Leej twg rhuav tshem cov ntawv sau hauv Lavxias? Lub tsev teev ntuj archives mus qhov twg?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

… Yog tias tsis muaj ntaub ntawv, koj tuaj yeem pom cov frescoes ntawm pawg ntseeg. Tab sis … Nyob rau hauv Peter kuv, ib tug tavern tau muab tso rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Kremlin, thiab tsev lojcuj nyob rau hauv nws qab nthab.

Hauv cov phab ntsa dawb ceev rau Ruriks, kab tshoob kev kos thiab kev ua yeeb yam tau ua tiav. Nyob rau hauv lub Archangel thiab Assumption Cathedrals ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin, Romanovs nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th tag nrho knocked down (!) tag nrho cov plaster frescoes los ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab rov pleev xim rau phab ntsa nrog tshiab frescoes.

Kev puas tsuaj txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum peb lub sijhawm - ntawm subbotnik ntawm xyoo 1960s hauv Simonov Monastery hauv Moscow (qhov twg Peresvet thiab Oslyabya, cov tub rog ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua Kulikovo raug faus) cov slabs uas tsis muaj nqi nrog cov ntawv sau thaum ub tau barbarously crushed nrog jackhammers thiab tshem tawm ntawm lub pawg ntseeg.

Nyob rau hauv Crimea, muaj ib tug Orthodox Assumption Monastery, uas muaj nws tus kheej archive thiab kaw kev sib raug zoo nrog Russia ua ntej Romanovs los ua hwj chim. Lub monastery feem ntau hais nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm XVI-XVII centuries.

Nyob rau hauv 1778, sai li sai tau raws li cov Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog nyob rau hauv Crimea, "los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Catherine II, tus thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog nyob rau hauv lub Crimea, suav Rumyantsev, npaj mus rau lub taub hau ntawm Crimean cov ntseeg, Metropolitan Ignatius, nrog rau tag nrho cov ntseeg tsiv mus nyob rau. Russia nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Azov … Lub koom haum tsiv teb tsaws tau coj los ntawm AV Suvorov … Escorted los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm A. V. Suvorov 31,386 tus neeg tawm mus. Russia faib 230 txhiab rubles rau qhov kev ua no."

Qhov no yog tsib xyoos ua ntej Crimea los ua ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab Romanov faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv 1783! Lub Assumption Monastery raug kaw (!) Thiab tseem kaw kom txog thaum 1850.

Cov. tsis pub tsawg tshaj 80 xyoo. Nws tsuas yog ib lub sijhawm tom qab uas txhua tus neeg uas tuaj yeem nco txog qee yam txog keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zais cia yuav tuag.

Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm…

Tau ntau pua xyoo, keeb kwm tag nrho ntawm Slavs tsis tau sau lossis rhuav tshem txhua! Phau ntawv Mavro Orbini ("Slavic Kingdom", saib ntu 2 Qhov Chaw) tau khaws cia ua txuj ci tseem ceeb.

Txhua yam muaj phav phav kev dag hais txog "tsiaj Slavs … cov tsiaj qus … yug los ua qhev … tsiaj txhu".

Txawm tias thawj Lavxias teb sab "Chronograph ntawm Great Exposition" ntawm 1512 tau muab tso ua ke los ntawm Western cov ntaub ntawv (Byzantine chronographs). Ntxiv mus - lus dag ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th.

Thaum xub thawj, qhov kev dag ntxias tau coj los ntawm cov neeg uas tau tsa los ntawm tsar - Archpriest Stefan Vonifatyevich (tsarist confessor), F. M. Rtishchev (Royal boyar), caw " West Russiaxib fwb "los ntawm Kiev (Epiphany Slavinetskiy, Arseniy Satanovskiy, Daskin Ptitskiy), nqe lus-alander Simeon Polotskiy.

Nyob rau hauv 1617 thiab 1620 lub Chronograph tau raug kho hnyav heev (lub thiaj li hu ua thib ob thiab thib peb tsab) - keeb kwm ntawm Russia tau sau nyob rau sab hnub poob lub ntsiab lus ntawm keeb kwm dav dav thiab Scaliger's chronology.

Txhawm rau tsim ib qho lus dag hauv xyoo 1657, "Note Order" txawm tsim (tus neeg ua haujlwm Timofey Kudryavtsev).

Tab sis tus nqi ntawm kev dag thiab kho cov phau ntawv qub nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th yog tseem me me. Piv txwv li: nyob rau hauv "Kormchai" (ib pawg ntseeg thematic sau) ntawm 1649-1650, tshooj 51 yog hloov los ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm Western keeb kwm los ntawm phau ntawv Tomb; tsim cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm "Cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm Grozny thiab Tub Vaj Ntxwv Kurbsky" (sau los ntawm S. Shakhovsky) thiab kev hais lus cuav ntawm I. Grozny hauv 1550 ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm hauv av (archivist V. N. Autocrats ua pov thawj nws fabrication).

Lawv tsim ib tug panegyric "Lub Keeb Kwm ntawm Tsars thiab Grand Dukes ntawm Lavxias teb sab av" (aka "Phau Ntawv ntawm Degrees ntawm Noble thiab Pious Tsev ntawm Romanovs", thaum kawg ntawm 60s), tus sau yog tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Kazan Palace xaj Fyodor Griboyedov.

Tab sis … qhov me me ntawm keeb kwm kev dag ntxias tsis txaus siab rau lub tsev hais plaub huab tais. Nrog lub advent ntawm Romanovs rau lub zwm txwvkev txiav txim raug muab rau monasteries los sau cov ntaub ntawv thiab phau ntawv nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho thiab rhuav tshem lawv. Kev ua haujlwm tseem tab tom txhim kho cov tsev qiv ntawv, phau ntawv tso nyiaj, archives.

Txawm nyob rau ntawm Athos lub sij hawm no cov phau ntawv qub Lavxias teb sab raug hlawv (saib phau ntawv los ntawm LI Bocharov "Conspiracy tiv thaiv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm", 1998). Lub nthwv dej ntawm "cov kws sau keeb kwm" tau loj hlob. Thiab cov Germans dhau los ua tus tsim ntawm cov tshiab version ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm (niaj hnub).

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg German yog los ua pov thawj tias Eastern Slavs yog cov neeg phem tiag tiag, tau txais kev cawmdim los ntawm kev tsaus ntuj ntawm kev tsis paub los ntawm sab hnub poob; tsis muaj Tartary thiab Eurasian faj tim teb chaws. Nyob rau xyoo 1674, "Synopsis" ntawm German Innokentii Gisel tau luam tawm, thawj phau ntawv tshaj tawm sab hnub poob ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Russia, uas tau luam tawm ntau zaus (xws li 1676, 1680, 1718 thiab 1810) thiab muaj sia nyob mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo. xyoo pua 19th. Tsis txhob kwv yees Gisel txoj kev tsim! Lub hauv paus Russophobic ntawm "tsiaj qus Slavs" zoo nkauj ntim rau hauv kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis sib xws, hauv cov ntawv tshiab kawg txawm tias lub hauv paus ntawm lub npe ntawm Slavs los ntawm Latin " qhev" tau hloov mus rau "lub yeeb koob" ("Slavs" - "glorious. ").

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, German G. Z. Bayer tau los nrog Norman txoj kev xav: ib tug puv tes ntawm Normans uas tuaj txog hauv Russia nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos hloov lub "ntiaj teb" mus rau hauv lub xeev muaj zog. G. F. Miller tsis tsuas yog rhuav tshem Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, tab sis tiv thaiv nws cov thesis "Rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub npe thiab cov neeg Lavxias." Thiab tawm peb mus …

Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia mus txog rau lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, muaj cov phau ntawv los ntawm V. Tatishchev, I. Gizel, M. Lomonosov, M. Shcherbatov, Westernizer N. Karamzin (saib "Pab: neeg"), liberals S. M. Solovyov (1820-1879) and V. O. Klyuchevsky (1841-1911 gzh).

Los ntawm cov npe nto moo - kuj muaj Mikhail Pogodin (1800-1875 gzh, ib tug thwjtim ntawm Karamzin), N. G. Ustryalov (1805-1870 Gzh, lub era ntawm Nicholas I), Konstantin Aksakov (1817-1860 Gzh., tsis muaj ib qho tseem ceeb keeb kwm ua hauj lwm), Nikolai Kostomarov (1817-1885 Gzh, biography ntawm cov rebels, German hauv paus), KD Kavelin (1818-1885 gzh, sim ua ke Westernism thiab Slavophilism), B. N. Chicherin (1828-1904 Gzh, ardent Westerner), A. P. Shchapov (1831-1876 Gzh, keeb kwm ntawm ib cheeb tsam).

Tab sis cov kab hauv qab yog thawj xya phau ntawv, thiab qhov tseeb - tsuas yog peb zaj dab neeg xwb! Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj peb cov lus qhia txawm nyob rau hauv officialdom: conservative, liberal, radical.

Tag nrho cov keeb kwm niaj hnub nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv-TV yog ib tug inverted pyramid, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm uas yog fantasies ntawm Germans G. Miller-G. Bayer-A. Schlötser thiab "Synopsis" los ntawm I. Gizel, populized los ntawm Karamzin.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm S. Solovyov thiab N. Karamzin yog nws tus cwj pwm rau huab tais thiab autocracy, lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub xeev, cov tswv yim ntawm kev loj hlob, thiab lwm lub sijhawm ntawm kev faib. Tab sis lub hauv paus rau M. Shcherbatov los yog S. Solovyov-V. O. Klyuchevsky - tib yam - German Russophobic … Cov. Kev xaiv ntawm Karamzin-Solovyov yog ib qho kev xaiv ntawm pro-Western monarchist thiab pro-Western liberal views.

Lavxias teb sab historian Vasily Tatishchev (1686-1750) tau sau phau ntawv "Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm los ntawm feem ntau Ancient lub sij hawm", tab sis tsis tswj kom luam tawm nws (tsuas yog cov ntawv sau). Cov neeg GermanLub yim hli ntuj Ludwig Schletzer thiab Gerard Friedrich Miller (18th caug xyoo) luam tawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Tatishchevthiab yog li ntawd lawv tau "edited" uas tom qab ntawd tsis muaj dab tsi tseem tshuav ntawm tus thawj hauv nws tej hauj lwm.

V. Tatishchev nws tus kheej tau sau txog qhov kev hloov pauv loj ntawm keeb kwm los ntawm Romanovs, nws cov tub ntxhais kawm siv lo lus "Romano-Germanic yoke." Thawj phau ntawv ntawm Tatishchev "Lavxias Keeb Kwm" tom qab Miller ploj mus yam tsis muaj kab, thiab qee qhov "drafts" (Miller siv lawv raws li official version) tam sim no kuj tsis paub.

Tus yawm M. Lomonosov (1711-1765) nyob rau hauv nws cov ntawv ntshai nrog G. Miller txog nws cov keeb kwm tsis tseeb (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov lus dag ntawm cov neeg German txog "qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm kev tsis paub" uas tau liam tias tau kav hauv Ancient Russia) thiab hais txog qhov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov neeg German. Slavic empires thiab lawv qhov kev txav mus los ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob.

Mikhail Vasilyevich sau nws "Ancient Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm", tab sis los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm Germans, cov ntawv sau tsis tau luam tawm … Ntxiv mus, rau kev sib ntaus tawm tsam cov Germans thiab lawv cov ntaub ntawv cuav ntawm keeb kwm, los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm Senate Commission M. Lomonosov "rau kev rov ua tsis ncaj ncees, tsis hwm thiab ntxub ntxaug … nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog German av yog raug rau txim tuag, los yog… rau txim nrog lashes thiab deprivation ntawm txoj cai thiab hmoov zoo."

Lomonosov tau siv sijhawm yuav luag xya lub hlis hauv kev saib xyuas tos qhov kev pom zoo ntawm qhov kev txiav txim! Los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Elizabeth nws raug pom tias ua txhaum, tab sis "tso" los ntawm kev rau txim. Nws cov nyiaj hli raug txiav los ntawm ib nrab, thiab nws yuav tsum tau thov txim rau cov xibfwb German "rau qhov kev txiav txim siab nws tau ua". Scum G. Miller ua rau thuam "kev hloov siab lees txim", uas Lomonosov raug yuam kom tshaj tawm rau pej xeem thiab kos npe …

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm M. V. Lomonosov, hnub tom qab (!), lub tsev qiv ntawv thiab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Mikhail Vasilyevich (nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm) raug kaw los ntawm Catherine qhov kev txiav txim los ntawm Count Orlov, thauj mus rau nws lub palace thiab ploj mus tsis muaj ib tug taug qab.

Thiab ces … tsuas yog thawj lub ntim ntawm lub monumental ua hauj lwm ntawm M. V. Lomonosov, npaj rau kev tshaj tawm los ntawm tib German G. Miller. Thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntim, rau qee qhov laj thawj, txawv kiag li coincided nrog zaj dab neeg los ntawm Miller nws tus kheej …

Lub 12-ntim "History of the Russian State" los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Nikolai Karamzin (1766-1826) feem ntau yog ib qho kev ua yeeb yam ntawm German "Synopsis" nrog rau kev hais lus dag ntxias, Western chronicles thiab ntawv tseeb (saib "Pab: Tib neeg - Karamzin"). Interestingly, nws tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv ib txwm siv rau qhov chaw (extracts are in notes).

Tus sau ntawm 29-ntim "Keeb kwm ntawm Russia los ntawm Ancient Times" Sergei Solovyov (1820-1879), uas nws ua hauj lwm ntau tshaj ib tiam ntawm Lavxias teb sab historians kawm, "ib tug European txiv neej yog ib tug zoo liberal ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th". (Soviet kev kawm LV Cherepnin).

Nrog dab tsi lub tswv yim yuav Soloviev, uas kawm nyob rau hauv Heidelberg nyob rau hauv lub lectures ntawm Schlosser (tus sau ntawm lub multivolume "World History"), thiab nyob rau hauv Paris nyob rau hauv lub lectures ntawm Michelet yuav qhia Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm? Xaus K. S. Aksakov (1817-1860 gzh, Lavxias teb sab publicist, kws sau paj lug, sau ntawv critic, historian thiab linguist, lub taub hau ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Slavophiles thiab ideologue ntawm Slavophilism) txog Soloviev "Keeb kwm" lees paub los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm:

" Tus sau tsis pom ib yam: cov neeg Lavxias ".

L. N. Tolstoy hais txog Solovyov cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg: "Nyeem txog yuav ua li cas lawv nyiag, txiav txim, tawm tsam, puas tsuaj (qhov no yog tib yam hauv keeb kwm), koj tsis tuaj yeem tuaj rau lo lus nug: Dab tsi tau nyiag thiab puas lawm? Koj puas tau ua dab tsi?"

Kev paub txog keeb kwm ntawm S. M. Solovyov nyuaj siab heev uas, piv txwv li, tawm tsam qhov kev thuam ntawm A. S. Khomyakov, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yeej tsis tau, tam sim ntawd dhau mus rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm ncaj qha insults. Los ntawm txoj kev, S. M. Solovyov, ib yam nkaus, tsis muaj qhov txuas ncaj qha mus rau qhov chaw (tsuas yog Cov Ntawv Ntxiv tom qab ua haujlwm).

Ntxiv rau V. Tatishchev thiab M. V. Lomonosov's pro-Western lus dag nyob rau hauv ntau xyoo tau tawm tsam los ntawm xws li Lavxias teb sab neeg raws li keeb kwm thiab txhais lus AI. Lyzlov (~ 1655-1697 gzh, sau "Scythian keeb kwm"), historian I. N. Boltin (1735-1792), historian thiab kws sau paj huam N. S. Artsybashev (1773-1841 gzh), Polish archaeologist F. Volansky (Fadey / Tadeusz, 1785-1865 gzh, sau "Kev piav qhia ntawm Monuments Piav Slavic-Lavxias Keeb Kwm"), archaeologist thiab historian A. D. Chertkov (1789-1858 gzh, tus sau ntawm "Nyob rau hauv resettlement ntawm Thracian pab pawg neeg tshaj lub Danube thiab ntxiv mus rau sab qaum teb, mus rau lub Baltic Hiav txwv, thiab rau peb nyob rau hauv Russia"), lub xeev council E. I. Klassen (1795-1862 gzh, tus sau ntawm "Ancient History of the Slavs and Slavic-Russes before Rurik's Time"), tus kws tshawb fawb A. S. Khomyakov (1804-1860), diplomat thiab historian A. I. Mankiev (x-1723 gzh, Ambassador rau Sweden, sau xya phau ntawv "Lub hauv paus ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm"), uas nws lub npe thiab tej hauj lwm yog undeservedly tsis nco qab hnub no.

Tab sis yog tias "pro-Western", cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los yeej ib txwm muab lub teeb ntsuab, ces qhov tseeb tiag los ntawm cov neeg nyiam nyiam raug suav hais tias tsis pom zoo thiab, qhov zoo tshaj plaws, raug kaw.

Cov annals yog ib tug mournful xaus …

Cov ntawv qub qub tsis yog tsuas yog muaj nyob hauv ntau, tab sis tau siv tas li mus txog rau xyoo pua 17th. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, lub Koom Txoos Orthodox tau siv khan cov ntawv lo ntawm Golden Horde los tiv thaiv lawv cov tswv av.

Tab sis kev txeeb ntawm lub hwj chim los ntawm Romanovs thiab tag nrho extermination ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm lub Ruriks, keeb kwm ntawm Tartary, lub deeds ntawm lub Tsars, lawv lub zog nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe thiab Asia, yuav tsum tau cov nplooj ntawv tshiab ntawm keeb kwm, thiab cov nplooj ntawv no tau sau los ntawm lub Cov neeg German tom qab kev puas tsuaj tag nrho ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Ruriks (nrog rau pawg ntseeg).

Alas, tsuas yog M. Bulgakov hais tias "cov ntawv sau tsis hlawv." Lawv hlawv, thiab ua li cas! Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj lub hom phiaj rhuav tshem lawv, uas yog, ntawm chav kawm, tau ua los ntawm pawg ntseeg hauv kev cuam tshuam rau kev sau ntawv thaum ub nyob rau xyoo pua 17th.

Ntawm cov sau phau ntawv los ntawm Mavro Orbini yog ob tug Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm ntawm ancient sij hawm - Eremeya Lavxias teb sab (Jeremia Rusin / Geremia Russo) thiab Ivan lub Great ntawm Gothic. Peb kuj tsis paub lawv lub npe!Ntxiv mus, Eremey tau sau "Moscow Annals" los ntawm 1227, thaj - thawj keeb kwm ntawm Russia.

Ib zaug ntxiv - coj txawv txawv hluav taws nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv pawg ntseeg flashed ntawm no thiab muaj, thiab dab tsi lawv tswj kom txuag tau raug ntes rau kev nyab xeeb los ntawm cov neeg ntawm cov neeg ntawm Romanov thiab puas.

Ntu - cuav (saib tshooj "Kievan Rus" - lus dab neeg! Hais nyob rau hauv annals ") Feem ntau ntawm cov seem ntawm cov archives yog los ntawm sab hnub poob ntawm Russia (Volyn, Chernigov, thiab lwm yam), uas yog, lawv tau tso ib yam dab tsi uas tsis contradictory. Tam sim no peb paub ntau ntxiv txog keeb kwm ntawm Rome thiab tim Nkij teb chaws tshaj li lub sijhawm ntawm Rurik txoj cai.

Qhov tseeb, niaj hnub archives tsuas yog peb centuries ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub Romanovs lub tsev. Ntxiv nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txhua tus neeg muaj koob muaj npe txij thaum pib ntawm kev kav ntawm Peter I mus rau qhov kev tso tseg ntawm Nicholas II, tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe zoo, cov nyiaj qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov tswv av thiab cov neeg ua lag luam uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Russia xyoo 18th. -19 centuries khaws cia.

Ntawm lawv yog cov nyiaj txiag hauv zos (Elagins, Kashkarovs, Mansyrevs, Protasovs) thiab tsev neeg archives (Bolotovs, Bludovs, Buturlins, Verigins, Vtorovs, Vyndomsky, Golenishchevs-Kutuzovs, Gudovichi, Karabanovs, Nikola, Kornilovs). Txhua yam! Puas muaj leej twg tsis ntseeg qhov kev dag ntawm keeb kwm?

Tus sau ntseeg hais tias tom qab qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau hauv Russia thiab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Tartary (lub Lavxias teb sab-Horde Empire), thaum xub thawj, nws cov qub dynasty ntawm Tsars tau tag nrho exterminated, thiab tom qab ntawd lub cim xeeb ntawm nws tau raug tshem tawm.