Re-kev kawm ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Russia. Ib tug tshiab yug ntawm cov neeg los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov tsev kawm ntawv uas pib tshwm nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th tau txawv los ntawm lawv qhov hnyav: cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog rau xyoo raug coj los ntawm tsev, thiab mus txog rau hnub nyoog 17-20 xyoo lawv nyob hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv, thiab lawv tuaj yeem ua tau. pom lawv niam lawv txiv tsuas yog hnub teem tseg thiab nyob ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv xwb…

Yog li ntawd, lub xeev ideologists tau sim los tsim ib tug tshiab neeg tseem ceeb ntawm lub zej zog, uas yog los hloov lub "hnyav thiab bestial" nobles, colorfully piav nyob rau hauv lub Fonvizin "Me".

Culture kom hnov

Ntawm qhov tod tes, tham txog kev xav ntawm qee tus neeg - nyob, tawm mus - yog qhov nkag siab qhov teeb meem thiab kev xav. Thiab zoo li keeb kwm science yuav tsum tham txog qhov no nrog ceev faj. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yuav luag txhua tus neeg uas hais txog yav dhau los, ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov kev txhawj xeeb txog qhov no. Napoleon xav tau ib yam dab tsi, Stalin, Hitler, Niam Teresa … Niam Teresa thov txim rau cov neeg pluag, ib tug neeg mob siab rau lub hwj chim, ib tug neeg xav tias muaj kev tawm tsam. Peb dhau los hla qee qhov kev tsim nyog ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev xav sab hauv ntawm tus phab ej ntawm cov phau ntawv keeb kwm, vim tias tsis muaj qhov no nws tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas lawv cov kev xav thiab kev xav.

Qhov tseeb, los ntawm lub neej ntawd, peb xav tias nyob rau hauv qee yam xwm txheej hauv lub neej cov neeg peb sau txog yuav tsum tau ntsib tib yam uas peb yuav tau ntsib. Txoj kev ib txwm xav txog tib neeg txoj kev xav yog muab koj tus kheej tso rau hauv lawv cov khau.

Peb nyob hauv ob qho tseem ceeb heev thiab, qhov tseeb, keeb kwm txhais cov kev xav. Peb muaj ob lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm peb tus kheej txoj kev xav. Ua ntej, hais tias lawv tsuas yog rau peb thiab tsis muaj leej twg. Li no cov lus "sib qhia kev xav." Txhua tus neeg xav tias nws lub siab xav hauv ntiaj teb xws li sab hauv, intimate. Ntawm qhov tod tes, peb feem ntau tham txog kev xav raws li qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim. Qee yam tshwm sim, thiab peb tau hnov qab: Kuv nyob ib sab ntawm kuv tus kheej nrog npau taws, chim siab, kuv zoo siab.

Peb txoj kev xav yog feem ntau kwv yees. Peb paub zoo tias peb yuav tsum xav li cas hauv ib qho xwm txheej. Ib qho yuam kev hauv kev kwv yees li no qhia tias muaj kev xav. Yog tias peb tsis muaj cov kev xav no, tsis muaj tus cwj pwm muaj txiaj ntsig yuav ua tau. Koj yuav tsum paub, thaum sib txuas lus nrog ib tug neeg, dab tsi tuaj yeem ua rau nws txaus siab, nws yuav ua li cas yog tias nws tau nthuav tawm paj, nws yuav ua li cas yog tias nws tau txais lub ntsej muag, thiab nws yuav xav li cas rau lub sijhawm no. Peb tau kawm kwv yees ntawm cov qhab nia no, peb kwv yees paub. Lo lus nug yog: los ntawm qhov twg?

Peb tsis yog yug los nrog peb lub siab. Peb assimilate lawv, peb kawm, peb paub lawv thoob plaws lub neej, txij thaum yau: cas peb kawm tau li cas yuav tsum tau xav nyob rau hauv tej yam xwm txheej.

Tus lig Michelle Rosaldo, tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas thiab kws tshawb fawb zoo tshaj plaws, ib zaug tau sau tias peb tsis nkag siab ib yam dab tsi hauv lub ntiaj teb kev xav ntawm tus neeg mus txog thaum peb tsis txhob tham txog tus ntsuj plig thiab pib tham txog kab lis kev cai.

Kuv tsis yog exaggerating: txhua tus neeg muaj ib daim duab nyob rau hauv lawv lub taub hau ntawm yuav ua li cas kom raug. Cov lus nug nto moo "Puas yog kev hlub?" qhia tias qhov kev xav no nws tus kheej yog ua ntej los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm qhov nws yog dab tsi. Thiab thaum koj pib xav tias ib yam dab tsi zoo li ntawd, koj tseem tshawb xyuas qhov kev xav uas koj tab tom ntsib nrog cov tswv yim qub qub uas twb muaj lawm. Nws puas zoo li nws los tsis yog, kev hlub lossis qee yam tsis muaj tseeb? Ntxiv mus, raws li txoj cai, tej zaum qhov chaw ntawm cov qauv thiab cov duab yooj yim yog, thawj, mythology, thiab thib ob, ritual. Thib peb, kos duab kuj yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kev xav. Peb kawm seb qhov kev xav li cas yog los ntawm kev saib ib qho piv txwv. Cov neeg uas, ntau pua xyoo, ib tiam dhau ib tiam, tau saib Madonna, paub tias leej niam txoj kev hlub thiab kev tu siab ntawm niam yog dab tsi.

Niaj hnub no, cov xov xwm loj tau ntxiv rau hauv daim ntawv teev npe no, uas yog tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas zoo Clifford Geertz. Geertz tsis tau sau txog lawv, tab sis kev tshaj tawm kuj yog qhov muaj zog ntawm kev tsim peb cov duab kos duab.

Myths xwb, ritual, art. Thiab, tej zaum, ib tus tuaj yeem xav tias - zoo li ntxhib, Kuv ua kom yooj yim dua - tias qee qhov chaw yuav ntau dua lossis tsawg dua rau qee lub sijhawm keeb kwm. Piv txwv li, hais txog kev sib txuas lus dab neeg raws li txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tsim cov qauv kev xav ntawm kev xav nrog archaic eras, ritual (feem ntau yog kev cai dab qhuas) - nrog cov tsoos eras, nrog cov kab lis kev cai, thiab kos duab - nrog cov kab lis kev cai ntawm niaj hnub. Cov xov xwm yog tej zaum ib tug postmodern kab lis kev cai.

Cov kev cai yog siv rau cov qauv ntawm kev xav. Tsis yog txhua leej txhua tus raug sau tseg kom paub txog qhov qub. Ntawm cov ntsiab cai tseem ceeb sau tseg hauv cov cai no, piv txwv li, poj niam txiv neej. Peb txhua tus paub tias "cov tub hluas tsis quaj." Cov ntxhais raug tso cai, cov tub tsis yog; Yog hais tias ib tug me nyuam tub quaj, lawv hais rau nws: "Koj yog dab tsi, ib tug ntxhais los yog dab tsi?" Tab sis, piv txwv li, lub siab Islamic kab lis kev cai, nrog rau nws txoj kev vam meej nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, raws li nws yog intuitively meej txawm rau cov neeg uas tsis tau koom nyob rau hauv nws, yog txawv txawv txiv neej. Muaj ib tug muaj zog heev duab ntawm ib tug txiv neej, ib tug warrior, ib tug hero, ib tug yeej, ib tug fighter. Thiab cov neeg no - heroes thiab warriors - yog lossi quaj. Lawv los kua muag tsis kawg vim koj txoj kev quaj yog pov thawj ntawm kev mob siab rau. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX, raws li peb paub, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej koj yuav pom ib tug quaj Bolshevik, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thaum Lenin tuag.

Qhov thib ob, qhov tseem ceeb heev yog hnub nyoog. Peb txhua tus paub yuav ua li cas xav, thaum muaj hnub nyoog li cas ib tug neeg yuav tsum poob rau hauv kev hlub. Qee lub sij hawm, qhov no twb funny, tsis xis nyob, ua tsis taus pa, tsis ncaj ncees, thiab lwm yam. Thiab vim li cas, qhov tseeb, peb puas paub? Tsis muaj laj thawj piav qhia txog qhov no, tshwj tsis yog tias qhov no yog txoj hauv kev, kab lis kev cai yog li cas qhov kev lag luam no tau teeb tsa.

Lwm qhov tseem ceeb yog, ntawm chav kawm, kev sib raug zoo. Cov neeg paub txog tib neeg hauv lawv lub zej zog kev sib raug zoo, suav nrog los ntawm txoj kev lawv xav.

Kev sib raug zoo, poj niam txiv neej thiab hnub nyoog yog cov cai tseem ceeb rau kev faib cov qauv kev xav thiab cov qauv ntawm kev xav. Txawm hais tias muaj lwm tus - ntau hloov maj mam, me dua. Tab sis cov no yog, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, cov kab lis kev cai tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Koj paub nyob rau theem twg hauv koj lub neej, nyob rau lub sijhawm twg thiab koj yuav tsum xav li cas. Thiab koj cob qhia koj tus kheej, koj qhia koj tus kheej.

Incubators rau undergrowth

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov neeg txawj ntse hauv nroog tau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua mus rau kab lis kev cai ntawm Hnub Nyoog Tshiab. Kuv hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub epithet "kev kawm nobility", vim hais tias txog 60% ntawm Lavxias teb sab nobility nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev ntawm lub neej tsis txawv ntau ntawm lawv tus kheej serfs. Txhua leej txhua tus, raws li txoj cai, yog txawj nyeem ntawv, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov serfs, tab sis txwv tsis pub muaj ob peb sib txawv.

Nyob rau hauv 1762 - qhov no yog ib tug paub qhov tseeb - lub Manifesto ntawm lub Liberty ntawm Nobility tau tawm. Cov nom tswv raug tso cai tsis pub ua haujlwm rau pej xeem. Thawj zaug - ua ntej qhov kev pabcuam yog obligatory. Nws tau sau txoj cai nyob rau hauv manifesto hais tias tus huab tais huab tais Peter Alekseevich, tau tsim kev pab cuam, yuav tsum tau yuam txhua leej txhua tus ua hauj lwm, vim hais tias cov nom tswv tsis muaj kev mob siab rau lub sij hawm ntawd. Nws yuam txhua leej txhua tus, tam sim no lawv muaj kev mob siab rau. Thiab txij li tam sim no lawv muaj kev mob siab rau, koj tuaj yeem tso cai rau lawv thiab tsis ua haujlwm. Tab sis lawv yuav tsum muaj kev mob siab rau, lawv tseem yuav tsum ua haujlwm. Thiab cov neeg uas tsis ua hauj lwm, yuav txaj muag tsis muaj laj thawj zoo, yuav tsum tau npog nrog kev thuam. Qhov no yog qhov nthuav heev, vim hais tias lub xeev hais rau nws tus kheej cov ntsiab lus hauv hom lus ntawm kev xav. Qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej thaum lub xeev hloov daim ntawv teev npe: teeb meem ntawm kev ncaj ncees, kev hlub rau huab tais, kev ncaj ncees rau lub zwm txwv, kev mob siab rau ua ntej, vim tias kev pabcuam tsis yog lub luag haujlwm ntxiv lawm. Lub xeev yuav siv txoj hauj lwm ntawm kev qhia kev xav, nws sau cov kev xav.

Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev ntawm kab lis kev cai, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo quantum. Cov tsev kawm ntawv loj hlob zoo li nceb tom qab los nag. Raws li ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lawv, thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv rau cov ntxhais nyob rau hauv Russia yog tshwm sim - lub koom haum rau Noble Maidens, lub koom haum Smolny. Vim li cas nyob rau lub sijhawm no thiab rau dab tsi feem ntau? Poj niam tsis ua hauj lwm. Yog hais tias tag nrho cov ntsiab lus yog ua kom ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm, ces tsis tas yuav tsum pib qhia cov ntxhais - yog vim li cas, nws yuav tsis tau mus ua hauj lwm lawm. Tab sis yog hais tias peb tham txog dab tsi ib tug yuav tsum xav, ces, ntawm chav kawm, lawv yuav tsum tau kev kawm ntawv. Vim lawv yuav ua niam ua txiv, lawv yuav txhawb nqa ib yam dab tsi rau hauv lawv cov menyuam - thiab lawv cov tub yuav ua li cas rau txiv lub teb chaws thiab huab tais ntawm kev mob siab rau yog tias lawv niam tsis ua rau lawv txoj kev xav zoo txij thaum yau? Kuv tsis reconstructing lub logic ntawm lub xeev lub hwj chim ntawm Catherine lub monarchy, tab sis retelling, ze rau cov ntawv nyeem, dab tsi yog sau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv official. Qhov no yog li cas nws yog formulated.

Txoj kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ob lub tsev kawm ntawv txiv neej thiab poj niam ua phem heev uas thaum koj nyeem txog nws, koj shudder. Qhov no yog ib tug super-neeg tseem ceeb, nws yog incredibly nyuaj mus rau qhov ntawd, lawv kawm "nyob rau hauv lub xeev miv". Cov menyuam yaus raug coj los ntawm cov tsev neeg: los ntawm 6 mus rau 17 xyoo - cov ntxhais, thiab los ntawm 6 mus rau 20 xyoo - cov tub, yog tias nws yog Land Gentry Cadet Corps. Lawv yeej tsis tso kuv mus tsev - tsis yog rau hnub so lossis hnub so, nyob rau txhua qhov xwm txheej. Koj yuav tsum tau siv koj lub neej tag nrho ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub koom haum. Cov niam txiv muaj cai pom koj nyob rau hnub tas sij hawm thiab tsuas yog nyob ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv xwb. Qhov kev sib cais ua tiav no yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev qhia ib hom neeg tshiab, uas tau tsim ncaj qha thiab hu ua - "ib hom neeg tshiab." Lawv raug coj mus rau incubators, tshem tawm ntawm lawv niam lawv txiv thiab coj mus. Vim hais tias cov neeg uas twb muaj lawm-nobles, raws li Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy, ze tshaj tus pab tswv yim rau Catherine nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv, tsim, "yog frantic thiab bestial". Cov neeg uas tau nyeem qhov kev ua si "Tus Me" xav txog yuav ua li cas nws ntsia los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev kawm nobility. Kuv tsis tau qhia tias nws nyob li cas hauv kev muaj tiag, tab sis yuav ua li cas cov tswv yim thiab cov neeg txawj ntse uas nyob ze rau lub zwm txwv pom lub neej niaj hnub no: cov neeg zoo li cas - Skotinin thiab tag nrho lwm tus. Tau kawg, yog tias peb xav kom lawv muaj menyuam ib txwm muaj, lawv yuav tsum raug coj los ntawm lawv tsev neeg, muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov qauv ntawm lawv lub neej yuav tsum tau hloov tag nrho.

Monopoly ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm nobles

Lub koom haum twg los ua ntej rau lub xeev hauv kev daws qhov teeb meem no? Hauv nruab nrab ntawm txhua yam yog lub tshav puam thiab lub tsev hais plaub ua yeeb yam. Lub tsev ua yeeb yam yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm tib neeg lub sijhawm ntawd. Kev mus ntsib kws ua yeeb yam rau ib tus neeg ua haujlwm nobleman nyob hauv St. Petersburg yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua.

Lub caij ntuj no Palace muaj plaub lub tsev ua yeeb yam. Raws li txoj cai, kev nkag mus tau raug tswj. Hauv qhov tsawg tshaj plaws - lub voj voog nqaim tshaj plaws, cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig lub empress. Cov neeg ntawm ib qib twg yuav tsum tuaj ua yeeb yam loj hauv lub tsev loj - lawv zaum ntawm qib. Ntxiv mus, muaj qhib kev ua yeeb yam, uas, ntawm chav kawm, muaj lub ntsej muag tswj, muaj ib tug hnav ris tsho code. Ncaj nraim hauv cov cai tau sau tseg tias tib neeg "tsis yog hom phem" raug tso cai nyob ntawd. Cov neeg uas sawv ntawm lub rooj vag nkag siab zoo tias leej twg yog neeg phem thiab leej twg tsis phem. Feem ntau, lawv hais tias, nws tsis yooj yim los xam nws tawm.

Lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam yog tus kheej lub xub ntiag ntawm empress. Empress mus rau txhua qhov kev ua yeeb yam - koj tuaj yeem saib nws. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws saib seb ib tug neeg coj li cas: tshuaj xyuas cov neeg ua haujlwm.

Tus Empress muaj ob lub thawv hauv lub tsev loj ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ua yeeb yam. Ib tug nyob tom qab lub tsev, opposite theem, nyob rau hauv heev tob, thiab tau tsa. Qhov thib ob yog nyob rau sab, sab xis ntawm lub theem. Thaum lub sijhawm ua yeeb yam, nws hloov lub thawv, txav ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov. Vim li cas, vim li cas ho tsis koj zaum hauv ib qho? Lawv tau ua haujlwm sib txawv. Ib tug nyob tom qab sawv cev rau lub tsev: txhua leej txhua tus zaum nyob rau hauv qeb, thiab empress yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw saum toj no txhua leej txhua tus. Nws yog ib tug sawv cev ntawm cov qauv kev sib raug zoo, kev nom kev tswv qauv ntawm lub imperial hwj chim. Ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj, tom qab, Empress tsis pom. Tab sis nws tsis yooj yim tig koj lub taub hau, thiab feem ntau nws yog kev qias neeg - koj tseem yuav tsum tau saib ua ntej ntawm theem, thiab tsis txhob tig mus saib lub empress. Cov lus nug tshwm sim: yog vim li cas nws thiaj li yuav tsum tau pom tus empress? Thiab vim tias koj yuav tsum pom yuav ua li cas rau qee ntu ntawm kev ua si: dab tsi funny, tu siab, qhov twg quaj, qhov twg zoo siab, qhov twg npuaj. Txawm hais tias koj nyiam qhov kev ua tau zoo lossis tsis yog ib qho lus nug tseem ceeb heev. Vim qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tebchaws!

Tus Empress nyiam nws, tab sis koj tsis ua - nws tsis haum rau hauv ib lub rooj vag. Thiab vice versa. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau qee lub sijhawm, nws tawm hauv lub thawv imperial, hloov mus rau hauv lub thawv tom ntej, qhov twg txhua tus tuaj yeem pom nws ua li cas, thiab tuaj yeem kawm paub yuav ua li cas kom raug.

Feem ntau, kev ua yeeb yam muab lub sijhawm zoo: peb pom cov kev xav tau yooj yim, kev paub txog tib neeg hauv theem. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv raug tshem tawm ntawm txhua hnub empiricism thiab coj los ua kom pom tseeb los ntawm kev kos duab, pom zoo li lawv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, koj tuaj yeem ntsib lawv, pom, hnov qab rau lawv tawm tsam lwm tus keeb kwm yav dhau - koj pom tias lwm tus yuav ua li cas thiab kho koj cov kev xav. Zaj nkauj no hu tau kho siab thiab tu siab heev, zaj nkauj no hu tau kho siab thiab tu siab heev. Thiab tib neeg kawm ua ke, sib sau ua ke tsim dab tsi cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub hu ua "kev xav hauv zej zog" - cov no yog cov neeg uas nkag siab txog kev xav ib leeg.

Dab tsi yog ib qho kev xav hauv zej zog - daim duab no ua tiav qhov tsis txaus ntseeg yog tias, piv txwv li, peb saib kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev sib tw ncaws pob. Ib pab neeg tau qhab nia ib lub hom phiaj, thiab peb tau pom qhov sawv. Thiab peb tuaj yeem pom tseeb heev qhov twg cov kiv cua ntawm ib pab neeg zaum, thiab qhov twg - lwm tus. Kev siv zog ntawm kev xav tuaj yeem sib txawv, tab sis lawv muaj tib lub ntsiab lus, peb pom ib qho kev xav hauv zej zog: lawv muaj tib lub cim qauv. Lub Xeev Theatre tsim ib yam nkaus thiab tsim nws raws li Empress xav tau, raws li nws xav tias yog. Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb heev rau kev sawv cev ntawm qhov chaw ua yeeb yam hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub neej: cov tswm ciab tsis raug tua ntawm cov kev ua yeeb yam, tag nrho lub tsev yog ib feem ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv kev ua yeeb yam, koj pom txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig.

Kuv tau tham txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev cais tawm uas muaj nyob hauv Smolny lub koom haum txhawm rau qhia qhov tseeb ntawm kev xav. Cov tub hluas ntxhais hluas raug tso cai nyeem cov ntawv sau keeb kwm ncaj ncees xwb. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev txwv no yog qhov tseeb: cov dab neeg raug cais tawm. Cov ntxhais tsis raug tso cai nyeem ntawv dab neeg vim Vajtswv paub tias dab tsi los rau hauv lawv lub taub hau. Tab sis, ntawm qhov tod tes, cov ntxhais zoo li no, uas tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas, tau rov xyaum ua yeeb yam tas li. Peb paub zoo tias tag nrho cov theatrical repertoire yog teem ib ncig ntawm kev hlub. Catherine txhawj txog qhov no, nws pom qee yam teeb meem hauv qhov no. Thiab nws tau sau ntawv rau Voltaire nrog kev thov kom nrhiav tau qee qhov "tsim nyog" repertoire thiab kho qee qhov kev ua yeeb yam: pov tawm qhov tsis tsim nyog los ntawm lawv kom cov ntxhais tuaj yeem ua txhua yam no los ntawm kev xav ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev coj ncaj ncees. Voltaire tau cog lus tseg, tab sis, raws li nws txoj kev cai, nws tsis xa dab tsi. Txawm hais tias qhov xwm txheej no, Catherine tseem tau txiav txim siab ua yeeb yam - nws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov txiaj ntsig zoo dua. Muaj kev ntshai, tab sis tag nrho tib yam yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv ua si, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv txoj kev no lawv kawm tau qhov tseeb thiab tiag txoj kev xav.

Lub sijhawm nthuav dav hauv keeb kwm ua yeeb yam pib hauv Fabkis thaum kawg ntawm xyoo pua 18th. Qhov no yog dab tsi poob rau hauv kev ua yeeb yam thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, keeb kwm ua haujlwm raws li "Gluck kiv puag ncig." Pib cia siab rau saib ntawm qhov chaw. Txawm tias lub tsev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub tsev ua yeeb yam hloov pauv: lub thawv sawv ntawm lub kaum sab xis mus rau theem, thiab tsis yog perpendicularly, yog li ntawd los ntawm lub thawv koj tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog cov neeg uas zaum ntawm koj sab xis, thiab koj yuav tsum tig mus rau theem. Thaum kawg ntawm Gluck's overtures - txhua yam tsis muaj kev zam - qhov txaus ntshai "bang" tau hnov. Dab tsi rau? Qhov no txhais tau hais tias kev sib tham, sib tham thiab xav txog ntawm lub tsev yog dhau lawm - saib ntawm qhov chaw. Lub teeb pom kev ntawm lub tsev maj mam hloov, theem sawv tawm. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub ua yeeb yam, opera, xinesmas, lub tsev yog lub cim tsis muaj - nws yog tsaus, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob pom cov neeg uas nyob ib sab ntawm koj. Koj qhov kev sib tham nrog qhov chaw raug kaw. Qhov no yog ib qho kev coj noj coj ua loj heev.

Nws tsis yog ib yam ntawm whim ntawm Catherine - qhov no yog yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov monarchs ntawm lub era ntawm absolutism. Muaj ib daim ntawv kab lis kev cai yooj yim rau txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas cov neeg tsim tawm hauv lwm lub teb chaws, hauv lwm qhov chaw lossis eras, raug coj los ua. Rau lub tsev hais plaub kab lis kev cai, qhov no yog lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Louis XIV nyob rau Fabkis nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Muaj txhua leej txhua tus mus vwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tsev ua yeeb yam, thiab tus kheej tus huab tais, Sun King (txog thaum nws laus, ces nws yuav tsum tau nres), mus rau theem ntawm ballet ua yeeb yam thiab seev cev. Muaj cov qauv kev txhawb nqa, kev siv nyiaj zoo kawg nkaus: lawv tsis tau tseg nyiaj rau kev ua yeeb yam, cov neeg ua yeeb yam tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo, cov pab pawg ua yeeb yam hauv yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws tau coj los ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Qhov no yog qib Ministerial - mus rau lub taub hau ntawm lub imperial ua yeeb yam.

Catherine tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ballet scenes - cov neeg uas xav txog dab tsi lub empress zoo li yuav yooj yim to taub yog vim li cas. Tus Empress tau dav thoob plaws nws tus kheej, thiab nws yuav zoo li coj txawv txawv rau nws ua las voos hauv ballet. Tab sis nws muaj kev nkag siab zoo rau kev ua yeeb yam, tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab tsawg dua li Louis XIV. Nws tus kheej sau comedies, raws li koj paub, faib lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam, ua yeeb yam. Nws yog hais txog ib txoj haujlwm loj heev los qhia cov ntsuj plig ntawm cov kev kawm - ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ntawm chav kawm, cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab cov neeg tseem ceeb, uas yuav tsum ua piv txwv rau tag nrho lub tebchaws. Lub xeev tau nthuav tawm nws txoj cai rau kev ywj pheej hauv cheeb tsam no.

Facebook Masons pub

Lub monopoly ntawm lub xeev, ntawm chav kawm, tsis nyob twj ywm unconditional rau txhua leej txhua tus. Nws raug nug, thuam, sim muab lwm yam qauv ntawm kev xav. Peb tab tom cuam tshuam nrog kev sib tw rau tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov pej xeem - lossis, theej, cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Freemasonry yog lub hauv paus phiaj xwm ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees rov txhim kho tus neeg Lavxias nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, lwm txoj hauv kev rau lub tsev hais plaub.

Lavxias Freemasons tsis tu ncua muab tus qauv sib txawv ntawm tus cwj pwm. Ua ntej, nws yog raws li cov tswv yim sib txawv ntawm ib tug neeg. Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev xav ua yeeb yam uas tau pom los ntawm theem? Nws yog kev paub dhau los thiab ua raws tib lub sijhawm. Thiab nws yog kev paub tsuas yog insofar raws li nws yog enacted. Nws tsuas yog muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ua si, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov tib neeg tus cwj pwm: thiaj li yuav muaj kev xav, koj yuav tsum ua si, thiab lawv qhia koj tias nws yog dab tsi thiab koj ua si li cas.

Raws li Masonic views, ib tug neeg muaj qhov tob: muaj dab tsi nyob rau saum npoo, thiab dab tsi nyob rau hauv yog muab zais. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, koj yuav tsum hloov pauv thiab rov ua rau sab hauv, sab hauv, qhov tob tshaj plaws. Tag nrho cov Masons, tsis muaj kev zam, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd yog cov neeg ncaj ncees parishioners ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj - lawv tsis coj lwm tus. Nws raug suav hais tias yuav tsum mus rau pawg ntseeg kom raug, ua txhua yam uas koj tau qhia. Tab sis qhov Masons hu ua "lub tsev teev ntuj sab nrauv." Thiab "lub tsev teev ntuj sab hauv" yog qhov tshwm sim hauv koj tus ntsuj plig, koj yuav hloov kho koj tus kheej li cas, tshem tawm Adas kev txhaum, thiab maj mam poob rau hauv kev txawj ntse esoteric, koj sawv, nce thiab nce.

Ib tug me nyuam ntxhais ntawm noble Pleshcheev tsev neeg - nws muaj rau xyoo - sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau lub naas ej Lavxias teb sab freemason Alexei Mikhailovich Kutuzov. Qhov ntawd yog, ntawm chav kawm, cov niam txiv tau sau, thiab nws hais ntxiv: "Peb tab tom mus ua yeeb yam hauv tsev uas koj tau txhais." Dej poob thiab xav tsis thoob, Kutuzov sau ib tsab ntawv rau nws niam: "Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, kuv yeej tsis tau txhais ib qho comedy, koj tsis tuaj yeem ua yeeb yam hauv kuv txhais lus. Thiab qhov thib ob, kuv tsis nyiam txhua yam uas cov menyuam yaus raug yuam ua si hauv theatre. Yuav ua li cas los ntawm qhov no: txawm lawv yuav kawm kev xav tias lawv paub ntxov thiab ntxov ntxov, los yog lawv yuav kawm siab phem." Lub logic yog qhov tseeb.

Nws yog lwm txoj hauv kev rau tsev hais plaub kab lis kev cai thiab nws txoj kev monopoly. Freemasons tsim lawv tus kheej cov kev coj ua los tsim lawv tus kheej kev xav hauv zej zog. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, txhua tus Freemasons raug txib kom khaws cov ntawv teev npe. Hauv koj phau ntawv teev npe, koj yuav tsum paub txog koj txoj kev xav, kev paub, yam zoo hauv koj, dab tsi phem hauv koj. Daim ntawv teev npe tsis yog sau los ntawm tus neeg tsuas yog rau nws tus kheej: koj sau nws, thiab tom qab ntawd lub rooj sib tham ntawm tsev so yuav tshwm sim thiab koj nyeem nws, lossis xa mus rau lwm tus, lossis qhia qhov koj sau. Txoj kev no ntawm kev xav txog tus kheej, kev xav txog tus kheej, txhawm rau txhawm rau thuam tus kheej tom qab, yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke rau kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev xav ntawm ib tus neeg ntawm lub tsev so. Koj ua qauv qhia koj tus kheej, piv nrog lwm tus. Nov yog Facebook pub.

Lwm qhov cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev loj hlob no yog kev sau ntawv. Masons sau rau ib leeg tas li, tus lej ntawm lawv cov ntawv yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Thiab lawv qhov ntim yog siab-boggling. Tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm yog qhov kawg thov txim rau brevity. "Thov txim rau qhov brevity, tsis muaj sij hawm los nthuav dav" - thiab nplooj ntawv, nplooj ntawv, nplooj ntawv ntawm cov dab neeg txog txhua yam hauv ntiaj teb. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb, tau kawg, yog qhov tshwm sim hauv koj tus ntsuj plig. Masonic lodge yog qhov tseem ceeb hierarchical: muaj cov neeg kawm tiav, muaj cov tswv - raws li, koj tus ntsuj plig yuav tsum qhib rau cov phooj ywg, tab sis ua ntej ntawm tag nrho nws yuav tsum qhib rau tus uas nyob saum koj. Tsis muaj dab tsi tuaj yeem zais los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, txhua yam yog pom thiab pob tshab rau lawv. Thiab koj tuaj yeem taug kev cov kauj ruam no - nce, nce thiab nce. Thiab nyob rau sab saum toj, kev ntseeg twb hloov mus ua pov thawj. Raws li tib yam Kutuzov sau rau nws cov phooj ywg Moscow los ntawm Berlin: "Kuv tau ntsib nrog Supreme Magician Welner." Welner yog nyob rau hauv yim degree ntawm Freemasonry, lub penultimate, cuaj - qhov no yog twb astral. Kutuzov zoo li nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib. Thiab nws sau rau nws cov phooj ywg Moscow: "Welner pom Tswv Yexus ib yam li kuv ua Welner." Lawv xav txog nws li no: koj nce mus, thiab siab dua koj nce hauv hierarchy, qhov purer koj txoj kev ntseeg yuav. Thiab ntawm qee lub sijhawm, nws hloov mus ua pov thawj, vim tias lwm tus ntseeg dab tsi, koj twb pom ntawm koj tus kheej ob lub qhov muag. Nov yog qee yam ntawm tus cwj pwm: nyob rau hauv kev npau taws heev ntawm koj tus kheej, koj yuav tsum tsis tu ncua ua rau nws tus kheej-flagellation, ua rau koj tus kheej rau kev thuam hnyav, thiab hloov siab lees txim. Yog ntuj tsim teb raug neeg txhaum, yuav ua li cas, peb leej twg tsis muaj kev txhaum, qhov no yog ntuj tsim teb raug. Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog ua kom raug rau koj tus kheej txoj kev txhaum, kom nws ua rau koj lwm yam pov thawj ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm koj qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cawm koj ntawm kev khav theeb, coj koj mus rau txoj kev tseeb thiab txhua yam ntxiv.

hnab tshos qauv ntawm kev xav

Nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas tus neeg sawv cev thib peb ntawm kev sib tw rau kev tsim lub ntiaj teb kev xav ntawm tus neeg kawm ntawv Lavxias tshwm sim. Peb txhua tus paub nws - qhov no yog cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias. Tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab tshwm, neeg sau. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, xws li monumental lem yog tsis tshua muaj tseeb hnub tim, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb muaj peev xwm hais tias qhov no tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm thaum Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin rov qab los ntawm kev mus txawv tebchaws thiab luam tawm nws nto moo, renowned "Leters ntawm ib tug Lavxias teb sab Traveler", nyob rau hauv uas nws. sau cov duab cim kev xav los ntawm thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe. Yuav ua li cas ib tug yuav tsum xav nyob rau hauv ib tug toj ntxas, yuav ua li cas ib tug yuav tsum xav tias nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntxa ntawm ib tug zoo sau ntawv, yuav ua li cas ib tug kev lees txim ntawm kev hlub, ib tug xav li cas ntawm ib tug dej tsaws tsag. Nws mus xyuas txhua qhov chaw nco hauv Tebchaws Europe, tham nrog cov kws sau ntawv nto moo. Tom qab ntawd nws coj tag nrho cov kev nplua nuj zoo nkauj no, cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev xav matrices, ntim lawv thiab xa lawv mus rau txhua qhov kawg ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman.

Hauv qee qhov kev hwm, phau ntawv poob rau kev ua yeeb yam: nws tsis tso cai rau peb ntsib nrog lwm tus, saib seb lwm tus tab tom ntsib li cas - koj nyeem phau ntawv ntiag tug. Nws tsis muaj xws li yas visualization. Ntawm qhov tod tes, phau ntawv muaj qee qhov zoo: raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav, nws tuaj yeem rov nyeem dua. Phau ntawv - Karamzin nws tus kheej piav txog nws - nws yog ntau thiab ntau txoj kev cai luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib lub hnab tshos hom, muab tso rau hauv koj lub hnab ris thiab saib seb koj xav tias yog los yog tsis yog. Qhov no yog li cas Karamzin piav txog nws txoj kev taug kev hauv Moscow: "Kuv mus, coj kuv Thomson nrog kuv. Kuv zaum hauv qab ib tsob ntoo, zaum, xav, ces qhib nws, nyeem, muab tso rau hauv kuv lub hnab, rov xav dua." Koj tuaj yeem nqa cov qauv ntawm kev xav nrog koj hauv koj lub hnab ris thiab kos - nyeem thiab rov nyeem dua.

Thiab qhov piv txwv kawg. Nws yog nthuav nyob rau hauv hais tias nyob rau hauv nws cov neeg mus ncig tebchaws Lavxias teb sab hloov tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug sib npaug ntawm cov enlightened Europeans, tab sis kuj ua tiav ib tug monumental symbolic yeej nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus ntawm sentimental European kab lis kev cai.

Karamzin tau nyob hauv Paris tau ob peb lub hlis thiab mus ua yeeb yam txhua lub sijhawm. Ib qho kev ua yeeb yam uas nws tuaj koom yog Gluck's Opera Orpheus thiab Eurydice. Nws los, zaum hauv lub thawv, thiab zaum muaj kev zoo nkauj nrog ib tug txiv neej. Karamzin xav tsis thoob li qhov uas tus poj niam zoo nkauj Fabkis zaum ntawm nws. Lawv tab tom tham nrog kev zoo nkauj, kev zoo nkauj ntawm tus txiv neej yog ntseeg hais tias lawv hais lus German nyob rau hauv Russia. Lawv tham, thiab ces Gluck pib. Thiab, raws li Karamzin sau, opera xaus, thiab kev zoo nkauj hais tias: "Divine suab paj nruag! Thiab koj, zoo li, tsis tau npuaj teg? " Thiab nws teb nws: "Kuv xav, madam."

Nws tseem tsis tau paub yuav ua li cas mloog cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub no, nws tseem muaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb uas muaj cov arias cais uas tau ua nyob rau hauv lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub tsev hais plaub ua yeeb yam. Ib tug neeg hu nkauj tawm, hu nkauj aria, lawv qhuas nws. Thiab Karamzin twb paub dab tsi niaj hnub kos duab. Nws tuaj txog hauv Paris thiab sab xis hauv Paris ua siab mos siab muag thiab coj ncaj ncees ntxuav tus poj niam no, qhia nws qhov chaw: "Kuv xav tias, madam." Qhov no yog ib qho txawv, tshiab ntawm kev nkag siab txog kev kos duab.