Cov khoom plig tsis ncaj ncees ntawm Magi

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Peb kuj pom zoo ua movie:

Holy relics - ruined ntsuj plig

Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, qhov teeb meem no tsis ua rau muaj kev zoo siab heev, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kev kawm mob siab rau mus rau lub kos duab ntawm Byzantium, lawv yooj yim thiab casually sau: "… lub thiaj li hu ua "khoom plig ntawm lub Magi" - tawg ib ncig ntawm lub decorations. Cov tsoos siv ntawm Byzantine emperors, hais txog lawv insignia - kub daim hlau-stripes dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lig Byzantine filigree, feem ntau ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th."

Qhov tseeb, ua ntej pib ntawm peb tam sim no "Ntiaj Teb Hnub Nyoog Tshiab", qhov no yog qhov nws tau txiav txim siab hauv ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb …

Tam sim no, mam li nco dheev, nws hloov tawm - tab sis tsuas yog los ntawm cov lus ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj - ib tug sib txawv kiag li sib tam ntawm no siv! Ua tsaug rau lawv kev siv zog, nws "hnub nyoog" ntau npaum li 15 centuries! - i.e. mus txog rau thaum lub sij hawm uas tsis tsuas yog cov txheej txheem filigree tsis tau siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub thov kos duab, tab sis thaum lub Byzantine huab tais lawv tus kheej tsis muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm …

Ua ntej pib kev pabcuam Christmas thaum hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 6-7, 2014 hauv Cathedral ntawm Tswv Yexus tus Cawm Seej, Patriarch Kirill (Gundyaev) nws tus kheej los ntawm lub sam thiaj qhia cov pab yaj tias"

Lub Synodal Information Department ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj kuj tau luam tawm los ntawm official raws nws "keeb kwm ntaub ntawv" uas "".

Thaum kawg, archim. Tikhon (Shevkunov) tau tshaj tawm ntawm nws lub vev xaib official tias "".

Thiab cov "keepers" ntawm relics lawv tus kheej tsis lagging qab. Ib tug ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm Greek delegation nyob rau hauv Moscow, uas nrog rau lub "khoom plig ntawm lub Magi," ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv lub monastery ntawm St. Paul, ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm lub monastery nyob rau hauv Sacred Kinot thiab ib tug ntawm cov epistats (cov tswv cuab ntawm tsoom fwv) ntawm lub roob Dawb Huv Athos, hauj sam Nicodemus categorically tshaj tawm: "" Raws li nws, "".

Xws li eloquent assurances ntawm undoubted authenticity ntawm "khoom plig ntawm Magi", ua, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "no-rau-tus-hla", tab sis nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws theem, nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm ya mus ncig tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj, ua rau ib tug unprecedented tide ntawm kev txom nyem mus kov lub "lub thaj neeb uas tus Cawm Seej kov."

Tab sis tseem, keeb kwm science hais li cas txog qhov "relic"?

Peb yuav tsis xyuam xim rau xws li "trifles" raws li qhov tseeb hais tias kev hloov ntawm "khoom plig ntawm Magi" nyob rau hauv 400 los ntawm Byzantine huab tais Arkady (395-408) rau Constantinople, liam tias "kom fij lub peev tshiab ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman" tau tawm ntawm lo lus nug, txij li lub peev tshiab Byzantine faj tim teb chaws - Constantinople - tau officially thiab solemnly fij rau lub Tsib Hlis 11, 330 - i.e. 3 tiam ua ntej Arcadia.

Cia peb tsis pom qhov txhaum qhov tseeb ntawd tsis muaj church historian, contrary to cov lus ntawm archim. Tikhon (Shevkunova), tsis tshaj tawm tej txiaj ntsim ntawm Theotokos rau lub Koom Txoos Yeluxalees (saib, piv txwv li, "History of the Mother of Churches" los ntawm Archbishop Chrysostomos I ntawm Athens thiab Tag Nrho Greece, ib tug Lavxias teb sab txhais uas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv 2003).

Peb yuav tsis mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tsis tsim nyog thiab ceeb toom uas tsis sib haum rau cov lus hais ntawm Synodal Information Department, Archbishop. Anthony ntawm Novgorod (nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no - Dobrynya Yadreykovich; † October 8, 1232), uas thaum tseem yog ib tug layman mus xyuas Constantinople nyob rau hauv 1200, tsis pom St. Sophia tsis muaj pendants tam sim no, tab sis nyob rau hauv nws "Phau Ntawv ntawm Pilgrim" los ntawm hearsay (!) Nws casually mentions tsuas yog ib co golden hlab ntsha uas "".

Los ntawm txoj kev, tib lub nkoj no kuj tau hais hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm Constantinople hauv xyoo pua 11th. nyob rau hauv "Tarragona Anonymous", tsim ntawm 1075 thiab 1098. (Tarragonensis 55 (f. 50-58v); Ciggaar K. N. Une description de Constantinople dans le Tarragonensis 55 // REB 53 (1995), 117-140), thiab hauv Anonymous Mercati, uas yog Latin txhais lus ntawm 1089-1096. los ntawm Greek thawj hnub txij thaum 1063-1081. (Ciggaar K. N. Une description de Constantinople traduite par un pelerin anglais // REB 34 (1976), 211-267). Lub "Tarragona Anonymous" qhia tias nyob rau hauv lub sacristy ntawm St. Sophia khaws cia "". Tau kawg, tsuas yog cov hlab ntsha kub tuaj yeem luam tawm, uas Dobrynya Yadreykovich (lub neej yav tom ntej archbishop. Novgorod Anthony), thiab tsis txhais tau tias kub ingots lossis kub stripe daim hlau.

Tab sis qhov tseeb keeb kwm "kev dag ntxias" (Kuv yuav tsis siv lo lus tsis raug nom tswv "forgery") ntawm no yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws nyob hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog - thiab, cia kuv ceeb toom koj, peb tab tom tham txog cov ntaub ntawv xa mus rau 11th. -13 centuries. - xws li cov hlab ntsha nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub hiav txwv shells yog fashionable ntawm European warlocks, uas, tuav ib lub nkoj plhaub rau lawv pob ntseg, txhais cov suab nrov raws li kev kwv yees ntawm lwm lub ntiaj teb no rog …

Incidentally, tsis muaj ib tug liturgical veneration (τιμιτικην προσκυνησιν) ntawm cov "kub hlab ntsha" - seemingly thiaj li muaj nuj nqis Christian relics - yeej tsis nyob rau hauv Byzantium, i.e. yog tias muaj ib lub nkoj nyob ntawd, lawv tsuas yog tsis tau muab tshem tawm ntawm lub sacristy ntawm St. Sofia … Thiab, yog li ntawd, qee lub sijhawm, tsuas yog cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tuam tsev tuaj yeem qhia cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi txog lawv.

Los ntawm txoj kev, txog thaum tsis ntev los no - txog rau thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo 1980s - tsis muaj liturgical sequences ua ntej lub niaj hnub "khoom plig ntawm Magi" nyob rau hauv lub Athos monastery ntawm St. Paul, mus txog rau thaum cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv export sab nraum Athos mus sau pub dawb los ua. ntau zaus. compiled "Lub canon ntawm kev thov Vajtswv ua ntej lub txiaj ntsim dawb huv thiab ncaj ncees ntawm peb tus Cawm Seej, kub, tshuaj tsw qab thiab myrrh, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub dawb huv monastery ntawm St. Paul", txawm li cas los, txawm rau nws cov koob hmoov yog qhia "tsuas yog rau tus kheej. nyeem ntawv."

Thiab tam sim no cia peb tsiv mus rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus hais txog qhov tseeb hais tias hnub no mus nrog xws li fanfare nyob rau hauv Russia.

Thawj qhov keeb kwm hais txog qhov tam sim no ntawm "khoom plig ntawm Magi" yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, thiab cov lus piav qhia ntxaws pom tsuas yog los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th (!)

Tshwj xeeb, lawv tau piav qhia thawj zaug los ntawm Lavxias tus neeg ncig tebchaws Vasily Grigorovich-Barsky, uas tau mus xyuas Athos thaum lub Tsib Hlis-Kaum Ib Hlis 1744, uas muab cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no: qhov chaw dawb huv hauv Tebchaws Europe, Asia thiab Africa, tau ua hauv 1723 thiab ua tiav xyoo 1747 Tshooj 2. St. Petersburg, 1785; scientific edition: Thib ob mus rau lub Holy Mount Athos los ntawm Vasily Grigorovich-Barsky, piav qhia los ntawm nws tus kheej, nyob rau hauv ntau yam, nrog 32 ntawm nws tus kheej kos duab kos duab thiab ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm Mount Athos. SPb., RPMA, 1887 ib., 398).

Hais los ntawm Vasily Grigorovich-Barsky "Maro, tus ntxhais ntawm Yuri tus tswv ntawm Serbia" yog ib tug neeg keeb kwm - Mara Brankovic, yug hauv 1418, tus ntxhais ntawm Serbian despot George (Djurdja) Brankovich (uas kav Serbia los ntawm 1427 txog 1456) thiab Irene. ntawm Cantacusine ntxhais huab tais (Byzantium), tus poj niam (txij li xyoo 1435) ntawm Ottoman Sultan Murat II. Qhov tseeb tias Mara Brankovic nthuav tawm khoom plig rau Serbian lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Paul nyob rau Mount Athos nyob rau hauv 1470, lub lig Byzantine golden siv, uas muaj 9 daim hlau thiab 69 hlaws dai los ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm xyab thiab myrrh, tau sau nyob rau hauv ib tug Turkish firman., poob lawm tsuas yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. - thaum hluav taws kub hauv xyoo 1902. Muaj tseeb tiag, tsis yog Mara Brankovich, los yog Turkish chroniclers tseem tsis tau paub tias cov no yog "khoom plig ntawm Magi". Nyob rau hauv lub Ottoman Empire, Mara Brankovich nyob mus txog rau thaum nws tus txiv tuag, mus txog rau 1451. Rov qab mus rau Serbia, nws tau txais ob thaj chaw los ntawm nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv Mehmed II, thiab tom qab nws txiv tuag nws pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nom kev tswv lub neej ntawm Serbia. Tab sis vim muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog tus kwv tij Hungarian Lazar, nws rov qab mus rau Sultan Mehmed II. Los ntawm nws nws tau txais ib qho cuab yeej cuab tam hauv lub nroog me me tsis deb ntawm Thessaloniki thiab kev saib xyuas zoo heev. Mara Brankovic, ua ib tug ntseeg, tsis tu ncua txhawb Serbian Athos monastery. Raws li cov lus dab neeg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, txhawm rau xa cov "khoom plig ntawm Magi" mus rau Athonite cov txiv plig, Mara tau ua nws txoj kev los ntawm hiav txwv los ntawm Constantinople mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Dawb Huv Roob. Tab sis tom qab nws nce toj av thiab mus txog ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj St. Mara tos cov hauj sam thiab muab lawv "khoom plig" … cov hauj sam uas txais cov "khoom plig ntawm Magi".

Raws li koj tau pom, nyob rau hauv lub XVIII caug xyoo. Cov "khoom plig ntawm Magi" kuj yog ib qho tag nrho thiab ua ke ua ib txoj siv golden 6 cm dav (1 ntiv tes - txog 2 cm). Cov hlua kub zoo li no tau paub ntawm Byzantine emperors hais txog lawv lub cim, tab sis, raws li twb tau sau tseg, tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov keeb kwm muaj ib lo lus hais txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev hnav ib txoj siv kub los ntawm "khoom plig ntawm Magi" ntawm tus Tswv lub koob tsheej. Los ntawm txoj kev, tus yawg koob Nicodemus, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Paul nyob rau hauv lub Holy Kinot thiab ib tug ntawm cov epistats (cov tswv cuab ntawm tsoom fwv) ntawm lub Holy Mount Athos, kuj hais tias ua ntej lawm "cov pendants no constituted ib tug kho kom zoo nkauj uas. yog kev cai coj los hnav los ntawm cov neeg ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe."

Nws tus kheej txog. Nicodemus tau hais meej meej tias qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm "khoom plig ntawm Magi" tso cai rau lawv qhov kev paub txog keeb kwm. Tab sis cov qauv geometric ntawm cov phiaj kub qhia tsis yog txhua qhov kev xav "oriental masters", tab sis ntawm cov qauv post-Byzantine filigree, cov piv txwv uas tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim ntawm cov duab ntawm Athos icons ntawm 15th-16th centuries.

Piv txwv li, piv txwv li, nrog Panagia los ntawm Crete (Peb Poj Niam ntawm Hodegetria. Panagia; Tim Nkij teb chaws. Crete; XVI xyoo pua; qhov chaw: Poland. Krakow. Czartoryski Tsev khaws puav pheej. 10.8 cm; khoom siv: ntoo cypress, pearls, pob zeb zoo nkauj, hlau nyiaj; txheej txheem: gilding, woodcarving, openwork filigree (los ntawm).

Tam sim no, lub npe hu ua "khoom plig ntawm Magi" ntawm Mount Athos tau khaws cia rau hauv 10 lub nkoj sib cais thiab muaj 28 daim phiaj kub tawg txog li 5 x 7 cm loj thiab ntau yam duab (puab, trapezoidal, polygonal, thiab lwm yam), dai kom zoo nkauj. nrog filigree thiab grain, fastened nyiaj hlau nrog hlaws dai ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm xyab thiab myrrh, tag nrho 62.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1744 - txij li thawj tus hais thiab piav qhia ntawm "khoom plig" - los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm "npau suav Hoobkas" 19 daim phiaj kub ntxiv (uas tsis muaj nyob rau xyoo 1744) tau ntxiv rau txoj siv, thiab 7 cov hlaws tsw qab tau ploj mus rau qhov chaw.

Yog li, hauv keeb kwm ntawm "khoom plig ntawm Magi" los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Paul nyob rau Mount Athos, cov sij hawm hauv qab no tuaj yeem taug qab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm:

1) mus txog rau xyoo pua XI. tsis muaj pov thawj keeb kwm lossis hais txog "khoom plig ntawm Magi" txhua;

2) XI-XII centuries. Qee qhov "cov hlab ntsha kub loj uas coj Tswv Yexus los ntawm cov khoom plig ntawm khawv koob" raug liam tias khaws cia rau hauv kev dawb huv ntawm St. Sophia (tab sis tsis muaj liturgical veneration);

3) nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th mus rau 18th, lub "monstrous golden hlab ntsha" (yog tias muaj) ploj mus yam tsis muaj ib tug (vim lub Byzantine kub txoj siv tau hais xwb).

4) nyob rau hauv 1470 Mara Brankovic, tus ntxhais ntawm Serbian despot Georgy Brankovic thiab Irina Kantakuzina, tus poj niam ntawm lub Ottoman Sultan Murat II, pub St. Paul nyob rau Mount Athos, lub lig Byzantine kub txoj siv, uas muaj 9 daim hlau thiab 69 hlaws dai los ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm xyab thiab myrrh, raws li tau hais los ntawm ib tug Turkish firman poob thaum hluav taws nyob rau hauv 1902;

5) tom qab 1744, thaum lub monastery ntawm St. Povlauj tau rov qab los ntawm cov neeg Greek, txoj siv tawv tau muab faib ua ntu, thiab cov phiajcim tau nce mus rau 28, thiab cov hlaws hlaws tau txo los ntawm 7;

6) thaum ntxov 1980s, "khoom plig ntawm Magi" tau pib siv los ntawm Greek lub Koom Txoos rau kev sau nyiaj pub dawb, thiab cov canon sib xws tau tsim rau lawv.

7) Thaum pib ntawm 2014, ntau txhiab tus neeg nqhis dej tau pib ua kab mus rau "khoom plig ntawm Magi" hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg kom kov lub "lub thaj neeb" uas "Tus Cawm Seej nws tus kheej kov."

Tab sis tsis txhob chim! Lub Orthodox, ntxiv rau lub Crown ntawm Thorns, lub txiaj ntsim ntawm Magi, Chiton ntawm tus Tswv, lub Shroud ntawm Turin, lub phaj thiab txoj siv ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv, muaj ib tug tiag tiag priceless khoom muaj nqis, tejzaum nws reserves rau lub xyoo tom ntej los ntawm kev saib xyuas cov neeg Greek … Cov no yog cov khoom seem ntawm 5 lub ncuav uas Yexus pub rau 5000 tus neeg Ixayees … Yog lawm, cov khoom seem ntawd! Cov neeg Ixayees thiaj ntseeg Tswv Yexus heev npaum li ntawd lawv thiaj tsis noj raws li lub homphiaj thiab khaws tau li 12 lub pob tawb uas tshuav rau cov neeg taug kev Orthodox yav tom ntej!

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub xyoo pua XI "Anonymous Merkati" - zoo, tib yam uas tau hais los saum toj no, uas kuj tau qhia txog mythical "cov nkoj uas coj Tswv Yexus los ntawm cov khoom plig ntawm khawv koob" - nyob rau tib qhov chaw qhia tias 12 pob tawb nrog crusts los ntawm cov qhob cij heev tau ua tib zoo ntsa hauv Constantinople hauv qab kab ntawm Constantine! Tom qab ntawd cov 12 pob tawb ntawm relics hauv 1105.tau pauv mus rau Grand Palace … Hauv ib lo lus, tus hma liab Alice thiab miv Basilio, menyuam yaus sib nrauj qhov kev ntseeg siab Buratino rau peb lub ncuav cij, tam sim no ntshai haus luam yeeb ntawm sab nraud, paub tias lub sijhawm ntawm kev nyiam nyiam nyiam nyiam tau dhau los…

Nws yog ib qho kev tu siab uas cov tswv yug yaj tam sim no, tsis paub txog cov phiaj xwm ntxiv rau "kev txhawb nqa ntawm sab ntsuj plig", tawm ntawm tus cwj pwm tseem pheej thuam lawv cov pab yaj los ntawm lub taub hau dub, raws li tau hais tias "cov uas tau noj 5000 yog cov tsis ntseeg, leej twg. muab tej khob cij thiab pob txha ntses es tsis txhob ua kom lawv fav xeeb.”

Muab tso ua ke los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov nom blog ntawm cov kws tshaj lij ntawm Andrei Rublev Tsev khaws puav pheej ©, 2014.