Musical instruments ntawm Rus

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag Ancient pom los ntawm archaeologists yog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tseeb ntawm lawv lub neej nyob hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no, lub neej niaj hnub ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg yog undesirable yam tsis muaj suab paj nruag. Yuav luag tag nrho peb cov poj koob yawm txwv muaj cov lus zais ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag yooj yim thiab dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Kev taw qhia txog kev paub txog kev txawj ntse tau tsim los ntawm menyuam yaus, hauv kev ua si, hauv kev ua haujlwm, ua tau rau cov menyuam yaus txhais tes. Saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txwj laus, cov tub ntxhais hluas tau txais thawj qhov kev txawj ntse hauv kev tsim cov twj paj nruag yooj yim tshaj plaws. Lub sij hawm dhau mus. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm ntau tiam neeg tau maj mam tawg, lawv qhov txuas ntxiv tau cuam tshuam. Nrog rau kev ploj ntawm cov suab paj nruag pej xeem uas ib zaug nyob rau hauv Russia, cov lus qhia loj rau lub teb chaws suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai kuj tau ploj mus.

Niaj hnub no, hmoov tsis, tsis muaj ntau tus tswv craftsmen uas tau khaws cia cov kev cai ntawm kev tsim cov suab paj nruag yooj yim tshaj plaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tsim lawv cov masterpieces tsuas yog rau ib tus neeg txiav txim. Kev tsim cov cuab yeej ntawm kev lag luam yog txuam nrog cov nqi nyiaj txiag ntau, yog li lawv cov nqi siab. Tsis yog txhua tus neeg muaj peev xwm them taus yuav khoom siv suab paj nruag niaj hnub no. Tias yog vim li cas thiaj muaj lub siab xav sau cov ntaub ntawv hauv ib tsab xov xwm uas yuav pab txhua tus neeg uas xav ua qhov no lossis cov cuab yeej ntawd nrog lawv tus kheej tes. Peb nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv paub txog cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj keeb kwm, uas qee zaum peb tsis xyuam xim rau. Txhua yam khoom yuav suab yog tias txawj txhais tes kov nws:

- xuav los yog ocarina tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov av nplaum uas tsis muaj lus piav qhia;

- birch bark, tshem tawm los ntawm lub cev ntawm ib tug birch, yuav tig mus rau hauv ib tug loj horn nrog ib tug squeak;

- lub raj yas yuav ua rau lub suab yog tias koj ua lub tshuab xuav thiab qhov hauv nws;

- Ntau yam sib txawv percussion twj tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov ntoo thiab cov phaj.

Rau ntau haiv neeg, lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov twj paj nruag yog txuam nrog cov vajtswv thiab cov tswv ntawm thunderstorms, blizzards thiab cua. Cov Greeks thaum ub tau ntaus nqi rau Hermes qhov kev tsim ntawm lyre: nws tau ua ib qho cuab yeej los ntawm rub cov hlua hla lub plhaub tortoise. Nws tus tub, tus dab hav zoov thiab cov neeg dawb huv ntawm cov neeg yug yaj, Pan tau piav qhia yam tsis muaj kev poob nrog lub raj nplaim uas muaj ob peb lub txiv ntoo (Pan's flute).

Nyob rau hauv German tales, lub suab ntawm lub horn yog feem ntau hais, nyob rau hauv Finnish - tsib txoj hlua kantele. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab fairy tales, lub suab ntawm horns thiab kav yog hnov los ntawm warriors, tiv thaiv uas tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv; cov miraculous gusli-samoguds lawv tus kheej ua si, lawv hu nkauj lawv tus kheej, ua kom lawv seev cev tsis so. Hauv Ukrainian thiab Belarusian fairy tales, txawm tias tsiaj pib seev cev rau lub suab ntawm bagpipes (pipes).

Keeb kwm, folklorist AN Afanasyev, tus sau ntawm cov hauj lwm "Poetic views ntawm lub Slavs ntawm xwm", sau hais tias ntau yam suab paj nruas tones, yug los thaum cua tshuab cua, qhia "hais lus rau cua thiab suab paj nruag": los ntawm cov lus qhia "rau tshuab" tuaj - duda, yeeb nkab, yeeb nkab; Persian. dudu - lub suab ntawm lub raj nplaim; German blasen - tshuab, tshuab, trumpet, ntaus suab paj nruag; xuav thiab gusli - los ntawm gudu; rau buzz - lo lus siv los ntawm Me Me Russians los qhia cov cua tshuab; sib piv: nozzle, sipovka los ntawm sopati, sniff (hiss), hoarse, xuav - los ntawm xuav.

Lub suab ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog tsim los ntawm kev tshuab cua mus rau hauv qhov ntsuas. Cov pa cua tau pom los ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv los ntawm qhov qhib qhov ncauj ntawm cov vajtswv. Kev npau suav ntawm Slavs thaum ub tau ua ke lub suab nrov ntawm cua daj cua dub thiab cua daj cua dub nrog kev hu nkauj thiab suab paj nruag. Qhov no yog li cas cov lus dab neeg hais txog kev hu nkauj, seev cev, ntaus suab paj nruag tshwm sim. Mythical kev ua yeeb yam, ua ke nrog suab paj nruag, ua rau lawv yog ib qho khoom siv dawb ceev thiab tsim nyog rau kev ua koob tsheej pagan thiab hnub so.

Raws li qhov tsis zoo ib yam li thawj cov twj paj nruag, lawv tseem xav kom cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag tuaj yeem ua thiab ua si.

Tau ntau pua xyoo, kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej siv pej xeem thiab xaiv cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws tsis tau tso tseg. Cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag tau ua cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Muaj cov tswv yim daws teeb meem rau lawv cov khoom siv, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rho tawm suab, kev ua si. Cov neeg Slavic yog cov tsim thiab khaws cov suab paj nruag muaj nuj nqis.

Cov Slavs thaum ub tau hwm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv thiab qhuas Vajtswv. Kev qhuas Vajtswv tau ua nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam dawb huv hauv cov tuam tsev lossis hauv qhov qhib huab cua. Rituals nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Perun (tus vajtswv ntawm xob quaj thiab xob laim), Stribog (tus vajtswv ntawm cua), Svyatovid (lub hnub vajtswv), Lada (tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev hlub), thiab lwm yam. tau nrog hu nkauj, seev cev, ntaus suab paj nruag. thiab xaus nrog ib qho kev ua koob tsheej. Cov Slavs pe hawm tsis tau tsuas yog pom dab, tab sis kuj lawv qhov chaw nyob: hav zoov, roob, dej ntws thiab pas dej.

Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, cov nkauj thiab cov cuab yeej kos duab ntawm cov xyoo tau tsim muaj kev sib raug zoo. Tej zaum, ritual chanting pab rau kev yug ntawm cov cuab yeej nrog tsim lawv cov suab paj nruas qauv, txij li lub tuam tsev cov nkauj thov Vajtswv tau ua nrog suab paj nruag.

Byzantine historian Theophylact Simokatta, tus neeg taug kev Arab Al-Masudi, Arab thaj chaw Omar ibn Dast lees paub qhov muaj nyob ntawm cov twj paj nruag ntawm cov Slavs thaum ub. Lub tom kawg nyob rau hauv nws "Phau Ntawv Cov Khoom muaj nqis" sau: "Lawv muaj txhua yam ntawm lutes, gusli thiab flutes …"

Nyob rau hauv Essays ntawm Keeb Kwm ntawm Suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv Russia los ntawm Ancient Times mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag N. F. Findeizen sau ntawv: zoo nkauj, lawv yuav tsis paub yuav ua li cas los ua lawv tus kheej suab paj nruag, kiag li tsis hais seb puas muaj cov twj paj nruag zoo sib xws hauv cov neeg nyob sib ze. thaj chaw."

Ob peb cov ntaub ntawv tau muaj txoj sia nyob mus rau cov kab lis kev cai qub Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag.

Cuaj puas xyoo dhau los, cov neeg pleev kob tsis paub tau tso tseg cov duab kos duab ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab cov ntsiab lus ua yeeb yam hauv lub pej thuam ntawm St. Sophia Cathedral (tsim nyob rau hauv 1037). Cov no yog buffoonery games, ntaus suab paj nruag ntaus harp, trumpet thiab flute, seev cev ua las voos. Ntawm cov cim tau pom meej meej cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag ua si lub suab paj nruag longitudinal. Muaj cov duab zoo sib xws hauv Dmitrievsky Cathedral hauv Vladimir (XII caug xyoo), ntawm Novgorod icon "Cov cim qhia". Cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm 1205-1206 lees paub tias muaj cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag ntawm Slavs.

Kiev yog ib lub nroog zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Twb tau nyob deb, lub nroog loj loj ua rau cov neeg taug kev xav tsis thoob nrog nws qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov phab ntsa dawb-pob zeb, yees ntawm Orthodox cathedrals thiab cov tuam tsev. Craftsmen ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Kiev, uas nws cov khoom yog nto moo thoob plaws hauv Russia thiab txawv teb chaws. Medieval Kiev yog qhov chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai.

Muaj ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv qhia cov menyuam nyeem thiab sau ntawv, ib lub tsev qiv ntawv loj ntawm St. Sophia Cathedral, uas sau tau ntau txhiab phau ntawv Lavxias, Greek thiab Latin. Philosophers, kws sau paj lug, kws ua yeeb yam thiab suab paj nruag nyob thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Kiev, uas nws ua hauj lwm muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Lub chronicler Nestor, ib tug hauj sam ntawm Kiev-Pechersk Monastery, tau hais nyob rau hauv "Tale ntawm Bygone Xyoo" (1074) yuav luag tag nrho cov arsenal ntawm cov suab paj nruas xyoo: "… thiab audarisha nyob rau hauv sopli, nyob rau hauv gusli thiab tambourines, pib ua si lawv." Daim ntawv teev npe no tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog horns, ntoo kav, ntxaib kav dej, nozzles (cov kav ntoo). Tom qab ntawd, cov duab ntawm Slavic yeeb nkab tau pom los ntawm archaeologists thaum lub sij hawm excavations nyob rau hauv Novgorod. Nws yog qhov cuab yeej no, ua ke nrog cov harp, ntxaib flutes, Pan's flute thiab trumpets, uas yog feem ntau siv los ntawm buffoons - itinerant lam uas amused cov neeg nrog hu nkauj, seev cev, ntaus suab paj nruag; "jerk", "dancer", "igrets" - qhov no yog li cas buffoons tau hu ua nyob rau hauv Ancient Rus.

Gusli - sawv cev rau ib tug me me tis-puab lub cev (li no lub npe "tis-puab") nrog stretched hlua. Cov hlua (4 mus rau 8) tuaj yeem yog hlua lossis hlau. Qhov ntsuas tau nyob ntawm kuv lub hauv caug thaum ua si. Nrog tus ntiv tes ntawm nws sab tes xis, tus ntaus suab paj nruag ntaus cov hlua, thiab nrog nws sab laug, nws muffled cov hlua tsis tsim nyog. Tus qauv suab paj nruag tsis paub.

Nozzles yog whistle longitudinal flutes ua los ntawm ntoo. Sab saum toj kawg ntawm lub chim muaj ib tug txiav thiab ib tug whistle ntaus ntawv. Ancient snot muaj 3-4 qhov ntawm ib sab. Cov cuab yeej siv tau rau hauv kev sib tw ua tub rog thiab hauv kev ua koob tsheej.

Ob lub tshuab raj - xuav nplawm, ua ke ua ib qho teev.

Pan flute - ib hom ntawm ntau lub thoob flute. Muaj ob peb reed raj ntawm qhov ntev sib txawv. Lub suab ntawm qhov siab sib txawv tau muab rho tawm los ntawm nws.

Beep (kaw) yog ib txoj hlua ntsuas.

Cov buffoons siv nws ua ke nrog cov harp. Nws muaj lub hollowed tawm oval los yog pear-zoo li tus ntoo lub cev, lub tiaj suab nrov nrog resonator qhov, • ib tug luv luv fretless caj dab, nrog ib tug ncaj los yog khoov lub taub hau. Tool ntev 300 - 800 mm. Nws muaj peb txoj hlua uas ntws nrog lub ntsej muag (deck). Hneev-zoo li hneev, thaum ua si, kov peb txoj hlua ib txhij. Lub suab nkauj tau ua si ntawm thawj txoj hlua, thaum lub thib ob thiab thib peb, lub suab hu ua bourdon, suab tsis hloov lub suab. Muaj lub quarter-tsib tuning. Lub suab tsis cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlua qis yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag pej xeem. Thaum lub sij hawm qhov kev ua si, lub twj paj nruag yog nyob rau ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam lub hauv caug nyob rau hauv ib tug upright txoj hauj lwm. Nws tau muab faib rau tom qab, hauv 17th-19th centuries.

Thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog buffoons hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 11th. Nyob rau hauv "Teachings on the Executions of God" ("The Tale of Bygone Years", 1068), lawv kev lom zem thiab kev koom tes hauv pagan rituals raug rau txim. Skomorokhs sawv cev rau Lavxias teb sab pej xeem kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub sij hawm ntawm nws tsim thiab pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm epic paj huam, ua yeeb yam.

Thaum lub sij hawm no, suab paj nruag nyob qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai ntawm Kievan Rus. Cov suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam nrog rau kev ua koob tsheej, kev ua tub rog, hnub so. Folk music-ua, zoo li tag nrho cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Kiev, tsim thiab cuam tshuam nrog lub neej ntawm lwm lub teb chaws thiab cov neeg uas cuam tshuam nws txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub centuries tom ntej no.

Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, Kievan Rus tau tawg mus rau hauv cov thawj coj sib cais, uas ua rau lub xeev tsis muaj zog. Kiev raug rhuav tshem, kev lag luam thiab kev coj noj coj ua tau raug ncua rau ntau pua xyoo. Ntau yam kev coj noj coj ua uas tsim los ntawm cov neeg dhau los ntawm keeb kwm ntev ntawm lub xeev lub neej ploj mus.

Domra

Ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej nrov tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo pua 17th yog domra. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab lwm lub nroog ntawm Russia. Ntawm cov khw muag khoom kuj tseem muaj "tsev" kab. Domras muaj ntau qhov sib txawv: los ntawm ib tug me me "domrishka" mus rau ib tug loj "bass" ib tug, nrog ib tug semicircular lub cev, ib tug ntev caj dab thiab ob txoj hlua tuned mus rau ib tug thib tsib los yog plaub.

Lyre

Txij li thaum xyoo pua 16th, Russians, Belarusians thiab Ukrainians siv lub lyre (lub npe Belarusian yog lera, Ukrainian lub npe yog rylya, relay). Cov cuab yeej no tau paub rau cov teb chaws Europe ntau dhau los, txij li xyoo pua 10th.

Lub lyre yog ib txoj hlua khi nrog lub cev ntoo uas zoo li lub guitar lossis violin. Nyob rau hauv lub cev, lub log rubbed nrog resin los yog rosin yog tsau los ntawm lub lawj. Thaum tus kov yog tig, lub log sab nraud kov cov hlua thiab ua rau lawv suab. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov hlua sib txawv. Qhov nruab nrab yog melodic, txoj hlua sab xis thiab sab laug yog drone, nrog rau. Lawv raug kho nyob rau hauv tsib los yog plaub. Cov hlua yog dhau los ntawm lub thawv nrog lub suab tswj mechanism thiab yog clamped los ntawm cov yuam sij hauv. Cov hlua yog txhawb nqa los ntawm lub log uas tig los ntawm tus kov. Qhov saum npoo ntawm lub log yog rubbed nrog rosin. Lub log kov cov hlua, glides hla lawv thiab ua suab nrov ntev. Lub lyre tau ua si feem ntau los ntawm cov neeg thov khawv - qhov muag tsis pom "lyre players", uas nrog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm sab ntsuj plig verses.

Balalaika

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, domra, cov cuab yeej siv tshaj plaws ntawm cov buffoons, poob tawm ntawm kev siv. Tab sis lwm txoj hlua ntsuas tshwm - lub balalaika. Lub sijhawm sib txawv nws tau hu ua txawv: ob qho tib si "bala-boyka" thiab "balabaika", tab sis thawj lub npe tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no.

Cov duab ntawm balalaika tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntawv luam tawm nrov thiab cov duab kos los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv xyoo pua 18th, thiab hauv cov pov thawj keeb kwm ntawm xyoo pua 18th. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab sau tseg: "Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nrhiav ib lub tsev nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv uas koj yuav tsis pom ib tug txiv leej tub uas paub yuav ua li cas ua si balalaika nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov ntxhais. Lawv feem ntau txawm ua lawv tus kheej twj paj nruag."

Tau ntau pua xyoo, kev tsim ntawm balalaika tau hloov zuj zus. Thawj balalaikas (18th caug xyoo) muaj lub cev oval lossis puag ncig thiab ob txoj hlua. Tom qab ntawd (XIX caug xyoo) lub cev ua daim duab peb sab, ntxiv ib txoj hlua ntxiv. Lub simplicity ntawm daim ntawv thiab tsim khoom - plaub daim duab peb sab thiab ib tug fretboard nrog frets - nyiam pej xeem craftsmen. Cov qauv ntawm peb txoj hlua balalaikas, lub npe hu ua "folk" lossis "guitar", feem ntau yog siv los ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj. Qhov ntsuas tau raug kho nyob rau hauv peb mus rau ib qho loj triad. Lwm txoj hauv kev los kho lub balalaika: qis dua ob txoj hlua tau kho hauv kev sib koom ua ke, thiab txoj hlua sab sauv hauv plaub hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lawv.

Buffoons

Cov buffoons tsis tau tsuas yog musicians, tab sis kuj pej xeem poets, storytellers. Lawv ua rau tib neeg luag nrog kev tso dag, ua si theem ua yeeb yam. Cov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm buffoons tau kos lub cim ntawm ancient Slavic mythology. Feem ntau ntawm cov kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev lom zem thiab satire yog dais kev lom zem thiab ib hom ntawv nyeem nrog kev koom tes ntawm Petrushka. Cov kev ua yeeb yam tau nrog lub suab ntawm cua thiab percussion instruments.

Cov buffoons yuav tsum muaj kev paub tsis meej ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam, uas yog, cov neeg koom nrog hnub so, kev lom zem uas ua suab paj nruag lossis ua yeeb yam. Cov duab kos, luam tawm hauv ntau cov ntawv qub, piav qhia cov pab pawg ntawm buffoons-gamers, piv txwv li, guselytsiks lossis gudoshniks.

Buffoons tau muab faib ua "sedentary", uas yog, muab rau ib qho posad, thiab taug kev - "kev taug kev", "taug kev". Cov neeg nyob ruaj khov tau koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb lossis khoom siv tes ua, thiab tsuas yog ua si rau hnub so rau lawv tus kheej txaus siab. Wandering buffoons, cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag, tsuas yog koom nrog lawv cov khoom siv tes ua: tsiv hauv pawg loj, tsiv ntawm lub zos mus rau ib lub zos, los ntawm lub nroog mus rau lub nroog, lawv yog cov neeg koom tsis tseem ceeb hauv cov hnub so, kev ua koob tsheej, kev ua koob tsheej thiab kev ua koob tsheej.

Rov qab rau xyoo 1551 hauv Txoj Cai Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Ecumenical Council "Stoglava" tau hais tias: "Yog lawm, buffoons taug kev hauv cov tebchaws nyob deb, sib sau ua ke hauv pawg neeg loj, rau caum, thiab xya caum thiab txog li ib puas tus neeg … Hauv ntiaj teb kev tshoob kos., muaj cov kws tsim lub ntsej muag, thiab cov neeg tsim khoom, thiab cov neeg tsis txaus ntseeg, thiab cov gusseters, thiab lawv hu nkauj dab phem."

Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm pawg ntseeg nom tswv rau buffoonery kab lis kev cai uas khaws cov ntsiab lus ntawm paganism dhau los ntawm tag nrho cov kab lis kev cai hauv nruab nrab ntawm Lavxias. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub repertoire ntawm buffoons feem ntau muaj ib tug anti-lub tsev teev ntuj, anti-lordly orientation. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, lub tsev teev ntuj tau txiav txim siab txhawm rau tshem tawm cov buffoonery. Thaum kawg, xyoo 1648, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich tau txais kev txiav txim siab kom cov tub ceev xwm rhuav tshem cov buffoons, suav nrog lawv cov twj paj nruag: cov dab ua si, kom hlawv. Buffoons thiab masters ntawm kev lag luam gudosh raug tshem tawm mus rau Siberia thiab sab qaum teb, thiab cov cuab yeej raug rhuav tshem. Irreparable puas tau ua rau Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag kos duab. Qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov twj paj nruag pej xeem tau ploj mus tsis tau.

Ua raws li txoj cai txwv tsis pub buffoons, cov neeg muaj hwj chim tib lub sijhawm khaws cov suab paj nruag me me ntawm lawv lub tsev hais plaub. Buffoonery tau raug tshem tawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, tab sis cov kab lig kev cai ntawm buffoonery games, satire, lom zem revived nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm Russia uas buffoons raug exiled. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg, "cov keeb kwm zoo nkauj ntawm buffoons nyob hauv posad tau ntev txawm tias tom qab lawv raug ntiab tawm ntawm Moscow thiab lwm lub nroog."

Kev puas tsuaj ntawm "buzzing hlab ntsha", ntaus nrog batogs, exile rau kev ua thiab ua si suab paj nruag ua rau txo qis hauv kev tsim cov twj paj nruag. Hauv Moscow khw khw, "tsev" kab tau kaw.