Ib qho kev xav ntawm architectural ntawm Balochistan Sphinx

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-02 02:40

Muab zais rau hauv cov pob zeb pov tseg ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Makrana nyob rau sab qab teb Baluchistan, Pakistan, nws yog lub pov haum vaj tse uas tau txhob txwm mus tsis pom thiab tsis tshawb nrhiav ntau pua xyoo.

Lub "Baluchistani Sphinx", raws li nws yog nrov, tsuas yog tham txog tom qab Makrana ntug hiav txwv txoj kev loj qhib nyob rau hauv 2004, txuas Karachi nrog lub nroog chaw nres nkoj ntawm Gwadar ntawm lub ntug dej hiav txwv Makrana. ¹… Plaub-teev, 240-kilometer tsav los ntawm kev hla roob hla thiab hav dej qhuav los ntawm Karachi, coj cov neeg taug kev mus rau Khingol National Park, tsev rau Balochistan Sphinx.

Nws yog plaub teev tsav los ntawm Karachi mus rau Khingol National Park raws Makrana Coastal Highway. Balochistan Sphinx nyob hauv Hingol National Park.

Makrana ntug hiav txwv kev loj.

Balochistan Sphinx

Balochistan Sphinx tau piav qhia tas li los ntawm cov neeg sau xov xwm raws li kev tsim ntuj tsim, txawm hais tias qee qhov laj thawj kev tshawb fawb archaeological tsis tau ua nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw no.²Yog tias peb tshawb xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv, nrog rau nws qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig, ces nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los lees txais cov kev xav ntau zaus uas nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm ntuj tsim. Es tsis txhob, nws zoo li ib tug loj heev, carved, architectural complex.

Txawm tias qhov nrawm nrawm ntawm cov duab puab zoo nkauj qhia tau tias Sphinx muaj cov kab pob txha zoo meej thiab pom meej qhov txawv ntawm lub ntsej muag xws li ob lub qhov muag, qhov ntswg thiab qhov ncauj, uas tau muab tso rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau ib leeg.

Balochistani Sphinx hauv Hingol National Park, © Bilal Mirza CC BY 2.0.

Lub ntsej muag ntawm Great Sphinx ntawm Giza, © Hamerani CC BY-SA 4.0. Ib qho zoo sib xws tuaj yeem pom ntawm nws lub ntsej muag thiab ntawm Balochistan Sphinx.

Lub Sphinx zoo li tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub taub hau uas zoo ib yam li headdress ntawm Egyptian pharaohs, Nemes (nemesh). Lub Nemes headdress yog ib lub taub hau ua los ntawm cov ntaub, feem ntau yog striped, woven rau hauv ib lub pob caus ntawm sab nraum qab thiab nrog ob sab ntev folds txiav nyob rau hauv ib tug semicircle thiab nqis mus rau lub xub pwg nyom. Lub headdress no tseem tuaj yeem pom ntawm Balochistan Sphinx.

Koj tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim ua tawm qhov contours ntawm dag pem hauv ntej paws ntawm Sphinx. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj to taub yuav ua li cas xwm yuav carve ib tug pej thuam uas zoo li ib tug naas ej mythical tsiaj nrog xws li amazing precision.

Balochistan Sphinx zoo ib yam li Egyptian Sphinx hauv ntau txoj hauv kev.

Lub Tuam Tsev Sphinx

Muaj lwm qhov tseem ceeb hauv thaj tsam tam sim ntawm Balochistan Sphinx. Los ntawm qhov deb nws zoo li lub tuam tsev Hindu (xws li hauv South Is Nrias teb), nrog Mandapa thiab Viman. Sab qaum ntawm Wyman zoo li ploj lawm. Lub Sphinx nyob pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tuam tsev, ua tus tiv thaiv ntawm qhov chaw dawb ceev.

Lub Balochistan Sphinx reclines pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tuam tsev ua tus saib xyuas

Nyob rau hauv ancient, dawb huv architecture, sphinx tau ua ib qho kev tiv thaiv thiab feem ntau yog muab tso rau hauv khub ntawm ob sab ntawm kev nkag mus rau lub tuam tsev, tombs thiab monuments dawb ceev. Nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt, sphinx muaj ib tug tsov ntxhuav lub cev, tab sis nws lub taub hau yuav ua tau ib tug txiv neej, ib tug yaj, los yog ib tug falcon.³Piv txwv li, Great Sphinx ntawm Giza, ua tus saib xyuas ntawm Pyramid Complex.

Nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws, lub sphinx muaj lub taub hau ntawm ib tug poj niam, tis ntawm ib tug dav dawb hau, lub cev ntawm ib tug tsov ntxhuav, thiab, raws li ib co, tus Tsov tus tw ntawm ib tug nab.⁴Tus pej thuam colossal ntawm Sphinx ntawm cov kob ntawm Naxos ua tus tiv thaiv ntawm qhov chaw dawb ceev.

Hauv Indian kos duab thiab duab puab, sphinx yog hu ua purusha-mriga ("txiv neej-beast" hauv Sanskrit), thiab nws txoj hauj lwm tseem ceeb yog nyob rau ntawm qhov nkag mus rau lub tuam tsev, ua tus saib xyuas ntawm lub sanctuary.⁵Txawm li cas los xij, sphinxes tseem tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub tuam tsev, suav nrog lub rooj vag nkag (gopuram), chav tsev (mandapa) thiab ze ntawm lub thaj neeb hauv nruab nrab (garba-grha). Raja Dekshithar tau txheeb xyuas 3 yam tseem ceeb ntawm Indian Sphinx:

• Ib tug squatting sphinx nrog ib tug tib neeg lub ntsej muag, tab sis muaj tej yam tsov ntxhuav yam ntxwv xws li ib tug mane thiab elongated pob ntseg;
• Taug kev lossis dhia sphinx nrog tib neeg lub ntsej muag;
• Ib nrab-erect lossis tag nrho erect sphinx, qee zaum nrog lub hwj txwv thiab lub hwj txwv ntev, feem ntau nyob rau hauv kev ua ntawm kev pe hawm Shiva Linga.⁶

Sphinxes kuj tseem muaj nyob rau hauv kev tsim vaj tsev nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Asia. Hauv Myanmar lawv hu ua Manusiha (los ntawm Sanskrit manu-sima, uas txhais tau tias "tus tsov ntxhuav-txiv neej"). Lawv tau piav raws li zaum miv ntawm tus taw ntawm Buddha. Lawv hnav ib lub kaus mom tapered thiab zoo nkauj earplugs, thiab muaj noog tis txuas rau lawv forelimbs.⁷

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no, lub sphinx ua raws li tus tiv thaiv ntawm dawb ceev qhov chaw. Tej zaum tsis yog coincidentally, Balochistan Sphinx kuj tshwm sim los tiv thaiv lub tuam tsev zoo li cov qauv nyob ib sab ntawm nws. Qhov no qhia tias tag nrho cov complex tau ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev dawb huv architecture.

Kev saib ze dua ntawm lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Balochistan Sphinx qhia meej cov pov thawj ntawm cov ncej carved rau hauv phab ntsa. Qhov nkag mus rau hauv lub tuam tsev yog pom tom qab ib tug loj tsub zuj zuj ntawm sediments. Lub sublime sculptural qauv mus rau sab laug ntawm qhov nkag tuaj yeem yog lub tuam tsev pabcuam. Feem ntau, yuav tsis muaj kev ntseeg tias qhov no yog ib qho loj, dag monument ntawm sib sib zog nqus antiquity carved rau hauv pob zeb.

Nws yog qhov nthuav tias ntawm lub façade ntawm lub Tuam Tsev no, sab xis saum qhov nkag, ntawm ob sab, ob lub sculptures monumental yog carved.

Lawv plam heev, uas ua rau nws nyuaj rau txheeb xyuas lawv; tab sis nws zoo li daim duab ntawm sab laug tuaj yeem yog Kartikeya (Skanda / Murugan) tuav hmuv (Val); thiab daim duab ntawm sab xis, striding Ganesha. Los ntawm txoj kev, ob qho tib si Kartikeya thiab Ganesha yog cov tub ntawm Shiva, uas txhais tau hais tias lub tuam tsev complex yuav muab rau Shiva.

Txawm hais tias kev txheeb xyuas nyob rau theem no yog qhov nyuaj, qhov muaj cov duab puab ntawm lub façade qiv nyiaj ntau dua rau kev suav tias yog cov qauv tsim.

Lub façade carvings ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Balochistan Sphinx tej zaum yuav muaj ob daim duab, Kartikeya thiab Ganesha.

Tus qauv ntawm lub Tuam Tsev qhia tias qhov tseeb nws tuaj yeem yog Gopuram, uas yog, Nkag Ntauwd ntawm Tuam Tsev. Zoo li lub Tuam Tsev Sphinx, Gopuram feem ntau yog tiaj tus. Gopuram muaj cov khoom zoo nkauj kalasas (pob zeb lossis hlau lauj kaub) tso rau saum. Kev soj ntsuam ze ntawm lub tiaj tiaj ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Sphinx nthuav tawm cov "pos" nyob rau sab saum toj, uas tej zaum yuav nyob ze kalas, npog nrog sedimentary lossis termite mounds.

Gopuram nyob ib sab ntawm ciam teb ntawm lub tuam tsev phab ntsa, thaum lub Tuam Tsev Sphinx zoo nkaus li nyob ib sab ntawm ciam teb sab nrauv. Gopuram kuj muaj cov duab puab loj heev ntawm dvarapalas, uas yog, Tus Saib Xyuas ntawm lub qhov rooj; thiab, raws li peb tau sau tseg lawm, Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Sphinx muaj ob daim duab monumental carved rau hauv nws lub façade, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm qhov nkag, uas yog dvarapalas.

Lub Tuam Tsev Balochistan Sphinx tuaj yeem yog Gopuram, uas yog, nkag ntauwd ntawm Tuam Tsev.

Lub sublime qauv rau sab laug ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Sphinx tej zaum yuav yog lwm Gopuram. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia tseem ceeb uas coj mus rau lub tshav dav hlau, uas lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb ntawm lub tuam tsev complex tau tsim (uas tsis tuaj yeem pom hauv daim duab), tej zaum yuav muaj plaub Gopuramas. Lub tuam tsev architecture no muaj ntau heev hauv South Indian tuam tsev.

Lub Tuam Tsev Arunachaleshwar hauv Tamil Nadu, Is Nrias teb muaj plaub Gopuram, piv txwv li nkag yees, hauv cov lus qhia tseem ceeb. Lub Tuam Tsev complex muaj ntau lub thaj neeb. © Adam Jones CC BY-SA 3.0.

Sphinx-Temple Platform

Lub platform uas tau tsa los ntawm Sphinx thiab Tuam Tsev nyob zoo li tau raug kho kom zoo nrog txhua kab, niches, thiab cov qauv sib luag uas nthuav dav thoob plaws sab saum toj ntawm lub platform. Qee lub niches tej zaum yuav yog lub qhov rooj uas ua rau cov chav thiab cov chav hauv qab lub Tuam Tsev Sphinx. Ntau tus, xws li Egyptologists zoo li Mark Lehner, ntseeg tias tej zaum yuav muaj cov chav thiab cov kev taug hauv qab lub Great Sphinx ntawm Giza. Nws tseem yog qhov nthuav kom nco ntsoov tias Balochistan Sphinx thiab Tuam Tsev ntawm Sphinx yog nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw siab, ib yam li Great Sphinx thiab Pyramids ntawm Egypt tau ua rau ntawm Giza toj siab saib lub nroog Cairo.

Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw no yog cov kauj ruam ua rau lub platform platform. Cov treads tshwm sib npaug spaced thiab muaj ib tug uniform qhov siab. Tag nrho cov complex muab lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug grandiose, rocky, architectural complex uas tau raug puas tsuaj thiab npog nrog txheej ntawm sediments uas npog lub complex cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov sculptures.

Sedimentation ntawm lub complex

Dab tsi tuaj yeem tso tau ntau cov sediment ntawm lub complex? Lub ntug dej hiav txwv Makran hauv Baluchistan yog thaj tsam seismically active uas feem ntau ua rau tsunami loj loj uas so tag nrho cov zos. Qhov av qeeg thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 28, 1945, nrog nws qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Makran, tau tshaj tawm tias tau ua rau muaj tsunami nrog 13m siab nthwv dej hauv qee qhov chaw.⁸

Tsis tas li ntawd, ob peb av nkos volcanoes tau tawg ua ke raws ntug dej hiav txwv Makran, qee qhov nyob hauv Hingol National Park, ze ntawm Hingol River Delta.⁹ Kev ua haujlwm hnyav seismic ua rau volcanic eruptions nrog ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm av nkos nyob rau hauv uas ib puag ncig toj roob hauv pes drows. Qee lub sij hawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm av nkos volcanoes tshwm tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Makran, nyob rau hauv Arabian Hiav Txwv, uas yog tawg los ntawm undulating ua thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo.¹⁰ Yog li, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tsunami, av nkos volcanoes thiab termite mounds tuaj yeem yog qhov ua rau tsub zuj zuj ntawm sediments ntawm qhov complex.

Saib ntawm Chandragup av nkos roob hluav taws. © Ahsan Mansoor Khan CC BY-SA 4.0.

Khangor av nkos volcano crater. CC BY-SA 3.0.

Cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm

Tab sis lub tuam tsev Indian no nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Makran yuav tsum tsis txhob tuaj raws li qhov xav tsis thoob, txij li Makran yeej ib txwm raug suav hais tias los ntawm Arab chroniclers los ua "ciam teb ntawm Al-Hinda."¹¹ A-Biruni tau sau tias "Lub ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Al-Hinda pib nrog Tiz, lub peev ntawm Makran, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd nws txuas mus rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj …".¹² Txawm hais tias lub hwj chim ntawm thaj tsam ntawm thaj av hloov pauv ntawm Indian thiab Persian vaj los ntawm lub sijhawm ntxov, nws khaws nws "Native American tus kheej."¹³ Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum ua ntej mus rau Muslim raids, Makran tau txiav txim los ntawm ib tug dynasty ntawm Hindu vaj uas muaj lawv lub peev nyob rau hauv Alor nyob rau hauv Sindh.¹⁴

Yog li, raws li cov dab neeg ntawm Hiuen Tsang, ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Makran yog - txawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7th AD. - dotted nrog ntau pua lub tsev teev ntuj thiab qhov tsua, nrog rau ntau pua lub tuam tsev Hindu, suav nrog lub tuam tsev nplua nuj ntawm tus Tswv Shiva.

Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim rau cov qhov tsua, cov tuam tsev thiab monasteries ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Makran? Vim li cas ho tsis tau rov qab los? Puas yog lawv hushed zoo li no Sphinx-Temple complex? Tej zaum yog li ntawd.

Tseeb tiag, nyob ze Balochistan Sphinx, nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub platform siab, muaj cov seem ntawm qhov zoo li yog lwm lub tuam tsev Hindu thaum ub ua tiav nrog Mandapa, Shikhara (Vimana), txhua kab thiab niches.

Lub tuam tsev qub ntawm Makran, nrog Vimana, Mandapa, kab thiab niches.

Cov Tuam Tsev Laus Li Cas?

Indus Valley kev vam meej tau nthuav dav raws ntug dej hiav txwv Makran, thiab nws qhov chaw archaeological sab hnub poob tshaj plaws yog hu ua Sutkagen Dor, nyob ze ntawm Iranian ciam teb. Qee lub tuam tsev thiab cov duab puab pob zeb hauv cheeb tsam, suav nrog Sphinx-Temple complex, tej zaum yuav tau ua ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los thaum lub sij hawm Indus (circa 3000 BC) lossis ntxov dua. Nws yog tau hais tias lub complex tau ua nyob rau hauv theem, ib co ntawm nws cov qauv yog heev ancient, thaum lwm tus neeg tseem hluas. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tsis muaj cov ntawv sau, nws nyuaj rau txiav txim siab txog hnub nyoog.

Indus Valley kev vam meej suav nrog thaj chaw raws ntug dej hiav txwv Makran.

Muaj undoubtedly ib qho khoom muaj nqis tiag tiag ntawm archaeological xav tau tos nrhiav pom ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Makran ntawm Baluchistan. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov monuments zoo kawg nkaus, uas nws keeb kwm rov qab mus rau qhov qub qub tsis paub, txuas ntxiv mus nkaum thiab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv tau ploj mus. Nws zoo nkaus li tias qhov kev sim me me los qhia txog lawv tau raug txwv los ntawm ib tus neeg thiab cov ntawv cuav ntawm lawv "natural formations" raug pov rau cov neeg sau xov xwm. Qhov xwm txheej tsuas yog tuaj yeem cawm tau thaum thoob ntiaj teb kev saib xyuas rau cov qauv no, thiab pab pawg ntawm archaeologists (thiab cov neeg nyiam kev ywj pheej) los ntawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb tuaj xyuas cov chaw tsis meej pem no txhawm rau nthuav tawm qhov tseeb, tshawb fawb thiab kho dua tshiab.

Txuas:

1 Qhov no yog qhov kev xav dav dav tau los ntawm kev nyeem blogs sau los ntawm cov neeg tuaj xyuas. Thawj cov ntawv ceeb toom thiab cov duab ntawm Balochistan Sphinx tau pib tshwm sim tom qab xyoo 2004, thaum tib neeg pib mus xyuas Hingol National Park ntawm hnub mus ncig ua si los ntawm Karachi.

2 Saib piv txwv: A. Nelson, ‘13 tej pob zeb ntuj tsim uas zoo li neeg tsim’, 19 Lub Xya Hli. 2016.

S. Malik, 'Natural Featured Sphinx of Pakistan', 18 Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj. Xyoo 2014.

3 New World Encyclopedia, 'Sphinx'. 4 Theoi Project: Greek Mythology, 'Sphinx'.

5 R Deekshithar, 'Sphinx ntawm Is Nrias teb, Txoj Cai Nyob'.

Kuj saib YouTube Video: 'Sphinxes ntawm Is Nrias teb'. 6 Raja Deekshithat, 'Sphinx hauv Indian Art'.

7 Raja Deekshithar, 'Lub Sphinx nyob rau hauv Ancient BURMA thiab tam sim no MYANMAR'.

8 UNESCO, 'Nco txog 1945 Makran Tsunami'.

9 Txhua Yam Pakistan, 'Mud Volcanoes ntawm Balochistan'.

10 National Geographic, '' Gooey 'Tshiab Mud Volcano Erupts From Arabian Hiav Txwv'. 11 Wink & Al-Hind, Cov Vaj Ntxwv qhev thiab cov Islamic Conquest, (BRILL, 1991) p. 132.

12 ib.

13 ib. p. 136