Tartar nyiaj

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

IG Spassky tshaj tawm cov hauv qab no. "Nyob rau ntawm ib sab ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm MOSCOW yog sau nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lub npe Dmitry Donskoy, tab sis nyob rau hauv lwm yam sab muaj lub TATAR INSCRIPTION, uas coj ib tug ncaj ncees qhov chaw ntawm lub npib thaum ntxov ntawm ntau yam teeb meem nyob rau hauv Moscow. nrog nws cov fiefdoms, thiab nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus tseem ceeb nyob rau sab hnub tuaj … Tatar inscriptions, TSIS TXAUS SIAB LOSSIS txawm tsis tau nyeem, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Lavxias teb sab npib ob hom lus nyob rau hauv yav dhau los raug suav hais tias raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tributary kev sib raug zoo "[806], p.96. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li Lavxias teb sab "unreadable npib" yog qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 2.13, hauv qab no.

Txawm li cas los xij, raws li peb tau hais hauv CHRON4, qee zaum cov npib hu ua "tsis tuaj yeem nyeem tau", uas cov ntawv sau tuaj yeem nyeem tau, tab sis tib lub sijhawm muaj qhov tsis sib xws nrog Scaligerian chronology.

Ntxiv mus, I. G. Spassky nws tus kheej refutes txoj kev xav raws li cov Lavxias teb sab princes supposedly muab Tatar inscriptions rau lawv cov nyiaj npib los ntawm quab yuam, ua subordinate rau Horde. Tshwj xeeb, nws taw qhia tias "txawm tias ntawm qee lub npib ntawm Ivan III, minted nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum tsis muaj lus hais txog kev cuam tshuam hauv kev lag luam nyiaj hauv Lavxias, muaj cov ntawv sau Tatar: "Qhov no yog Moscow", "Iban. "(Ivan)" [806], ib., p.

AD Chertkov sau: "Nyob rau lub npib ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai, nrog ib tug Lavxias teb sab inscription, peb pom ib tug ARABIC, lub ntsiab lus nws lub npe IBAN" [957], p.59.

Yog li, raws li kev xav ntawm AD Chertkov, TATAR inscriptions tshwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab nyiaj tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Ivan III, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv Ivan IV, uas yog, thaum kawg ntawm lub XVI xyoo pua. Qhov no tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm kev vam khom ntawm Lavxias lub xeev ntawm Horde. Rau, txawm tias raws li Scaligerian-Miller chronology, lub zog ntawm Horde nyob rau hauv Russia tau ntev lawm. AD Chertkov ntseeg hais tias cov nyiaj no yog muab los ntawm Lavxias teb sab princes rau lawv cov kev kawm - lub Tatars. Tsim nyog heev.

Tatar inscriptions thiab "Arabic" cov cim ntawm Lavxias teb sab npib, fig.2.5, fig.2.6, fig.2.7, fig.2.14, yog tam sim no txais (ordered?) Yuav tsum tau suav hais tias yog ib tug kos npe rau ntawm lub "Tatar yoke" nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias ARABIC INSCRIPTIONS pom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab npib, tab sis kuj nyob rau sab hnub poob EUROPEAN sawv daws yuav.

Piv txwv li, "ntawm Norman-Sicilian npib peb pom REX ntawm ib sab, ntawm lwm qhov hauv Arabic" [957], p.61. Cia peb nco qab tias ntau cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Lavxias teb sab npib kuj tau sau hauv ARABIC [957], saib saum toj no. Yog li, puas muaj MONGOLIAN IGO hauv Sicily thiab? Tab sis ntawm no historians rau qee qhov laj thawj muab cov lus piav qhia sib txawv. Hauv Sicily, lawv hais tias, muaj ntau tus Mohammedans [957], p.61.

Qhov kev coj ua ntawm "ob chav qauv" yog paub rau peb. Lawv kos cov lus xaus sib txawv ntawm tib thaj chaw thaum tham txog Russia thiab sab hnub poob. Siv tib lub logic rau Russia, peb tau txais tias "muaj ntau Mohammedans nyob rau hauv Russia, yog li ntawd, cov nyiaj npib qee zaum sau ua lus Arabic."

AD Chertkov piav qhia txog cov nyhuv no [957], p.61, tab sis tsuas yog hais txog lub sijhawm, pib txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua XVI.

Peb qhov kev piav qhia ntawm cov ntawv sau Arabic ntawm cov nyiaj npib ntawm Western Europe yog raws li hauv qab no. Cov cheeb tsam no nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm XIV-XVI centuries yog ib feem ntawm lub Great = "Mongol" Empire. Cov ntawv sau tau sau rau hauv cov ntawv Slavic thaum ub, tam sim no tsis nco qab, thiab hu ua "Arabic".

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, yog hais tias peb xav txog ib sab ntawm lub "Lavxias teb sab-Arab" Lavxias teb sab npib, thiab qhov thib ob yog suav hais tias yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm vassal dependence, ces yuav ua li cas thiaj txhais cov nyiaj npib qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 2.7, nrog rau inscription SULTAN JUST DZHANIBEK nyob rau hauv. qhov chaw, thiab nyob rau tib sab hauv lub voj voog - PRINCE BASIL DM? Saib [870], p. 61-63.

Los ntawm txoj kev, txawm tias Lavxias teb sab tsiaj ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab npib tej zaum kuj zoo li txawv txawv heev rau ib tug neeg niaj hnub. Yog li, piv txwv li, tsab ntawv "O" qee zaum tau piav qhia hauv daim ntawv ntawm tib neeg profile saib mus rau sab xis, thiab tsab ntawv "H" - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus tsiaj (?), zoo ib yam li aub [957], p 120. Saib daim duab 2.15 fig 2.16.

Raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm ntawm numismatics, feem coob ntawm "Tatar" inscriptions ntawm Lavxias teb sab npib - nrog rau qhov tsis tshua muaj kev zam uas tau hais los saum toj no - TSIS MUAJ [806], [957].

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj lus nug tsim nyog tshwm sim. Yuav ua li cas nws paub tseeb tias cov "tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus thiab nyeem tsis tau" inscriptions ntawm Lavxias teb sab npib yog tiag tiag Tatar? Tej zaum lawv yog neeg Lavxias, tab sis lawv tau sau rau hauv phau ntawv RUSSIAN ALPHABET, txawv ntawm qhov tom qab uas tau nqis los rau peb. Nyob rau hauv CHRON4 peb twb tau tham txog lub mysterious medieval Lavxias teb sab seals npog nrog supposedly "lub ntsiab lus unreadable inscriptions." Cov ntawv sau tsis meej no tau dhau los ua RUSSIAN. Tsawg kawg ib txhia ntawm lawv.

Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub no peb tsis to taub tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm peb RUSSIAN ALPHABET. Pom tau tias, tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis ntev los no, txoj cai mus txog rau xyoo pua 17th, cov ntawv Lavxias sib txawv thiab cov lus Lavxias tau siv, niaj hnub no tsis nco qab lawm. Cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no puas ua qhov no? Peb tsis paub dab tsi txog qhov no.

Feem ntau, nws hloov tawm hais tias numismatists tsis to taub Lavxias teb sab npib ntawm lub XIV-XV centuries [806], p.97. "Lub Tatar inscriptions (nyob rau hauv cov Lavxias teb sab npib - Auth.), nrog rau lawv immitative xwm (? - Auth.) muab me ntsis rau lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lub npib, txij li AS SAMPLES FOR COPYING (? - Auth.) TATAR npib tsis muaj. TSEV KAWM NTAWV QHIA TXOG KEV NTSEEG NTAWM LUB SIJ HAWM LONG DEAD KHAN (! - Auth.) "[806], p.97.

Qhov no txhua yam suab txawv heev. Yog, tiag tiag cov tub huabtais Lavxias teb sab - txawm raws li keeb kwm Romanov, uas tau ntev tau tso tawm ntawm Horde - minted lawv tus kheej txiaj, BLINDLY COPYING qub TATAR npib ntawm LONG DEAD KHANS? Peb xav tias qhov kev xav no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no, tshaj tawm los ntawm I. G. Spassky, tau piav qhia zoo los ntawm peb txoj kev tsim kho, raws li Horde thiab Russia yog ib qho thiab tib yam.

Nws yog qhov xav paub tias cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub tseem tsis tau tswj hwm kom nkag siab txog cov txiaj ntsig Lavxias ntawm XIV-XV centuries. IG Spassky lees tias: "Tam sim no tseem muaj ntau yam tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab npib ntawm lub sijhawm no: Cov npe ntawm lawv tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg tau txuas nrog keeb kwm, thiab ntawm qee qhov thiab tsuas yog 80".97.

Cia peb muab qee qhov piv txwv ntxiv uas qhia tias qee yam tsis raug hauv cov tswv yim tam sim no txog RUSSIAN LANGUAGE ntawm XIV-XVI centuries. “Cov ntawv sau ntawm qee lub npib yuav raug muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw tuag txog rau lub sijhawm no; Yog li ntawd, nyob rau ntau lub npib ntawm Vasily Dmitrievich nyob ib sab ntawm daim duab ntawm ib tug tub rog muaj ib tug ua tiav CLEAR, TAB SIS INCREDIBLE INSCRIPTION "RARAY" "[806], p.98.

Ntxiv mus. "Muaj ntau qhov kev kwv yees, qee zaum lom zem heev, tau nthuav tawm ua ntej peb tuaj yeem nrhiav qhov txaus siab nyeem ntawv ntawm cov ntawv ceeb toom txawv txawv ntawm ib hom Tver npib thaum ntxov:" Tus Saib Xyuas (uas yog, ostrastka - IG Spassky) RAU Tus txiv neej CRAZY” [806], ib., 98. Txawm li cas los xij, IG Spassky rau qee yam TSIS TXAUS SIAB ntawm qhov kev kos npe txawv txawv no tau sau rau ntawm ntau tus lej Lavxias. Vim li cas? Lo lus teb yog ntsiag to.

Ntxiv mus. "Tib yam txawv txawv inscription nyob rau hauv Moscow dengue ntawm Vasily Temny," Cia MADNESS THIAB yuav nyob " [806], p.98.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj dab tsi txawv txawv ntawm no. Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv Russia muaj ib tug kev cai rau emboss thawj lo lus ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawv los yog kev thov Vajtswv ntawm npib (xws li, qhov no yog ua nyob rau tom qab ntawm pectoral crosses).

Ntxiv mus. "ZOO TSHAJ PLAWS TARABAR (! - Auth.) INSCRIPTION OF DOCOVONOVO-VODOZORM yog nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov hom npib ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Ivan III los yog Vasily Ivanovich" [806], p.98. Saib daim duab 2.17.

M. I. Grinchuk (Moscow State University) tau sau tseg hauv qab no txog cov nyiaj npib no. “Cov ntawv sau tau meej heev, tab sis tsis yog gibberish. Nws yog qhov ua tau kom nyeem cov lus ntawm MASKOVSKO NOVOGOROZOA, tej zaum Moskovsko-Novgorod? Los ntawm txoj kev, AD Chertkov nyob rau hauv [957] nyeem no inscription npaum li cas los ze zog mus rau qhov no version tshaj rau lub "gibberish" Dokovovonovodozorm ".

Los ntawm tag nrho cov lus tseeb no nws yog raws li nram no hais tias nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nquag kawm cov kev nthuav dav ntawm RUSSIAN ALPHABET THIAB LANGUAGE ntawm XIV-XVI centuries. Leej twg ua qhov no thiab qhov twg?

Muaj ntau yam xws li "gibberish" npib. Muaj ib yam dab tsi phem heev nyob rau niaj hnub no = Romanov version ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, yog hais tias peb tsis muaj peev xwm to taub ntau inscriptions nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws CURRENCY, uas yog nyob rau hauv CIRCULATION NTAWM TXOJ CAI TSHIAB RAU HAUV LUB HNUB NYOOG NTAWM LUB REMANOVS REGION, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv thawj lub sij hawm ntawm. lawv kav.

IG Spassky hais ntxiv: "Qee lub Tver npib yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog AMAZING: lawv piav txog qee yam ntawm ob-legged creatures nrog tails thiab horns, heev nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm pej xeem cov tswv yim txog dab ntxwg nyoog" [806], p.99. Thiab qhov no yog lub ntsej muag ntawm lub teb chaws npib?

Thaum lub sij hawm Ivan III "nrog rau kev tsim ntawm 12-sided qhov hnyav, TAG NRHO QUADRONGES, BIRDS, FLOWERS, GRIPHONS, SIRENS thiab lwm yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub tswv yim thiab saj ntawm peb cov nyiaj ploj mus … Qhov no yog qhov uas cov uniformity ntawm dluab, hnyav thiab hom. Cov nyiaj ntawm tus tub huabtais loj ntawm Moscow pib: tib lub thwj thiab qhov hnyav ntawm 12 nplej yuav tas mus li rau 150 xyoo. Ib tug neeg caij tsheb khiav mus rau sab xis, nrog lub sab saum toj ntawm nws lub taub hau, thiab plaub kab nyob tom qab … nkaus xwb. cov ntawv hauv qab nees yog DIFFERENT "[957], p.48.

AD Chertkov tsis paub tias cov ntawv hauv qab tus nees txhais li cas. Tej zaum qhov no yog ib qho kev qhia txog hnub tim. Peb sau cov lej, tab sis ua ntej peb siv cov ntawv. Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub neej ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub XIV-XVI centuries, mysteriously pom nyob rau hauv peb Lavxias teb sab npib, yog them nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj rau peb, yog hais tias, coj los ntawm Romanov keeb kwm niaj hnub no, peb tsis muaj peev xwm nyeem tau ntau lo lus ntawm lub ces. lus Russian.

Nws ntseeg tau hais tias lub qub Lavxias teb sab nyiaj txiag unit MORTKA tau hloov los ntawm ib tug tshiab - nyiaj - rov qab nyob rau hauv lub XIV xyoo pua. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj cai ntawd IG Spassky tau npaj txhij txog qhia: "Mortka yog ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm lub neej ntawm lub ntsiab lus: nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm PETERSBURG nws paub tseem nyob rau thaum pib ntawm XVIII Century!" [806], p. 104.

Peb lub tswv yim: RUSSIAN MONETARY UNITS cuam tshuam rau cov qub qub niaj hnub no, yeej muaj feem cuam tshuam tsis ntev los no. Thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv tau siv mus txog rau xyoo pua 19th.

RUSSIA-TATAR BILINGUALITY NTAWM RUSSIAN Npib ntawm XIV century

Raws li AA Ilyin, Tus Tswv Cuab ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm USSR, hauv phau ntawv teev npe "Kev faib tawm ntawm Lavxias tshwj xeeb npib": "Txhua tus neeg Lavxias teb sab minted nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua XIV yog minted HAUV LUB NPE KHAN GOLDEN HORDA" [309 Ib., 33. Raws li keeb kwm thiab numismatists ua qhov xaus li cas?

Nws hloov tawm hais tias "ntawm lawv obverse (Lavxias teb sab npib - Auth.) Peb ib txwm muaj ib daim ntawv theej ntawm lub TATAR npib … Nyob rau sab nraud ntawm cov npib peb ib txwm muaj cov inscription "lub foob ntawm lub grand duke" los yog "tus foob ntawm tus tub huabtais "thiab daim duab ntawm lub foob nws tus kheej. Tej zaum, me ntsis tom qab, lawv pib ntxiv lub npe ntawm Grand Duke … Li no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txiav txim siab tias TAG NRHO FIRST RUSSIAN COINS ARE TWO NAME "[79], p.33.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus "obverse" thiab "rov qab" sab ntawm lub npib yog cov lus pom zoo. Nyob rau tib nplooj ntawv AA Ilyin qhia tias "hauv Lavxias teb sab numismatics ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb, FACE sab yog suav tias yog sab ntawm cov duab ntawm PRINCE foob thiab RUSSIAN INSCRIPTION; thiab sab REVERSE yog daim qauv ntawm TATAR npib" [309], p. 33…

Cov keeb kwm ntawm numismatics evasively hu cov nyiaj npib "ob lub npe". Ntawd yog, ntawm ib sab - lub npe ntawm Tatar Khan, thiab nyob rau lwm yam - Lavxias teb sab tub huabtais. Muaj tseeb tiag, tib lub sijhawm, cov tub ceev xwm Lavxias teb sab nyiaj txiag, lawv hais tias, FOR ILLITERATE, tso lub npe ntawm WRONG KHAN. Cia li mloog. Lawv sau zoo li no: "Lavxias teb sab cov neeg ua lag luam, tsis paub cov lus Tatar ruaj khov, tau coj lawv tus kheej los ntawm TATAR COIN ua qauv" [309], p.33. Thiab yog vim li ntawd qee zaum lawv tau luam tawm cov duab ntawm QHOV CHAW UA HAUJ LWM [309], p.33.

Nws hloov tawm hais tias cov tsiaj qus Lavxias teb sab tsis txawm paub uas Tatar npib tau luam nyob rau hauv lawv lub sij hawm. Xav txog ib tug niaj hnub Tatar uas tsis paub Lavxias teb sab. Tej zaum nws yuav paub, txawm li cas los xij, nrog hom nyiaj Lavxias uas nws them hauv khw. Txawm hais tias lawv tau hloov ntau zaus hauv xyoo tas los no.

Peb qhov kev piav qhia yog yooj yim. Tag nrho cov npib Lavxias no tsis yog DUAL, tab sis BILINGUAL. Ntawd yog, lub npe ntawm IB TUG NEEG tau luam tawm ntawm lub npib - leej twg yog tus khan thiab tus yawg duke. Tab sis hauv ob hom lus - ob qho tib si hauv Lavxias thiab hauv Tatar.

THAUM TATAR NYIAJ tau luam tawm

Cia peb xav txog ib lo lus nug uas nthuav. Thiab qhov twg yog qhov TATAR mints uas luam OWN TATAR nyiaj? Raws li peb paub, tsis muaj lus teb rau lo lus nug no hauv Romanov-Miller zaj dab neeg.

Thiab nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws hloov tawm, muaj lus teb rau lwm lo lus nug - qhov twg yog RUSSIAN NYIAJ luam tawm, uas tau xav tias luam tawm los ntawm TATAR. Ntawd yog, nyiaj Lavxias teb sab, tab sis "nyob rau hauv tsos" raws li Tatar nyiaj.

A. V. Oreshnikov sau: "Nyob rau hauv saib ntawm qhov rov pom ntawm homogeneous npib nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam (Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod), lo lus nug ntawm qhov chaw ntawm mintage ntawm RUSSIAN nyiaj, REPRESENTING COPIES NTAWM TATAR … -NIZHEGORODSKY "[309], p..33. Ib tug tau txais kev tshoov siab tias Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod mints kuj luam tawm TATAR NYIAJ NTAWM LUB RUSSIA PRINCES-KHANS. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov ntawv SLAVIC tau minted ntawm TATAR COINS [309], p.24. Qhov no ntxiv blurs kab ntawm "Lavxias teb sab" thiab "Tatar" nyiaj. Thaj nws tsuas yog ib qho thiab tib yam.

YUAV UA LI CAS THIAJ LI YUAV TSUM TAU TXAIS RAU COV Npib qub

Lub hnub ntawm minting ntawm cov npib qub qub - TXOJ CAI TSHIAB.

Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog hnub tim - thiab, ntxiv rau, dav dav - Tsuas yog los ntawm kev qhia tsis ncaj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub Hellenistic era, npib feem ntau qhia tau hais tias lub xyoo ntawm lub reign ntawm no los yog tus huab tais, los yog lub xyoo raws li lub zos era "[684], p.125. Tab sis qhov no tsuas muab ib co scraps ntawm RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY. Lub sijhawm kawg ntawm cov npib tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim.

"Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab npib, lub FIRST DATES tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1596 thiab raug xaiv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv Slavic. Txawm hais tias cov efimk talers, raws li zoo raws li ib co kub khoom plig nyob rau hauv Alexei Mikhailovich muaj hnub tim nyob rau hauv NUMBERS (tag nrho cov efimkas, raws li koj paub, yog nyob rau hauv 1655), yuav luag tag nrho. Tag nrho cov nyiaj npib ua ntej 1722 hnub tau tshaj tawm hauv SLAVIC ntawv "[684], p.128.

G. V. Nosovsky, A. T. Fomenko, "Empire", fragment.