7 pov thawj ntawm fake Nefertiti bust

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Niaj hnub no, lub bust ntawm Nefertiti yog ib tug ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws tej hauj lwm ntawm ancient Egyptian art, tua nyob rau hauv lub Amarna style. Lub bust yog ib tug stylized portrait ntawm poj huab tais Nefertiti, uas yog tus poj niam ntawm Pharaoh Akhenaten, uas tau poob rau hauv keeb kwm ua tsaug rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab, nws kav poob rau lub sij hawm ntawm 1351-1334. BC. Lub bust ntawm Nefertiti yog tam sim no tso rau ntawm New Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Berlin.

Cov kws tshaj lij sib cav txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm huab tais, txog yam twg nws yog tsev neeg, tab sis rau cov neeg zoo tib yam, kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom qub uas muaj npe nrov yog qhov nthuav ntau dua. Lawv tau mus ntev ntev, thiab qhov kawg hnyav rau cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm nws qhov tseeb tau raug ntaus los ntawm Swiss art critic Henri Stierlin, uas categorically tshaj tawm ib tug forging. Nws cov lus sib cav yog dab tsi?

Nyob rau hauv 1912, German archaeologists, coj los ntawm Ludwig Borchardt, nqa tawm excavations ntawm ib tug ntawm cov puas tsev nyob, uas muaj ntau nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub tim lyiv teb chaws. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, lawv tau khawb ib lub rooj cob qhia uas koom nrog tsarist sculptor.

Muaj ib hnub, ib feem ntawm cov duab puab tau pom los ntawm archaeologists ntawm cov av cib. Tom qab ntau teev ntawm kev sim ua tib zoo rub nws tawm ntawm cov xuab zeb thiab rubble ntawm cov phab ntsa cib ntawm lub tsev, cov neeg sau keeb kwm tuaj yeem pom tias lawv qhov kev pom yog lub neej loj ntawm tus poj niam, ua los ntawm limestone thiab cov xim zoo nkauj. Tus poj niam lub ntsej muag muaj lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, lub qhov ncauj zoo kawg nkaus puffy, lub qhov muag zoo li tonsil, thiab lub qhov ntswg ncaj. Lub qhov muag sab laug yog khawb me ntsis thiab, pom tau tias, vim qhov tsis xws luag, lub qhov muag poob tawm, uas tau khaws cia zoo ntawm sab xis. Lub qhov muag sab xis yog lub pob zeb siv lead ua ntxig nrog me me ebony cov tub ntxhais kawm. Lub xiav wig, lub siab siab, yog qhwv hauv ib lub pob zeb me me, uas yog adorned nrog cov pob zeb zoo nkauj. Raws li cov kev xav ntawm archaeologists, ua ntej ntawm lub hauv pliaj ntawm lub bust muaj ib tug urey - lub cim ntawm muaj koob muaj npe hwj chim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug dawb huv nab.

Lub bust yog coj los ntawm German archaeologists mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab hnub no nws yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub New Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv Egypt. Thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, qhov kev tshawb pom tau rov ua rau ntau yam kev sim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Thiab tsis ntev los no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua qhov kev xav zoo siab, raws li lub ntsej muag ntawm tus poj huab tais zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws tau retouched tom qab thawj version ntawm lub bust tau ua. Yog li siv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev suav tomography, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem pom hauv qab txheej ntawm plaster, lub ntsej muag tiag tiag ntawm tus poj niam no - vaj ntxwv. Raws li nws tau muab tawm, Akhenaten tus poj niam muaj me me hump ntawm nws lub qhov ntswg, cov ces kaum ntawm nws daim di ncauj tau qis me ntsis, muaj dimple folds ntawm nws ob sab plhu, thiab nws cheekbones tsis meej meej. Txawm hais tias qhov muag tau nthuav tawm ntau dua. Cov keeb kwm ntseeg hais tias lub bust tau rov ua haujlwm ntau dua ib zaug raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm poj niam kev zoo nkauj. Yog li ntawd ntau tshaj ib zaug cov cheekbones tau polished, lub ntsej muag hloov, ob lub qhov muag tob, tsuas yog lub pob ntseg muaj koob muaj npe tseem nyob.

Ua ke nrog lub bust ntawm Nefertiti, lub Berlin Tsev khaws puav pheej qhia frescoes ntawm Akhenaten tus thib ob tus poj niam, ib tug me me mlom ntawm lub Great poj huab tais, kuj ua los ntawm limestone, thiab ob portraits ntawm Nefertiti - ntawm plaster thiab granite. Tab sis txawm tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom pov thawj nyob rau hauv no ancient Egyptian exhibition, lub bust invariably attracts xim ntawm tourists. Nws yog nws leej twg yog lub ntsiab attraction ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej thiab lub cim ntawm tag nrho cov kos duab ntawm Amarna.

Vim yog granite yaig, cov txheej txheem ntawm lub ntsej muag tau dhau los ua qhov muag plooj. Qhov degree ntawm kev yaig qhia tau hais tias cov duab puab no muaj ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo. Nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom fake erosive puas tsuaj.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau hnub tim cov xim bust ntawm Nefertiti siv natural scientific method tsoos rau archaeologists, vim nws yog ua los ntawm pob zeb. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntsuam xyuas tseem ceeb tseem ua tau. Nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv phau ntawv 2009 los ntawm Henri Stirlin, Bust of Nefertiti - An Egyptological Swindle?

Cov lus sib cav hnyav li cas tus sau ua?

1. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws khaws cia ntawm qhov pom

Nws ntseeg tau tias cov xwm txheej rau kev nyob ntawm lub bust ntawm Nefertiti hauv av tsuas yog qhov zoo tagnrho, uas ua rau muaj lus nug. Ntawm chav kawm, muaj txawm tias zoo-preserved mummies, piv txwv li, pom muaj, hauv Amarna. Tab sis lawv nyob rau hauv phab ntsa li faus rau hauv lub qhov ntxa zeb, tsis muaj kev nkag tau mus rau huab cua, nrog rau qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov av noo thiab kub. Thiab lub npe hu ua rhiav Thutmose, qhov twg lub bust ntawm huab tais tau pom, yog nyob rau hauv qhib huab cua. Obviously, cov xwm txheej rau kev nyob ntawm cov khoom sculptural nyob rau hauv nws yog txawv kiag li, ntau ntau puas.

Tsis tas li ntawd, lub nroog Amarna, lossis Akhetaton, tau sawv ntawm ntug dej ntawm Nile, thiab Thutmose lub rhiav tau nyob li ntawm 150-200 meters los ntawm dej. Thaum lub sij hawm dej nyab ib ntus (txog li 7 meters siab), tag nrho thaj chaw tau raug dej nyab. Tag nrho cov khoom uas tau liam tias pom nyob rau hauv qhov kev cob qhia no, nrog rau cov xim tsoos tsho, lub sijhawm no yuav tsum yog, yog tias tsis nyob hauv dej, ces hauv av ntub heev. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws nrhiav pom, lub bust ntawm Nefertiti nteg tob nyob rau hauv cov xuab zeb nyob rau hauv lub heev ntug dej ntawm tus dej. Koj yuav ntseeg tau li cas tias nws tau pw hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no rau 3360 xyoo thiab tseem ua haujlwm tsis raug mob?

Rau kev sib piv. Nyob rau sab laug yog cov duab puab tiag tiag ntawm Nefertiti lub taub hau. Peb pom tseeb tias qhov kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim ntawm limestone yog qhov tseeb. Cov khoom qub tau pom hauv Amarna, qhov siab - 36 cm.

Lub nto moo bust ntawm Nefertiti tsis muaj ib qho kev sib cuag nrog hauv av txhua. Gypsum yog ib qho khoom muag zoo nkauj, yog li nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias tsis muaj ib qho khawb hauv cov duab ntawm poj huab tais, tsuas yog pob ntseg tau tev tawm, lub hauv paus ntawm cov duab puab yog me ntsis puas …

2. Sustainability

Ancient Egyptian sculpture yog ib txwm ua nrog ib tug ntau ntawm cov npoo ntawm stability, qhov no yog yuav luag nws lub ntsiab feature. Ib tug tswv ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws xav tias qhov kev faib tawm ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus nyob rau hauv nws creation, thiab yeej tsis tau ua tej yam airy, lub teeb thiab tsis ruaj khov. Txhua yam tau mus rau ntau pua xyoo, cov pej thuam yuav tsum tsis txhob poob los ntawm qhov teeb meem tshwm sim. Lub bust ntawm Nefertiti yog nyob rau hauv tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov kab lig kev cai, nws qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yog xav mus rau pem hauv ntej, ua rau cov duab puab tsis ruaj tsis khov. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no, thaum ntsia hauv Berlin tsev cia puav pheej, ob lub pins hlau tau teeb tsa hauv nws lub hauv paus. Kuv xav paub yuav ua li cas Akhenaten yuav nce lub bust ntawm nws tus poj niam hlub nyob rau hauv nws lub palace?

Sab laug: X-ray ntawm lub bust. Txoj cai: thaum zoomed nyob rau hauv, koj tuaj yeem pom meej qhov superposition ntawm ob txheej ntawm gypsum ntawm qhov sib txawv. Obviously, qhov no yog tsim nyog los coj cov duab puab mus rau yam tsawg kawg ib yam ntawm qhov sib npaug. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias thaum xub thawj qhov tsis tshua muaj cam khwb cia, tab sis daim duab tseem tsis ruaj khov. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv ib txheej tshiab, denser ntawm gypsum. Lub bust tau ua kom ruaj khov dua, tab sis kom meej meej tsis txaus: nrog me ntsis thawb, daim duab yuav poob qhov sib npaug.

3. Lub xub pwg nyom

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm daim duab yog vertically txiav lub xub pwg nyom. Tsis yog ib qho duab puab Iyiv thaum ub muaj cov duab zoo li no, lawv ib txwm xaus nrog lub caj dab, lossis tau ua rau lub duav lossis kom siab. Ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm qhov tsis sib xws nrog cov canons.

4. Daim ntawv teev npe nto moo

Ntxiv mus. Txhua tus kws tshawb fawb archaeologists khaws ib phau ntawv xov xwm uas lawv sau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov txiaj ntsig pom: qhov twg, thaum twg thiab lawv nrhiav tau li cas. Cov tsos mob tau piav qhia, cov duab lossis lawv cov duab kos tau txuas nrog, thiab lwm yam. Cov phau ntawv xov xwm ntawm Borchardt txoj kev ntoj ke mus kawm tau muaj sia nyob, tab sis tsis muaj qhov hais txog qhov pom zoo nkauj thiab xav tsis thoob hauv lawv. Raws li tsis muaj kev tso cai tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, uas yog muab los ntawm sab Egyptian thaum xa tawm archaeological pom sab nraum lub tebchaws.

Qhov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov duab puab ib txwm ceeb toom cov kws tshawb fawb, tab sis tom qab ntawd zaj dab neeg no dhau los ua neeg txawv. Tom qab cov duab puab tau pom los ntawm Duke of Saxon, uas tuaj rau qhov kev khawb av raws nraim rau hnub ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom, nws ploj mus los ntawm kev pom ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov pej xeem rau 11 xyoo. Nws hloov tawm tias txhua lub sijhawm no cov duab puab tsuas yog khaws cia los ntawm James Simon, uas tau txhawb nqa kev mus ncig. Puas yog qhov no ua tau thaum nws los txog rau qhov kev xav archaeological nrhiav?

5. Cov duab puab thib ob hauv qab thawj

Thaum lub sijhawm Borchardt, tsis muaj kev suav tomography, tab sis tam sim no nws yog thiab qhia meej ntau. Nrog nws kev pab, ib qho txawv txawv tau tshwm sim - muaj ib tug thib ob duab puab nyob rau hauv lub bust. Nws hloov tawm tias tus kws kos duab thawj zaug ua haujlwm nrog lub pob zeb, ua ib qho khoob, thiab tom qab ntawd molded plaster rau nws, muab cov ntaub ntawv zoo meej dua. Qhov no yog qhov yooj yim thiab nkag siab, tab sis tsis muaj ib tus tswv thaum ub siv cov thev naus laus zis no los ua cov duab puab. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no tsis paub txog archaeology ntawm Ancient Egypt. Qhov no yog qhov kev sib cav tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev pom zoo tsuas yog ib puas xyoo ntawm lub hnub nyoog rau lub bust, txij li thaum peb tab tom tham txog niaj hnub fake technology.

6. Npaj ib lub qhov muag

Nrog kev pab los ntawm ib tug tomograph, cov kws tshwj xeeb tau tswj xyuas hauv qab lub pob zeb siv lead ua los ntawm cov duab puab sab xis tau tsim. Nws muab tawm tias sab laug qhov muag muaj qhov chaw tiaj tus, sab xis muaj lub ntsej muag convex. Nws tau pom tseeb tias sab laug lub qhov muag tsis ploj, raws li nws tau ntseeg ua ntej, nws tsuas tsis muaj nyob. Ib lub qhov muag twb tau npaj ua ntej. Tab sis Thutmose tsis tuaj yeem ua rau huab tais ib qhov muag?

7. Pob ntseg kuj raug puas tsuaj thaum lub sij hawm tsim khoom

Lub tomography kuj tau muab lub hauv paus rau kev lees paub tias pob ntseg puas tau ua tiav ntawm qib workpiece.

Lub pob ntseg sab xis ntawm poj huab tais lub taub hau, ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom kev ua haujlwm ntawm forger. Nws defiantly tshuav ib qho ntawm kev txhim kho pob ntseg puas, uas nws xav tau tsuas yog kom qhov kev puas tsuaj nws tus kheej ua rau zoo li ntuj. Los ntawm kev ua yuam kev ntawm tus tswv, tsis muaj ib qho ntawm ib txhiab xyoo yaig ntawm pob ntseg. Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias cov xim ntawm nws tau muab pov tseg zoo li nag hmo, ib daim ntawm plaster tau chipped thiab tam sim ntawd glued, uas yog, qhov chaw ntawm cov duab puab tsis nyob sib nrug ntawm ib leeg hauv cov xuab zeb rau ntau tshaj peb txhiab xyoo..

Henri Stirlin qhia tias lub bust ntawm Nefertiti yog tsim los ntawm sculptor Gerhard Marx ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm Borchardt thiaj li yuav sim tawm cov xim thaum ub coj los ntawm kev khawb. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum qhov kev zoo nkauj ntawm "tus kws tshaj lij" tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Johann Georg, Borchardt tsis kam lees, yog li tsis txhob muab tus qhua zoo rau hauv txoj haujlwm ruam, thiab ua txuj tias nws yog ib qho duab puab tiag tiag.

Kuj tseem muaj ntau dua radical version ntawm kev dag. Allegedly, tag nrho cov ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm Ludwig Borchardt thawj zaug tsom mus rau legalize forgeries ua nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm Nefertiti lub granite taub hau, uas yog tib yam khoom tiag tiag nrhiav tau los ntawm lub ntoj ke mus kawm.

Berlin kws sau ntawv Erdogan Erchivan nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "The Lost Links of Archaeology" tsis yog tsis yooj yim nrog trifles: ib puas nto moo archaeological treasures (ntawm lawv, hais tias, lub treasures ntawm Troy, tam sim no khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Pushkin State Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Fine Arts nyob rau hauv Moscow.), nws "exposes" li fakes … Tshooj ntawm Nefertiti yog ib qho ntawm cov kev coj ncaj ncees tshaj plaws hauv phau ntawv no. Raws li Erchivan, tom qab qhov kev dag ntxias tsis yog Borchard lub siab xav phem, tab sis muaj lub siab xav sim nws txhais tes: nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov qauv qub qub? Erchivan kuj ntseeg hais tias tsis yog tsuas yog cov duab qub uas nws pom nyob rau hauv lub studio ntawm tus sculptor Thutmose tau ua tus qauv rau Borchard (qhov tseeb ntawm ntau cov duab ntawm Nefertiti los ntawm granite, marble, jade thiab lwm yam pob zeb yog dhau qhov tsis ntseeg), tab sis kuj muaj cov duab kos duab. German archaeologist tus kheej tus poj niam. Tus sau phau ntawv thov tias lub bust "dhia ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov zoo sib xws" nrog Madame Borchard.

Kev sib cav ntawm lwm tus kws tshaj lij - tus kws sau ntawv Fab Kis thiab tus kws yees duab Andre Stirlin - feem ntau coincides nrog Erchivan, tab sis muaj ntau yam kev tshawb fawb thiab keeb kwm. Yog li, nws qhia tias Borchard rov tsim kho cov tsos ntawm Nefertiti txhawm rau ua kom pom cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub zoo li cas: nws paub tias nws hnav nws cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub pom ntawm lub bust. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho, nws siv cov xim uas nws pom nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Egyptian tombs.

Borchard kuj tau ua haujlwm ze nrog cov neeg dag ntxias Iyiv: cov khoom siv tes ua no tau vam meej rau cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi nyob rau xyoo 19th. Lub hom phiaj ntawm archaeologist yog, txawm li cas los, noble: kawm kom paub qhov txawv fakes los ntawm cov thawj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog los ntawm nws txhais tes uas "thaum ub" stele tuaj rau Egyptian Tsev khaws puav pheej, uas tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij ua tus cuav ob peb xyoos dhau los.

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm Nefertiti Borchard, raws li Stirlin qhia, thawj zaug tsis xav kom dhau nws qhov kev dag ntxias li tus thawj. Tab sis cov yeeb yuj bust zoo siab rau txhua tus kom zaj dab neeg tau txais nws tus kheej muaj zog …

Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm Berlin Egyptian Tsev khaws puav pheej, coj los ntawm nws tus thawj coj, xibfwb Dietrich Wildung, tsis lees paub tag nrho cov lus qhia tias nws tuaj yeem yog kev dag ntxias. Lawv xa mus rau ob qho tib si rov qab kawm txog cov pej thuam thaum ub thiab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm.

Nws tag nrho tau pib rov qab rau xyoo 1906, thaum German Oriental Society tau txais txoj cai los ua kev khawb av nyob ib puag ncig ntawm el-Amarna, lub nroog qub qub ntawm Pharaoh Akhenaten - Akhetaton. Cov excavations tau nyiaj txiag los ntawm Berlin philanthropist James Simon, ib tug nplua nuj paj rwb tub lag luam, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib tug passionate patriot ntawm Prussia thiab ib tug sib npaug passionate lover ntawm antiquities. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1912, excavations pib nyob rau hauv lub P 47 lub quarter, raug xaiv nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj ntawm archaeologists raws li lub ruins ntawm lub tsev nyob. Nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntawm xuab zeb, lawv nrhiav tau lub rooj cob qhia ntawm lub tsev hais plaub sculptor Thutmose. Qhov zoo nkauj Nefertiti tau kav zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tus kws kos duab lub studio: nws cov duab tau pom nyob rau hauv txhua daim ntawv xav tau: los ntawm cov ntoo me me rau lub ntsej muag nto moo. Lub bust ntawm poj huab tais yog 47 centimeters siab. Nyob rau hauv ib tug siab txiav los ntawm sab saum toj wig, khi nyob rau hauv nruab nrab nrog ib tug dav ribbon. Paints - zoo li lawv nyuam qhuav tau thov. Ua haujlwm zoo heev. Nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los piav qhia. Koj yuav tsum pom …” - xws li ib qho kev nkag tau ua nyob rau hauv nws lub chaw muag mis nyuj rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 6, 1912 los ntawm Ludwig Borchard, archaeologist thiab science attaché ntawm Prussian consulate hauv Cairo. Nyob rau hauv 1913, lub precious nrhiav tau raug coj mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees, qhov chaw uas nws yog ces khaws cia nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev cia puav pheej.

Rau qee lub sijhawm tam sim no, tus poj huab tais tau ua patronizing Tsev khaws puav pheej Island, zoo heev "lobbying" nws cov kev txaus siab. Piv txwv li, nyiaj txiag rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Berlin tau pom zoo ib zaug raws li cov lus hais ntawm kev tsim "tsev rau Nefertiti." Feem ntau, tus poj huab tais Egyptian yog qhov laj thawj zoo rau kev xav. Raws li xibfwb Wildung tau hais tias: "Ib tug poj niam zoo nkauj thiab kev thuam: nws ib txwm muag zoo."

Txog rau hnub no, kev tsis sib haum xeeb txuas ntxiv ntawm tsoomfwv Iyiv thiab kev tswj hwm lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Berlin dhau los ntawm kev daws teeb meem zaum kawg ntawm cov khoom vaj khoom tsev uas cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm monument. Hauv tebchaws Iziv, ntawm Giza toj siab, ib qho kev nthuav qhia tau npaj nyob rau yav tom ntej, uas yuav nthuav tawm ntau yam duab puab thiab cov duab kos duab los ntawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb, thiab lub bust ntawm Nefertiti yuav tsum tau los ua lub ntsiab kev tshwm sim thiab attraction.

Cov Germans, nyob rau hauv lem, tsis kam rov qab lub bust ntawm tus huab tais mus rau tim lyiv teb chaws, mus rau nws keeb kwm homeland, piav qhia tias muaj kev txhawj xeeb loj txog kev puas tsuaj rau lub relic thaum lub sij hawm kev thauj mus los. Yog li, kev tshawb fawb ntawm limestone, uas lub bust ntawm Nefertiti paub tias muaj, qhia tau hais tias muaj kab noj hniav nyob rau hauv daim duab, uas yuav pab tau rau kev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv unfavorable tej yam kev mob ntawm txoj kev.