Kievan Rus - ib tug invention ntawm historians

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai, uas muaj ntau yam zoo dua li cov ntawv sau keeb kwm yav dhau los, tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob thiab qhia peb txog keeb kwm ntawm Kiev. Lawv khawb tau ntau shards, tej daim hlau thiab lwm yam me me.

Thiab tam sim ntawd lawv tau pib sib tw los sau cov ntawv tshawb fawb kom sai tau cov npe ntawm cov xibfwb thiab cov kws tshaj lij.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv tau sib koom ua ke - Kiev yog oo-och-ch-yen thaum ub, tab sis hauv cov ntsiab lus, "cov kws tshawb fawb sib txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej."

Txhawm rau muab cov neeg nyeem ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov lus nug uas txhawj xeeb txog archaeologists, Kuv yuav hais ib nqe lus los ntawm E. Mühle tsab xov xwm "Ntawm lo lus nug ntawm qhov pib ntawm Kiev":

Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, txhua yam yog heev convincing - qhov kev tshawb pom yog heev ancient thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog hais txog lub sij hawm uas lawv koom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5th. los yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VII.

Tab sis nws tsim nyog nug cov neeg sau keeb kwm tsuas yog ob lo lus nug: lawv tau pom dab tsi hnub tim, lawv tshawb xyuas cov hnub, thiab lawv yuav ua li cas rau lub nroog Kiev niaj hnub no?

Hnub ntawm minting tsis tau teem rau "Byzantine" npib, thiab lawv muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau hauv av ntau tom qab lawv yug los.

Nws yog qhov nyuaj dua los txiav txim siab txog lub xyoo pua uas lawv tau siv los ntawm av nplaum shard lossis poj niam lub qhwv ntsej, vim hais tias cov av nplaum tau tsim los ntawm tib av nplaum txhua lub sijhawm.

Lub fact tias hom shards belongs rau lub sij hawm no, thiab xws li mus rau lwm tus - tsuas yog kev xavarchaeologists, feem ntau frankly muab los ntawm lub qab nthab.

Tab sis cia peb hais tias tib neeg nyob saum roob Dnieper ib txhiab xyoo dhau los. Qhov no yog dab tsi ua rau Kiev? Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tsis muab pov thawj ntawm qhov kev sib txuas no, thiab yog tias thaum lub sijhawm excavations lawv ntog rau ntawm ib txheej ntawm cov av nplaum uas tsis zoo rau lawv, ces lawv tsis tawm tswv yim txog qhov no nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev.

Hais txog qhov no, kuv tuaj yeem muab piv txwv los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kuv lub tebchaws. Kev tsim ntawm Tyumen hnub rov qab mus rau 1586, thaum, raws li Kungur Chronicle, tus tswv xeev Sukin thiab Myasnaya "tso lub nroog Tyumen".

Kev sib tham ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim no yog nyob ntawm ib qho chaw, uas, ntawm chav kawm, tsis txhawb kev ntseeg siab, tab sis peb yuav tsis sib cav txog hnub uas feem ntau lees txais. Zoo dua los tham txog lwm qhov tseeb - ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog Tyumen tam sim no, muaj ib zaug lub nroog Chimgi-Tura (cov keeb kwm hu ua Tatar thiab muab nws lub hauv paus rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv Taibuga rau xyoo pua XIV), uas yog ib zaug., liam tias, txawm lub peev ntawm qee lub zos khanate.

Yog hais tias qhov no yog li ntawd, ntau shards thiab poj niam tsej, xub thawj thiab pins yuav tsum nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub Tyumen av los ntawm lub Chimgi-Turin era. Lawv tuaj yeem nrhiav pom, hnub tim rau xyoo pua 5th. thiab tshaj tawm Tyumen tib lub hnub nyoog raws li thaum ub Kiev, los yog txawm sib cav rau laus.

Tab sis archaeologists tsis yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav mus khawb av ntawm no, vim hais tias lawv tsis txaus siab rau ib tug dog dig lub zos lub zos. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub keeb kwm centre ntawm Tyumen yog densely ua li thiab nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau kev archaeological kev tshawb fawb, nws yog tsim nyog los rhuav ib puas monuments ntawm architecture.

Txawm li cas los xij, ob peb lub archaeological monuments tau pom nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub nroog (Tsarevo kev sib hais haum, Antipinskoe-1 thiab Antipinskoe-2), tab sis tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias xav tau, lawv tuaj yeem hla dhau los ua qhov seem ntawm lub nroog qub, thiab yog li ua rau keeb kwm ntawm Tyumen muaj hnub nyoog ob peb puas xyoo.

Nyob rau hauv Kiev, tau kawg, muaj ntau lub sij hawm rau archaeologists - txawm tom qab tsov rog, thaum lub loj-scale reconstruction ntawm lub nroog tau ua, thiab txawm tam sim no tib lub tsev fuabtais Hill yog khoob (lawv xav tsim ib tug qauv ntawm ib tug loj-scale reconstruction ntawm lub nroog. ntoo lub tsev fuabtais rau nws, zoo li tus uas sawv nrog cov Poles, uas yog vim li cas lub npe mus rau lub roob).

Peb kilometers ntawm lub nroog txwv ntawm Tyumen pib Lake Andreevskoe (Tatar lub npe Indrei-kul), los yog, nws yog ib tug tag nrho system ntawm pas dej surrounded los ntawm ntoo thuv forests. Ntawm no archaeologists muaj ntau txoj kev ywj pheej - khawb txawm mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Thiab nyob rau ntawd lawv yeej pom nyob rau hauv cov chaw nyob thiab faus av loj heev ntawm shards, pob zeb thiab knuckles, uas hnub rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm Neolithic.

Kev sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb muaj ntau qhov sib txawv - leej twg hais tias tib neeg nyob ntawm no ob txhiab xyoo dhau los thiab hais txog cov seem ntawm lub pob zeb ua pov thawj, thiab leej twg tsis muaj qhov ntseeg tau ua pov thawj tias cov neeg yos hav zoov thaum ub thiab cov neeg sau tuaj nyob ntawm no tau tsib txhiab xyoo dhau los, txhawb nqa lawv. version nrog cov khib nyiab ib pob zeb axes ntawm cov duab sib txawv. Kuv, ntawm chav kawm, me ntsis exaggerate qhov teeb meem no, tab sis lub essence yog cia li ntawd.

Los ntawm lawv tus kheej, archaeological nrhiav tsis muaj pov thawj dab tsi. Yog tias txoj haujlwm yog los ua pov thawj tias Tyumen yog leej niam ntawm Lavxias lub nroog, cov shards yuav mus rau hauv kev lag luam, thiab lawv sib sau cov plua plav hauv cov thawv hauv qab daus ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv zos tsis tsim nyog.

Tab sis raws nraim tib yam pom nyob rau hauv lub ntug dej ntawm lub Dnieper ua hnub no ib tug tseem ceeb kev nom kev tswv hauj lwm, eloquently proven los ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm lawv lub neej hais tias cov Ukrainians yog ancient Aryans, tsis zoo li ib co qus Asians, ib nrab-hom ntawm Russians, uas tau txais tag nrho cov kab lis kev cai ua tau zoo..

Rau "cov kws tshawb fawb" nws tsis yog cov shards thiab pob txha lawv tus kheej uas tseem ceeb, tab sis muaj peev xwm los txhais cov kev tshawb pom nyob rau hauv nruj raws li lub prevailing "scientific tseeb" thiab nom tswv conjuncture nyob rau theem no.

Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws nrhiav tau rau archaeologists yog cov khoom muaj nqis. Feem ntau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog faus - nyiaj thiab hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, lawv txawm khaws nyiaj nyob rau hauv pots, yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, koj yuav sai sai faus nws. Hmoov zoo, nyiaj tau siv nyiaj, tsis tshua muaj kub. Yuav ua li cas cov khoom mus nrog ancient Lavxias teb sab npib hoards nyob rau hauv Kiev?

Tsis muaj txoj kev! Roman npib tau pom nyob rau hauv Podol ntau zaus. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm muab lub sijhawm ntawm Adrian thiab Marcus Aurelius deb ntawm kev yug los ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev thiab kev tsim ntawm Kiev. Tsis tas yuav tham txog kev tsim khoom lag luam ntawm txhua yam nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Leej twg zais cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm Dnieper roob thiab ravines? Yog hais tias tus nom chronology thiab dating ntawm lub npib yog muaj tseeb, ces ib tug yuav tsuas xav txog cov tub sab.

Tab sis dab tsi txog cov qub Lavxias teb sab npib? Tsis muaj txoj kev twg. Lub sij hawm XII-XIII centuries. nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia "tswj" tshaj tawm tias "npib". Zoo li, tsis muaj nyiaj siv thaum ntawd, yog li nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los nrhiav lawv. Thiab yog dab tsi tsis yog nyiaj?

Qee cov kws sau keeb kwm muab lub tswv yim ntawm lub roob, zoo nkauj hauv nws cov cretinism: lawv hais tias, es tsis txhob npib, hryvnias tau siv - nyiaj tuav. Piv txwv li ib tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv txoj kev them rau ib tug qaib li cas? Thiab, lawv hais tias, nws tau txiav cov hryvnia rau hauv daim thiab them nrog cov nyiaj no.

Tej yam nyuaj rau ntseeg qhov no. Lub npib yog ib qho ingenious invention. Nws yog qhov zoo vim tias cov npib sib npaug sib npaug ntawm qhov hnyav rau ib leeg. Raws li, lawv muaj vaj huam sib luag kev yuav khoom. Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem ntsuas tau raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov nyiaj npib ntawm qhov paub qhov hnyav. Tab sis yuav ua li cas yog tias qaib raug nqi 0.08 hryvnia? Cov cuab yeej twg yim puas yog ntsuas thiab qhib li cas?

Thiab leej twg yuav ua nws - tus muag lossis tus neeg yuav khoom? Nws yog qhov tseeb tias tus neeg muag khoom yuav txiav tawm me ntsis ntau dua li qhov yuav tsum tau ua, thiab tus neeg yuav khoom ntsuas qhov muag tsawg dua qhov tsim nyog. Yuav daws qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb li cas? Qhov teeb meem yuav inevitably tuaj rau kev sib ntaus.

Lub hauv paus kev nkag siab hais tias cov nyiaj me me, ib zaug nkag mus rau hauv kev ncig, yuav tsis ploj ntawm lawv tus kheej, vim tias tsis muaj lawv cov khw muag khoom txhua hnub zoo li ua tsis tau.

Lub tshuab ntawm minting nyiaj los yog tooj liab rounds tsis muaj dab tsi nyuab heev. Tab sis cov nyiaj npib ua los ntawm cov nyiaj dawb los yog kub muaj ib qho khoom tsis txaus siab - lawv tau muab tshem tawm thaum lub caij ncig. Muaj ib lub npib nyob rau hauv 12, thiab ib xyoos tom qab, tom qab dhau los ntawm ib puas txhais tes, nws pib hnyav 11 g. Yog li ntawd, tam sim no, compact daim ntawv nyiaj siv, uas tsis poob nws lub hwj chim yuav los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug neeg yog active. rubb nws nrog sweaty tes.

Yog li, 200-gram hryvnia yog ib hom ntawm cov npe loj. Lawv tsis tau npaj los yuav ntsev thiab tswm ciab hauv lub khw, tab sis tau siv los ntawm cov tub lag luam hauv kev lag luam loj, rau cov lag luam wholesale, yog li hais, yuav khoom. Cov nyiaj me me tau ua tsis yooj yim rau lub hom phiaj no.

Ua ntej, nws yuav siv sijhawm ntau tshaj ib teev los rov hais dua lawv, Thib ob, npib tej zaum yuav hnav tsis zoo. Khaws rau hauv ib txhiab nyiaj npib - ntawm no yog 10% poob rau koj. Ingots, ntawm qhov tod tes, tsis hnav tawm, vim lawv tsis mus ntawm tes mus rau tes. Thiab lawv tuaj yeem nyeem tau tam sim ntawd los ntawm qhov hnyav. Ib yam dab tsi qhia kuv tias hryvnias nyob rau hauv kev siv tsis yog npib, tab sis ib txhij nrog lawv, ib yam li niaj hnub no cov credit card yas circulate nyob rau hauv parallel nrog ntawv banknotes thiab qub-fashioned metallic nyiaj.

Vim li cas cov neeg keeb kwm hnub tim hryvnia feem ntau rau XII-XIII centuries? Tom qab ntawd, los piav qhia qhov tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Kiev kev nplua, raws li cov nyiaj tau hu ua hnub qub. Lub caij no, Brockhaus thiab Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary qhia tias hryvnia tau siv txawm nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Yog li tsis muaj laj thawj los khi lawv rau Kievan Rus.

Lub txim txhaum cai thaum ub - lub thiaj li hu ua "Lavxias teb sab Truth" - sau rau txim rau ib tug ua txhaum cai nyob rau hauv hryvnia. Tsis muaj dab tsi ceeb ntawm no, vim hais tias hryvnia yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm nyiaj. Cov nyiaj hauv kev ncig yuav txawv - efimkas, thalers, dinars, npib yuav yog tooj liab lossis kub.

Tab sis tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau yooj yim hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv hryvnia, uas muaj ib tug tej yam hnyav. Niaj hnub no, Txoj Cai Tswjfwm suav cov nyiaj rau txim hauv cov nyiaj ua haujlwm yam tsawg kawg nkaus, tab sis qhov no tsis txhais tau tias cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab lub npe tsis meej "mrot" tau siv.

Los ntawm txoj kev, thaum twg yog daim ntawv, uas feem ntau hu ua "Lavxias qhov tseeb", tau kos? Nws yog thawj zaug pom los ntawm Tatishchev nyob rau hauv 1738, kawm ib daim ntawv teev cov Novgorod Chronicle yos rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 15th. Nws tsis zoo li cov ntawv nyeem uas siv tau yooj yim no tau sau dua tshiab vim tsis muaj dab tsi ua. Tag nrho lub xyoo pua XV. normative txoj cai yog nyob rau hauv kev siv kom txog rau thaum cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub Code of Laws nyob rau hauv 1497. Lub sij hawm no coincides nrog lub ncig ntawm lub hryvnia.

Qhov tseeb hais tias niaj hnub no historians xav txog "Lavxias teb sab Truth" ib tug monument ntawm qub Lavxias teb sab txoj cai, yos rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 11th, yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob. Txhua tus neeg saib xyuas tus kheej yuav tsum muaj hnub nyoog pom los ntawm 400-500 xyoo. Qhov no yog li cas lub hryvnia tsiv los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI.

Yog hais tias Kiev yog lub peev ntawm Russia, ces tus tub huabtais mint yuav tsum tau nyob rau ntawd - ib tug emission center, thiaj li hais lus. Cov peev loj yuav tsum tau tsom mus rau hauv lub peev, thiab zoo. Yog li ntawd, nws yog nyob rau hauv Kiev, qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis nrog Lavxias teb sab npib yuav tsum pom.

Cia peb tig mus rau cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb - phau ntawv los ntawm Ivan Spassky "Lavxias teb sab Monetary System".

Nov yog qhov uas tus kws sau ntawv sau txog cov nyiaj npib nyiaj ntawm Yaroslav - suav tias yog thawj lub npe nrov ntawm Lavxias teb sab npib: "Tsuas yog ib lub npib tau pom hauv Kiev [hauv xyoo 1792], thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd tsis nyob hauv av, tab sis raws li lub pendant. mus rau ib lub cim, thaum tag nrho cov lwm tus gravitate mus rau sab qaum teb hnub poob ntug ntawm lub ancient Lavxias teb sab xeev: ib tug tau pom nyob rau hauv cov av ze ntawm lub ancient Yuryev (Tartu), lwm yam - nyob rau hauv cov kob ntawm Saarema; muaj cov lus qhia txog kev pom nyob rau hauv lub xeev Petersburg.

Nyob qhov twg cov khoom muaj nqis nrog Kiev Hryvnias pom? Qhov loj tshaj ib thiab ib nrab phaus cov khoom muaj nqis, muaj ntau tshaj li ib puas hryvnias, yog nyob rau hauv 1906 nyob rau hauv Tver. Yog li vim li cas ho tsis hu rau hryvnia nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim Tver? Ntau Kiev-hom hryvnias tau pom nyob rau hauv Gotland hoard (Sweden).

Qhov tseeb hais tias Kiev yog qhov chaw ntawm hryvnia ntau lawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub ntsiab, tsis muaj pov thawj tus sau tsis yog. Lawv feem ntau tsis pom qhov twg.

Spassky sau txog Chernigov hryvnia: Lub keeb kwm tau khaws cia ib tug hais txog ntawm Volyn tub huabtais Vladimir Vasilkovich, uas nws txiav txim nyob rau hauv 1288 lub precious cov hlab ntsha ntawm nws cov nyiaj txiag raug cam khwb cia rau hauv ingots.

Yog li, ob peb pom ntawm hryvnias nyob rau hauv Chernigov muab ib tug pa Chernigov hom, txawv los ntawm lub Kiev ib tug. Thiab dab tsi ntawm hryvnia tau pom nyob rau hauv Kiev? Rau qee qhov laj thawj, cov kws sau phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm archaeology nyob ntsiag to txog qhov no.

Thiab nws zoo nkaus li kuv tias lawv pom hryvnias tsis yog hom Kiev, tab sis ntawm Lithuanian ib qho (typology, ntawm chav kawm, yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg), rau Kiev hauv XIV-XVI centuries. yog ib feem ntawm Lithuania. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog kuv qhov kev kwv yees xwb, Kuv tsis tau khawb cov lus nug no kom tob. Lub Lithuanian hryvnia yog qhov txawv los ntawm cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo ntawm sab sauv thiab ib qho me ntsis nkhaus tab sis nyias cov duab. Lawv tau tshwm sim hauv Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, raws li nws ntseeg, thaum kawg ntawm XIV xyoo pua. thiab mus, feem ntau yuav, kom txog rau thaum lub tsib caug ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, tom qab ntawd lub hryvnia tau supplanted los ntawm niaj hnub coinage.

Kuv tuaj hla tsuas yog ib qho kev hais txog kev tshawb pom hauv 1997 ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm 23 hryvnia ntawm Kiev hom thaum lub sij hawm kho dua ntawm Mikhailovsky Monastery. Txij li thaum rooj plaub tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv "kev ywj pheej" lub sijhawm, kuv yuav tsis txiav txim siab tias qhov kev tshawb pom tau dag.

Mob siab rau ntau tus neeg keeb kwm "Svidomo" tau ua qhov kev xav pom tsis ntev los no - cia peb nco qab li cas Ukrainian-Canadian archaeologists nrhiav tau "ntau" faus neeg raug tsim txom ntawm "Baturyn tua neeg" lossis tsis ntev los no nrhiav tau "Ukrainian" version ntawm Orlikov txoj cai, txawm hais tias "Movies. " nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. tsis muaj nyob.

Yog tias qhov kev tshawb pom muaj qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tawm thiab kev nom kev tswv, tom qab ntawd cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yuav pom tsawg kawg Atlantis nyob hauv qab ntawm Kiev reservoir. Tab sis dab tsi tshwm sim yog hais tias lub monetary unit ntawm Ukraine tau hu ua lub hryvnia nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm lub legendary (ntawm chav kawm, Kiev) hryvnia, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi los qhia nyob rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej. Tab sis tsis ntev muaj ib qho khoom muaj nqis ntawm peb kilograms ntawm cov nyiaj ingots pom zoo heev.

Nws yog qhov tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg cov lus hais txog cov khoom muaj nqis yog tias lawv tsis tau sau tseg. Nws zoo li kev tso siab rau tus neeg nuv ntses qhia koj tias tus ntses loj npaum li cas nws ntes tau. Txawm hais tias nws tsis muaj lub tswv yim dag, nws txhais tes diverge ntawm lawv tus kheej me ntsis ntau tshaj qhov tsim nyog (ob lossis peb zaug). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom muaj nqis tsuas yog loj tuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv xov xwm tshaj tawm.

Piv txwv li, Vlada Krapivka nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm "270 kg ntawm cov nyiaj tau pom nyob rau hauv lub Lavra, thiab cov "dab ntxwg nyoog cov khoom muaj nqis" raug faus," hais tias "nyob rau hauv 1851, cov tub rog uas tab tom tsim lub fortifications nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm Askold lub ntxa nrhiav ib tug. cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm Arab npib. Ib lub thoob ntiaj teb tau txais kev pab raws li "kev nyab xeeb", nws tau ntim rau lub brim nrog kub npib (kwv yees li 3 txhiab), ob txoj hlua kub twisted ntxiv rau lub appendage."

Tab sis xib fwb Antonovich nyob rau hauv nws tsab xov xwm "Kiev nyob rau hauv pre-Christian lub sij hawm" hais txog tib yam khoom muaj nqis qhia txawv me ntsis: "nyob rau hauv 1851, thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm lub Pechersk fortress, ib lub nkoj tau pom muaj cov nyiaj dirhams, nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm 2 mus rau 3. txhiab, Samanid, Abassid thiab Tigirid, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub VIII mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub X centuries ".

Qhov no yog li cas smartly silver dirhams tig mus rau hauv kub sawv daws yuav. Lub caij no, tsis yog Antonovich, cia nyob ib leeg Krapivka, tsis tau pom cov khoom muaj nqis uas cov tub rog tau pom nws tau nyiag. Nws ntseeg tias tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis tau txais kev cawmdim. Yog li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem tham txog nws qhov hnyav thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov nyiaj npib kom zoo - tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem tawm tsam.

Tab sis txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peb xav txog kev sib tham ntawm cov nyiaj npib kom raug, ces cov khoom muaj nqis yog qhov kaj ntug ntawm Rurik era. Peb txaus siab rau cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm lub hnub qub ntawm Kievan Rus, txhawm rau kom tau txais cov pov thawj ntawm lub zog nyiaj txiag ntawm lub xeev. Tab sis ntawm no peb tab tom pom qhov txawv txawv.

Tsuas yog cov neeg nplua nuj heev, piv txwv li, cov tub lag luam thiab cov neeg uas nyiag cov tub lag luam, khawb cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm cov nyiaj hauv lub lauj kaub thiab lub hauv siab. Thiab cov neeg zoo tib yam, nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm, raws li lawv hais tam sim no, kev sib raug zoo cataclysms, holed ntau me ntsis yam nyob rau hauv lub vaj - tsej, rings, diav thiab ntoo khaub lig. Qhov tseeb, nws yog qhov tseeb xws li cov khoom me me uas archaeologists pom hauv Kiev.

Nrog cov tub lag luam cov khoom muaj nqis, thiab txawm tias cov neeg laus, muaj qee yam tsis tshwj xeeb ua las voos. Cia peb tig mus rau qhov xav paub tsab xov xwm "Cov khoom muaj nqis los ntawm lub ruins ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Tithe" los ntawm SI Klimovsky, ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Archaeology ntawm lub National Academy of Sciences ntawm Ukraine, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub "East European Archaeological Journal" (No. 5 (6), 2000).

Tsab ntawv pib cog lus tias: Ntawm cov nroog Lavxias thaum ub, Kiev yog thawj tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis nrhiav tau … tom qab centuries.

Ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom txhim khu kev qha, tus sau yog thawj tus hais txog cov khoom muaj nqis nrhiav pom "hauv pawg hu nkauj ntawm Assumption Cathedral ntawm Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, uas yog lub tsev khaws nyiaj zais cia ntawm 17th - 18th centuries. thiab naj npawb 6184 kub npib … ". Yog lawm, cov khoom muaj nqis no yog, ntawm chav kawm, nplua nuj heev, tab sis nws tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog kev qub txeeg qub teg.

Tab sis Klimovsky tau nrawm kom paub tseeb tias tus nyeem ntawv … pom zoo li Lavra yog qhov tshwj xeeb, thaum feem ntau ntawm Kiev cov khoom muaj nqis rov qab mus rau 9th - 13th centuries. Ntawm lawv, cov uas tau faus rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1240 yeej muaj yeej: cov khoom muaj nqis zais los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog uas tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Batu.

Koj puas tau mob siab kawm ntxiv txog cov khoom muaj nqis 29 ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th? Kev poob siab loj tos koj, vim “feem ntau ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis uas pom nyob rau xyoo 19th tau plundered los ntawm random nrhiav; raws li txoj cai - khawb cov neeg ua haujlwm. Tab sis tib txoj hmoo tau tshwm sim los ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia thaum ub Kiev, pom nyob rau xyoo 1842 los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm amateur av AS. Annenkov.

Ib daim duab nthuav tawm: thawj cov khoom muaj nqis Lavxias thaum ub tau plundered, feem ntau cov lus xaiv tau mus txog peb, thiab cov khoom muaj nqis kawg ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau tshawb pom tau ntau xyoo tsuas yog xyoo 1955. Dab tsi pom tau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los, tus sau tsab xov xwm tsis yog. qhia dab tsi.

Vim li cas cov khoom muaj nqis nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1240? Tej zaum vim hais tias cov archaeologists pom zoo li ntawd: yog hais tias tsis muaj tom qab npib nyob rau hauv lub av nplaum lauj kaub, ces cov khoom muaj nqis tau muab zais nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Batu lub puas. Txawm hais tias cov keeb kwm qhia peb txog ntau yam kev puas tsuaj ntawm Kiev los ntawm Polovtsy, Novgorodians, Krymchaks, Poles, vim qee qhov kev tawm tsam no tsis ntshai Kievans, thiab lawv tsis faus ib yam dab tsi hauv av.

Thiab thaum kawg, yuav luag ib nrab xyoo tom qab, xyoo 1998, archaeologists ua rau peb zoo siab nrog lwm qhov kev pom. Nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias xyoo dhau los, thaum kev tsim kho hnyav tau ua hauv Kiev, suav nrog hauv qhov chaw keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog, tsis pom ib qho khoom muaj nqis ib leeg. Tseeb tiag, niaj hnub no cov neeg tsim khoom yog cov neeg tuav ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hauv kev nrhiav cov khoom muaj nqis.

Lub sijhawm no archaeologists nrhiav tau dab tsi? Klimovsky hauv nws tsab xov xwm qhia cov hauv qab no: Lub Cuaj Hli 26, 1998 ntawm qhov chaw ntawm txoj kev. Volodymyrskoy, 12, thaum lub sij hawm excavations nqa tawm los ntawm Starokiev ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Archaeology ntawm lub National Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm Ukraine (I. I. Movchan, Ya. E. Borovsky, S. I., 15 m.

Thiab nws yog tag nrho? - tus nyeem ntawv yuav xav tsis thoob. Txhua yam, tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau xav tsis thoob. Qhov tseem ceeb tiag tiag, lawv hais tias, twb tau khawb los ntawm tus neeg phem Annenkov thiab cov tub sab zoo sib xws - lawv tau ntxuav tag nrho cov khoom qub qub, tsuas yog ib lub tais tooj liab thiab ib qho chaw ntxhua khaub ncaws kom lwj hauv av.

Ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob los ntawm qhov no, tab sis los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias "cov kws tshawb fawb" unconditionally dated cov no pom los ntawm lub 12th mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub 13th centuries, thiab tsuas yog ib tug tsos. Ib lub tais zoo sib xws, raws li Klimovsky, tau pom nyob rau hauv Kiev xyoo 1892, thiab ob lub tais, raws li keeb kwm, tau ua hauv Saxony.

Vim li cas lawv xav li ntawd? Lawv xav xav li ntawd - thiab lawv ua. Tej zaum, cov kws ua txuj ci hauv Kiev tsis paub yuav ua li cas ua cov tais diav qub tshaj plaws, thiab lawv yuav tsum tau tuaj ntawm German thaj av. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, nyob rau hauv Kiev nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm archaeological tshawb fawb, ntau li peb lub tais tau pom, tab sis pom nyob rau hauv 1984. nyob rau hauv lub faus ntawm Podil, "cov kws tshawb fawb" tshaj tawm tias nws yog qhov qub tshaj li ob qho tib si.

Kuv tsuas muaj ib lo lus nug rau Klimovsky: yog vim li cas nws thiaj txuas cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm cov khoom seem hauv xyoo 1998 nrog lub Koom Txoos ntawm Pawg Kaum Ib Hlis, mus rau qhov chaw uas qhov kev nrhiav tau sib cais yuav luag 200 meters? Yog li ntawd, Klimovsky teb, lub tais yog phem khoov thiab khawb.

Thiab nws tuaj yeem khoov, hauv nws txoj kev xav, tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau tawg nyob rau hauv lub tshuab ntawm Mongolian battering phom. Funny? Qhov no "kawm" logic amused kuv heev. Ua raws li nws, tam sim no txhua yam khoom siv hauv tsev puas tau pom hauv Kiev tuaj yeem tshaj tawm cov pov thawj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub Kaum Ib Hlis. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv tuaj yeem tawg nws.

Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov keeb kwm: lawv khawb li 10 kg ntawm cov hlau seem, thiab ntawm lub hauv paus no lawv nqus tawm ntawm lawv cov ntiv tes tag nrho "kev tshawb fawb" lub tswv yim "ua pov thawj" qhov tseeb ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm Kiev los ntawm Batu hauv 1240..

Npib hoards ntawm Kiev qhia hais tias nws yeej tsis yog lub peev ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev thiab ib tug loj economic chaw ntawm Russia.

Peb soj ntsuam qhov yuav luag tag ntawm Lavxias teb sab npib tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm ntau qhov kev pom ntawm Roman npib yos txij thaum pib ntawm peb lub sijhawm (muaj cov nyiaj npib txij li xyoo pua 2 BC) - tsuas yog tsib lub pob nyiaj loj ntawm Roman npib tau pom..

Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm lawv - "Kudryavsky" nyob rau hauv 1874, nws yog ntseeg hais tias muaj txog plaub txhiab npib, tab sis lawv feem ntau raug nyiag los ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm uas nrhiav tau cov khoom muaj nqis.

Yav dhau los, cov keeb kwm pom zoo tias Roman npib qhia tias cov pab pawg neeg barbarian nyob hauv cheeb tsam Dnieper yog nyob rau hauv vassal dependence rau Roman Empire.

Niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tib qhov kev tshawb pom, Ukrainian "naukoznavtsy" tab tom sim ua kom lub hnub ntawm Kiev lub hauv paus ib thiab ib nrab xyoo txhiab.

Tab sis rau peb cov lus nug txog yog vim li cas lub sij hawm ntawm ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ntawm Kiev, raws li lub CAPITAL ntawm Kievan Rus, tsis txaus siab rau lub zos archaeologists nrog dab tsi, tsis muaj lus teb, thiab tseem tsis muaj lus teb.

Nws tseem tsuas yog xav tias Kievan Rus yog ib qho kev tsim ntawm keeb kwm

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Los ntawm phau ntawv ntawm A. Kungurov "Kievan Rus tsis yog, los yog dab tsi historians nkaum."