Trajan's Mighty Column: Emperor's Triumph hauv 155 Scenes hauv Tsov Rog nrog Dacians

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Zaj dab neeg ntawm kev yeej ntawm Emperor Trajan hla lub nceeg vaj uas muaj zog heev tsis yog ib zaj dab neeg los ntawm tus cwj mem. Qhov kev tshwm sim no, uas nws lub yeeb koob yog carved nyob rau hauv 155 scenes ntawm kauv frieze ntawm lub monumental kem muaj zog, tseem mesmerizing rau hnub no.

Tus Emperor's Triumph

Trajan's Kem, nrog ib tug pej thuam ntawm Saint Peter tsim los ntawm Pope thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance ntawm nws qhov ua siab tshaj, dominates lub ruins ntawm Trajan lub rooj sab laj, uas ib zaug suav nrog ob lub tsev qiv ntawv thiab ib tug loj square rau pej xeem thiab ib tug dav Basilica. Kev tsim kho ntawm Lub Rooj Sab Laj tau ua tiav ntawm kev siv nyiaj ua tsov rog trophies tau los ntawm Dacia

Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm ib sab nrog nws cov tub rog hauv kev sib tw ntawm 101 thiab 106 AD, Emperor Trajan rallied kaum tawm txhiab tus Roman legionnaires hla Danube hla ob tus choj ntev tshaj plaws uas lub ntiaj teb qub tau pom. Trajan txoj kev yeej tau ua rau pom lub zog pom ntawm Rome, ntawm lub ncov ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm: tsoo lub nceeg vaj uas muaj zog barbarian ntawm cov teb soddy ntawm lawv lub tsev roob ob zaug, txheej txheem so tawm ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm Tebchaws Europe thaum ub.

Trajan kev ua tsov ua rog nrog cov Dacians, uas nws lub teb chaws nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Romania niaj hnub no, yog qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm nws txoj kev kav 19 xyoo. Cov kev nplua nuj coj tuaj rau Rome tau dhau mus. Ib tug niaj hnub chronicler khav hais tias lub conquest coj lub xeev tshaj 200 tons ntawm kub thiab 450 tons ntawm nyiaj, tsis hais txog lub xeev tshiab fertile.

Reconstruction ntawm sab nrauv ntawm tus choj Trajan los ntawm engineer E. Duperrex (1907)

Lub mining tau hloov pauv toj roob hauv pes ntawm Rome. Txhawm rau ua kev nco txog kev yeej, Trajan tau hais kom tsim kho lub rooj sib tham tshiab uas yuav suav nrog thaj chaw dav dav uas nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm colonnades, ob lub tsev qiv ntawv, ib lub tsev loj loj hu ua Basilica of Ulpia, thiab tej zaum txawm tias yog lub tuam tsev. Lub Rooj Sab Laj yog qhov "qhib txuj ci tseem ceeb," ib tus neeg keeb kwm thaum ntxov tau zoo siab tias tsis muaj cov lus piav qhia hauv ntiaj teb yuav txaus los piav txog nws.

Ib tug 38-meter siab pob zeb kem topped nrog bronze pej thuam ntawm tus conqueror towered tshaj lub rooj sab laj. Ib txoj hlua ntawm bas-relief nce nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm kab, zoo li niaj hnub comic strips, yog zaj dab neeg ntawm Dacian phiaj los nqis tes: txhiab tus artfully carved Loos thiab Dacians taug kev, tsim, sib ntaus, sail, nyiag, sib tham, thov thiab tuag. hauv 155 scenes. Ua tiav hauv 113, kem sawv rau ntau tshaj 1900 xyoo.

Cov kem yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws monumental sculptures uas dim lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Rome. Tau ntau pua xyoo, cov kws tshaj lij tau kho cov duab kos raws li kev pom keeb kwm ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, nrog Trajan ua tus phab ej thiab Decebalus, tus huab tais Dacian, ua nws tus yeeb ncuab tsim nyog. Archaeologists tau ua tib zoo kawm cov xwm txheej kom kawm txog cov khaub ncaws, riam phom, khoom siv thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog Loos.

Relief sketch: Dacians surrendering to Trajan txoj kev hlub tshua

Kev dag ntxias. Heroic Chronicle of Conquest los yog Sau Cov Dab Neeg?

Cov kem muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo thiab tau tshoov siab tom qab monuments hauv Rome thiab thoob plaws lub teb chaws Ottoman. Tau ntau pua xyoo, raws li lub nroog cov cim tseem ceeb tau raug rhuav tshem, kab ke txuas ntxiv ua rau muaj kev txaus siab thiab txhawb kev txaus ntshai. Lub Renaissance pope hloov tus pej thuam ntawm Trajan nrog tus pej thuam ntawm Saint Peter kom fij rau cov khoom qub qub. Cov kws ua yeeb yam tau txo qis lawv tus kheej hauv pob tawb los ntawm saum toj no txhawm rau kawm kom ntxaws. Tom qab ntawd nws tau dhau los ua qhov nyiam neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi: tus kws sau paj huam German Goethe tau nce 185 cov kauj ruam hauv xyoo 1787 kom "nyiam qhov kev pom tsis sib xws." Plaster cam khwb cia ntawm kem tau ua thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 16th, thiab lawv khaws cov ntsiab lus uas tau muab tshem tawm los ntawm cov kua qaub los nag thiab cov pa phem. Kev sib cav tseem tab tom simmering dhau kab kev tsim kho, lub ntsiab lus thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, keeb kwm raug. Qee lub sij hawm nws zoo li muaj ntau qhov kev txhais lus xws li cov carvings, thiab muaj 2,662 ntawm lawv!

Raws li archaeologist Filippo Coarelli, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm huab tais, cov sculptors ua raws li ib txoj kev npaj los tsim ib tug colonnaded version ntawm Trajan lub scroll ntawm 17 nruas los ntawm cov zoo tshaj Carrara marble. Emperor yog tus hero ntawm zaj dab neeg no. Nws tshwm sim 58 lub sij hawm thiab yog portrayed raws li ib tug cunning commander, ib tug ua tiav statesman, thiab ib tug devout kav. Ntawm no nws hais lus rau cov tub rog; nyob ntawd nws txhob txwm tshaj tawm nrog nws cov kws pab tswv yim; nyob ntawd nws nyob ntawm kev txi rau cov vajtswv. Coarelli hais tias, "Qhov no yog Trajan qhov kev sim ua kom pom nws tus kheej tsis yog ua tus thawj coj," tab sis kuj yog ib tus kab lis kev cai.

Tau kawg, Coarelli tab tom kwv yees. Txawm li cas los xij lawv muaj, tab sis Trajan nco tau ploj mus ntev. Qhov tseeb, cov pov thawj tau khaws cia los ntawm tus ncej thiab khawb ntawm Sarmisegetuza, lub peev ntawm Dacian, qhia tias cov duab kos qhia ntau ntxiv txog Roman kev ntxub ntxaug tshaj qhov tseeb.

John Coleston, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Roman iconography, riam phom thiab khoom siv ntawm University of St Andrews hauv Scotland, tau kawm kem nyob ze rau ntau lub hlis los ntawm cov scaffolding uas nyob ib puag ncig nws thaum rov ua haujlwm hauv xyoo 1980 thiab 90s. Raws li tus kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm lub monument, John ceeb toom tawm tsam tam sim no kev txhais lus thiab kev txhais lus thaum nyeem lub monument. Coulston hais tias tsis muaj ib tug neeg txawj ntse nyob tom qab cov carvings. Qhov sib txawv me me ntawm cov qauv thiab pom tseeb yuam kev, xws li cov qhov rais uas cuam tshuam cov scenes thiab cov scenes lawv tus kheej nyob rau ntawm qhov siab tsis sib haum, ntseeg nws tias cov sculptors tau tsim lub kem ntawm ya, tso siab rau qhov lawv tau hnov txog kev tsov kev rog.

Txoj hauj lwm, hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog "kev tshoov siab" ntau dua li "tsim". Feem ntau ntawm kab ntawv tsis piav txog ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua rau ob lub tsov rog. Tsawg tshaj li ib feem peb ntawm cov frieze showcases kev sib ntaus sib tua los yog sieges, thiab Trajan nws tus kheej yeej tsis tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev ua. Lub caij no, cov legionnaires - tus txha caj qaum ntawm Roman tsov rog tshuab - yog tibneeg hu tauj coob tsim forts thiab choj, clearing txoj kev, thiab txawm sau qoob loo. Kab lus piav qhia lawv raws li lub zog ntawm kev txiav txim thiab kev vam meej, tsis yog kev puas tsuaj thiab kev kov yeej.

Tsov rog yeej tsis hloov

Kab ntawv qhia txog qhov loj kawg nkaus ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Trajan cov tub rog suav nrog African cavalry, Iberian slingers, Levantine archers nyob rau hauv taw tes kaus mom, thiab bosom Germans nyob rau hauv ris, uas yuav zoo li barbaric rau Loos nyob rau hauv togas. Lawv txhua tus sib ntaus sib tua Dacians, cia siab tias leej twg, tsis hais keeb kwm twg, tuaj yeem dhau los ua neeg Roman. Curiously, Trajan nws tus kheej hails los ntawm Roman Spain.

Qee qhov xwm txheej tseem tsis meej, thiab lawv cov lus txhais tsis sib xws. Puas yog cov neeg nyob ze Dacians ncav cuag lub khob kom tua tus kheej los ntawm kev haus tshuaj lom es tsis txhob ntsib kev txaj muag ntawm tes ntawm cov neeg Loos kov yeej? Los yog lawv tsuas nqhis dej xwb? Noble Dacians sib sau ua ke ntawm Trajan rau kev tso siab lossis kev sib tham? Yuav ua li cas hais txog kev piav qhia cov poj niam tsim txom cov tsho tsis muaj tsho, khi cov neeg raug txim Loos nrog nplaim taws? Ernest Oberlander-Turnovianu, tus thawj coj ntawm National Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Romanian Keeb Kwm, tsis pom zoo: "Cov no yog cov neeg raug kaw Dacian uas raug tsim txom los ntawm cov poj ntsuam npau taws ntawm cov tub rog Roman." Zoo li ntau ntawm kab, qhov koj pom feem ntau yog nyob ntawm seb koj xav li cas ntawm Loos thiab Dacians.

Ntawm cov Roman politicians, "Dacian" yog synonymous nrog duplicity. Tus kws sau keeb kwm Tacitus hu lawv tias "cov neeg uas tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg tau." Lawv tau paub txog kev thov nyiaj rau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm Rome, thiab lawv tus kheej tau xa tub rog mus tua hauv nws lub nroog ciam teb. Nyob rau hauv 101 AD Trajan tsiv mus rau txim rau cov nyob tsis tswm Dacians. Hauv thawj qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua loj, Trajan swb Dacians hauv Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Tapai … Lub cua daj cua dub qhia rau cov neeg Loos tias tus vajtswv Jupiter nyob ntawm lawv sab. Qhov kev tshwm sim no tau qhia meej meej ntawm Kab.

1av 2

Jupiter cuam tshuam xob laim thiab niaj hnub kos duab sib ntaus sib tua

Tom qab yuav luag ob xyoos ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, Dacian huab tais Decebalus tau cog lus nrog Trajan thiab tom qab ntawd rub nws sai sai.

Rome tau raug ntxeev siab ntau zaus. Thaum lub sij hawm thib ob ntxeem tau, Trajan tsis thab. Nws yog txaus los saib cov scenes uas qhia txog kev plundering ntawm Sarmisegetuza los yog lub zos ntawm hluav taws. Tab sis thaum Dacians raug swb lawm, lawv tau los ua ib qho kev nyiam rau Roman sculptors. Ntawm Trajan lub Rooj Sib Tham muaj ntau ntau tus mlom zoo nraug, bearded Dacian warriors, zoo siab marble tub rog nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm Rome. Tau kawg, cov lus no tau npaj rau cov neeg Loos, tsis yog rau cov uas tseem muaj sia nyob Dacians, feem ntau ntawm lawv raug muag mus ua qhev. Tsis muaj leej twg ntawm Dacians tuaj yeem tuaj saib kab ke. Nws tau tsim rau cov pej xeem Roman los ua kom pom lub zog ntawm lub tshuab imperial kom kov yeej cov neeg noble thiab ferocious.

Nyob rau hauv cov lus piav qhia uas nthuav tawm ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kem mus rau nws sab saum toj, Trajan thiab nws cov tub rog yeej dhau Dacians. Hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm plaster thiab marble plua plav pov tseg ntawm 1939 thiab 1943, Trajan (sab laug) saib kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum ob Roman auxilaria tuav tawm lub taub hau ntawm tus yeeb ncuab

Rau ob txoj kev tsov rog ntshav, txhua qhov ntawm Dacia raug kev puas tsuaj, Rome tsis tau tso lub pob zeb los ntawm lub peev. Ib tug ntawm nws cov neeg kawm tiav tau thov tias Trajan coj 500,000 tus neeg raug kaw, nqa txog 10,000 mus rau Rome kom koom nrog kev ua si gladiatorial, uas tau tuav rau 123 hnub. Tiag tiag tus tshiab Carthage. Tus thawj coj zoo siab ntawm Dacia cawm nws tus kheej kom poob ntsej muag ntawm kev tso siab. Nws qhov kawg yog carved rau hauv kem nrog rau qhov scene. Hauv caug hauv qab tsob ntoo Oak, nws tsa ib tug ntev, nkhaus hniav rau nws lub caj dab.

Kev tuag ntawm Decebalus

“Decebalus, thaum nws lub peev thiab nws lub nceeg vaj tag nrho tau nyob thiab nws tus kheej raug ntes, nws tua tus kheej; thiab nws lub taub hau raug coj mus rau Rome,”sau tus Roman historian Cassius Dion ib puas xyoo tom qab.

Barbarously civilized

Trajan's Kem tej zaum yuav yog kev tshaj tawm, tab sis archaeologists hais tias muaj qee qhov tseeb hauv nws. Excavations ntawm Dacian qhov chaw, suav nrog Sarmisegetusa, txuas ntxiv nthuav tawm cov cim ntawm kev vam meej nyob deb tshaj qhov "barbaric", lub sij hawm derogatory ntawm Loos implied. Cov Dacians tsis muaj lus sau, yog li peb paub txog lawv cov kab lis kev cai yog lim los ntawm Loos. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj pom tau hais tias lawv tau tswj hwm thaj av rau ntau pua xyoo, nrhiav thiab thov khoom plig los ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob ze. Cov Dacians yog cov kws tshaj lij hlau uas tau khawb thiab smelted hlau thiab kub los tsim cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub zoo nkauj thiab riam phom.

Sarmizegetuza yog lawv nom tswv thiab sab ntsuj plig peev. Lub nroog ruined tam sim no nyob siab nyob rau hauv toj siab ntawm central Romania. Hauv Trajan lub sijhawm, 1600 km taug kev los ntawm Rome yuav siv sijhawm tsawg kawg ib hlis. Ntoo beech siab, nrum ib qho ntxoov ntxoo txias txawm nyob rau hnub sov ntawm txoj kev pob zeb dav uas ua los ntawm cov phab ntsa tuab, ib nrab-faus phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress mus rau qhov dav, tiaj tiaj tiaj. Qhov chaw ntsuab- terrace, carved rau sab ntawm lub roob, yog lub plawv kev ntseeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb Dacian.

Cov neeg Loos thauj pob khoom thauj nrog cov khoom plig los ntawm lub nroog

Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los tau lees paub txog kev kos duab ntawm architecture uas yog qhov zoo rau cov neeg tsis nyiam; qee qhov kev xav tau txawm tias coj los ntawm Rome thiab Hellas. Muaj ntau qhov chaw tsim khoom vaj khoom tsev nyob rau ntau dua 280 hectares ntawm lub nroog cheeb tsam thiab tsis muaj qhov qhia tias Dacians tau loj hlob zaub mov ntawm no. Tsis muaj cultivated teb. Es tsis txhob, archaeologists tau unearthed cov seem ntawm ntom pawg ntawm rhiav thiab tsev, nrog rau cov furnaces rau ua hlau ore, tons ntawm npaj-rau-siv daim hlau, thiab kaum ob ntawm anvils. Lub nroog zoo li tau ua qhov chaw rau kev tsim hlau, muab lwm yam Dacians nrog riam phom thiab cov cuab yeej sib pauv rau kub thiab nplej.

Cov Dacians tau hloov cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig rau hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Cov nyiaj npib kub nrog Roman dluab thiab cov kauj-toog npab yog los ntawm cov ruins ntawm Sarmisegetusa, thiab tau muab rov qab nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los.

Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Sarmisegetuza, lub tuam tsev dawb huv tshaj plaws thiab thaj chaw ntawm Dacia raug rhuav tshem. Txhua yam raug rhuav tshem los ntawm cov neeg Loos. Tus so ntawm Dacia kuj raug kev puas tsuaj. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm kem, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov tsis txaus ntseeg: lub zos teeb tsa hluav taws, Dacians khiav, lub xeev khoob ntawm txhua tus tsuas yog nyuj thiab tshis.

Devastated Dacia thaum kawg ntawm keeb kwm

Ntawm daim ntawv no, tej zaum, nws muaj peev xwm ua kom tiav zaj dab neeg txog qhov kev txaus siab ntawm qhov kev txaus siab no, tsis muaj exaggeration, influential thiab feem ntau zoo nkauj lub tsev nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm.