 1726. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab yog raws li nram no: "Ib tug dav dawb hau dub nrog tis outstretched, nyob rau hauv ib tug daj teb, nyob rau hauv nws ib tug rider nyob rau hauv ib tug liab teb."

Yog li, cov xim ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab tau txiav txim siab - ib tug dav dawb hau dub nyob rau hauv ib tug golden teb - zoo li ob lub taub hau dav dawb hau nyob rau hauv lub xeev lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm lub Holy Roman faj tim teb chaws.

Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv cov lus hais lus tau los ua ib tug par nrog rau cov thawj lub xeev ntawm lub teb chaws Europe thiab mus rau ib co kev nkag mus rau hauv ib tug "kev sib tham" nrog nws txog lub imperial legacy feem ntau. Daim duab ntawm tus neeg caij tsheb-nab-fighter raws li St. George lub Victorious tau lees paub tias yog Moscow lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab hauv 1730. Qhov kev pom zoo ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Catherine II nyob rau hauv 1781: "St. George ntawm ib tug nees, nyob rau hauv ib tug liab teb, tawm tsam nrog ib daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nab dub."

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 1730s, Swiss engraver IK Gedlinger, uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia, tsim ib tug tshiab lub xeev foob uas siv thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Nws muaj cov duab zoo nkauj heev ntawm ob lub taub hau dav dawb hau nrog tsa tis thiab lub taub hau, cov saw hlau ntawm Kev Txiav Txim ntawm St. Andrew tus Thawj-Hloov npog ib daim thaiv npog nrog lub tsho tiv thaiv Moscow, thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm dav dawb hau muaj rau daim thaiv nrog. lub ntsiab lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab.

Tom qab ntawd, txog thaum pib ntawm kev kav ntawm Paul I, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tshwm sim hauv Lavxias lub xeev cim.

Paul kuv, tau fascinated los ntawm lub ntsiab lus knightly, muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev loj hlob ntawm heraldry nyob rau hauv Russia, sim tig mus rau hauv ib qho kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib raug zoo. Raws li koj paub, twb nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm nws reign, nws txais lub title ntawm Protector, thiab ces Grand Master (Grand Master) ntawm lub Order ntawm Malta - lub Order ntawm St. John nyob rau hauv Yeluxalees ntawm lub knights ntawm Rhodes thiab Malta (nyob rau hauv. Cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias lub npe tsis raug ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no - St. John ntawm Yeluxalees). Cov xwm txheej no tau tshwm sim hauv lub xeev lub cim. Lub yim hli ntuj 10, 1799, lub dawb yim-taw tes Maltese ntoo khaub lig thiab lub crown ntawm tus tswv ntawm lub Order ntawm Malta tau nkag mus rau hauv lub tshiab version ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab.

Lub crown tau muab tso rau saum ib daim thaiv npog nrog St. George lub Victorious (lub tsho tiv no ntawm Moscow), uas, nyob rau hauv lem, dai rau ntawm St. Andrew lub ribbon rau ntawm lub hauv siab ntawm ib tug ob lub taub hau dav dawb hau thiab tau superimposed rau ntawm Maltese ntoo khaub lig. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 16, 1800, Paul kuv tau pom zoo rau "Manifesto ntawm Lub Caj Npab Tag Nrho ntawm Txhua Lub Tebchaws Russia", uas yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke, tej zaum ua qauv ntawm Prussian lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab.

Ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm no tshiab version ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab yog kev koom ua ke nyob rau hauv nws ntawm tag nrho cov title lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, nrog rau yuav luag tsib caug. Txawm li cas los xij, lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab tseem yog qhov project yam tsis tau muab tso rau hauv. Tom qab nkag mus rau lub zwm txwv ntawm Alexander I, lub xeev heraldry ntawm Russia tau rov qab mus rau hauv daim ntawv uas nws muaj ua ntej 1796.