Molecule-loj robots: nanotechnology npaj peb rau dab tsi?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kev txhim kho niaj hnub hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm nanotechnology yav tom ntej yuav tso cai rau kev tsim cov neeg hlau me me uas lawv tuaj yeem tso rau hauv tib neeg cov hlab ntsha. Cov "qhov" ntawm cov neeg hlau zoo li no yuav yog ib qho me me thiab qhov me me, muaj zog dua. Dmitry Kvashnin, tus kws tshawb fawb laus ntawm lub koom haum Bioorganic Chemistry ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb, uas koom nrog hauv cov ntaub ntawv theoretical science (kev sim hauv computer hauv thaj tsam ntawm nanotechnology), tau hais txog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm nanoworld. T&P sau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws.

Dmitry Kvashnin: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

Dab tsi yog nanotechnology

Siv nanotechnology, peb xav tsim cov neeg hlau uas tuaj yeem xa mus rau qhov chaw lossis kos rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, kom lawv xa cov tshuaj mus rau cov hlwb, pab cov qe ntshav liab txav mus rau qhov raug, thiab lwm yam. Ib lub iav hauv cov neeg hlau zoo li no muaj ntau lub kaum os. ntu. Ib qho kev nthuav dav yog ib qho atom. Ib lub iav yog kaum atoms, 10-9 meters, uas yog, ib nanometer. Tag nrho cov neeg hlau yog ob peb nanometers.

10-9 yog dab tsi? Yuav nthuav qhia li cas? Rau kev sib piv, tib neeg cov plaub hau yog li 10-5 meters hauv qhov loj. Cov qe ntshav liab, cov qe ntshav uas muab peb lub cev nrog oxygen, yog li ntawm xya microns loj, qhov no kuj yog 10-5 meters. Thaum twg nano xaus thiab peb lub ntiaj teb pib? Thaum peb pom ib yam khoom nrog qhov muag liab qab.

Peb-dimension, ob-dimension, ib-dimension

Dab tsi yog peb-dimension, ob-dimension thiab ib-dimension thiab lawv cuam tshuam cov ntaub ntawv thiab lawv cov khoom hauv nanotechnology li cas? Peb txhua tus paub tias 3D yog peb qhov ntev. Muaj ib qho yeeb yaj kiab zoo tib yam, thiab muaj cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv 3D, qhov twg txhua hom sharks ya tawm ntawm qhov screen ntawm peb. Hauv kev xav lej, 3D zoo li qhov no: y = f (x, y, z), qhov twg y nyob ntawm peb qhov ntev - ntev, dav thiab qhov siab. Paub txog txhua tus Mario hauv peb qhov ntev yog qhov siab, dav thiab plump.

Thaum hloov mus rau ob-dimension, ib axis yuav ploj mus: y = f (x, y). Txhua yam yooj yim dua ntawm no: Mario tsuas yog siab thiab dav, tab sis tsis rog, vim tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem rog lossis nyias hauv ob qhov ntev.

Yog tias peb txuas ntxiv txo qis, tom qab ntawd hauv ib qhov ntev txhua yam yuav dhau los ua qhov yooj yim, tsuas muaj ib qho axis sab laug: y = f (x). Mario hauv 1D tsuas yog ntev - peb tsis paub nws, tab sis nws tseem yog nws.

Los ntawm peb qhov ntev - mus rau hauv ob qhov ntev

Cov khoom siv tshaj plaws hauv peb lub ntiaj teb yog carbon. Nws tuaj yeem tsim ob yam khoom sib txawv - pob zeb diamond, cov khoom siv ruaj khov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, thiab graphite, thiab graphite tuaj yeem dhau los ua pob zeb diamond yooj yim los ntawm kev kub siab. Yog hais tias txawm nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb no ib lub caij muaj peev xwm tsim radically sib txawv cov ntaub ntawv nrog opposite zog, ces yuav ua li cas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub nanoworld?

Graphite feem ntau paub tias yog xaum xaum. Qhov loj ntawm lub taub ntawm ib tug cwj mem yog li ntawm ib millimeter, uas yog, 10-3 meters. Lub nano lead zoo li cas? Nws tsuas yog ib qho kev sib sau ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms tsim cov txheej txheem txheej. Zoo li ib pawg ntawm daim ntawv.

Thaum peb sau nrog ib tug cwj mem, ib txoj kab tseem nyob ntawm daim ntawv. Yog tias peb kos ib qho piv txwv nrog ib pawg ntawm cov ntawv, nws zoo li peb rub tawm ib daim ntawv los ntawm nws. Cov txheej nyias ntawm graphite uas tseem nyob ntawm daim ntawv yog 2D thiab tsuas yog ib qho atom tuab. Rau ib qho khoom yuav suav tias yog ob sab, nws qhov tuab yuav tsum muaj ntau (tsawg kawg kaum) zaug tsawg dua nws qhov dav thiab ntev.

Tab sis muaj ib tug ntes. Nyob rau xyoo 1930, Lev Landau thiab Rudolf Peierls tau ua pov thawj tias ob lub ntsej muag muaju tsis ruaj khov thiab vau vim qhov hloov pauv thermal (random deviations ntawm lub cev ntau npaum li cas los ntawm lawv qhov nruab nrab vim yog chaotic thermal motion of particles - approx. T&P). Nws hloov tawm tias cov khoom siv tiaj tus ob sab tsis tuaj yeem muaj nyob rau vim li cas thermodynamic. Ntawd yog, nws zoo li peb tsis tuaj yeem tsim nano hauv 2D. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj! Konstantin Novoselov thiab Andrey Geim synthesized graphene. Graphene hauv nano tsis tiaj tus, tab sis me ntsis wavy thiab yog li ntawd ruaj khov.

Yog tias nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb peb-dimensional peb tshem tawm ib daim ntawv ntawm ib pawg ntawm cov ntawv, ces daim ntawv yuav nyob twj ywm ntawv, nws cov khoom yuav tsis hloov. Yog tias ib txheej ntawm graphite raug tshem tawm hauv nanoworld, tom qab ntawd cov txiaj ntsig graphene yuav muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li cov uas muaj nws "progenitor" graphite. Graphene yog pob tshab, lub teeb yuag, 100 npaug zog dua hlau, zoo heev thermoelectric thiab hluav taws xob conductor. Nws tau raug tshawb fawb dav dav thiab twb dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau transistors.

Niaj hnub no, thaum txhua tus nkag siab tias cov khoom siv ob sab tuaj yeem muaj nyob hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov kev xav tau tshwm sim tias cov chaw tshiab tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm silicon, boron, molybdenum, tungsten, thiab lwm yam.

Thiab ntxiv - nyob rau hauv ib qhov ntev

Graphene hauv 2D muaj qhov dav thiab ntev. Yuav ua li cas ua 1D tawm ntawm nws thiab yuav ua li cas thaum kawg? Ib txoj kev yog txiav nws mus rau hauv nyias ribbons. Yog hais tias lawv qhov dav yog txo mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws, ces nws yuav tsis yog ribbons xwb, tab sis lwm yam khoom nano-carbyne. Nws tau tshawb pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet (chemists Yu. P. Kudryavtsev, A. M. Sladkov, V. I. Kasatochkin thiab V. V. Korshak. - T&P note) hauv xyoo 1960.

Qhov thib ob txoj kev los ua ib qho khoom siv ib sab yog dov cov graphene rau hauv ib lub raj, zoo li cov ntaub pua plag. Lub thickness ntawm lub raj no yuav tsawg dua nws qhov ntev. Yog tias daim ntawv dov los yog txiav rau hauv ib daim hlab, nws tseem yog ntawv. Yog hais tias graphene dov mus rau hauv ib lub raj, nws hloov mus rau hauv ib tug tshiab daim ntawv ntawm carbon - ib tug nanotube, uas muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.

Nthuav khoom ntawm nanobjects

Hluav taws xob conductivity yog qhov zoo lossis qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Hauv peb lub ntiaj teb, nws tau piav qhia los ntawm ib tus lej rau txhua yam khoom thiab tsis nyob ntawm nws cov duab. Nws tsis muaj teeb meem yog tias koj ua lub tog raj kheej nyiaj, lub voos xwmfab lossis pob - nws cov conductivity yuav zoo ib yam.

Txhua yam txawv hauv nanoworld. Kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm nanotubes yuav cuam tshuam rau lawv cov conductivity. Yog hais tias qhov sib txawv n - m (qhov twg n thiab m yog ib co indices piav txog txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub raj) muab faib los ntawm peb, ces cov nanotubes coj tam sim no. Yog tsis faib, ces nws tsis nqa.

Young's modulus yog lwm yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig uas tshwm sim nws tus kheej thaum tus pas nrig lossis twig yog khoov. Young's modulus qhia tau hais tias cov khoom muaj zog tiv thaiv deformation thiab kev ntxhov siab npaum li cas. Piv txwv li, rau txhuas, qhov ntsuas no yog ob zaug tsawg tshaj li ntawm cov hlau, uas yog, nws resists ob zaug li phem. Ib zaug ntxiv, lub pob txhuas tsis tuaj yeem muaj zog dua li lub pob zeb txhuas. Qhov loj thiab cov duab tsis muaj teeb meem.

Nyob rau hauv nanoworld, daim duab yog dua sib txawv: lub thinner lub nanowire, qhov siab dua nws cov Young's modulus. Yog tias nyob hauv peb lub ntiaj teb peb xav tau ib yam dab tsi los ntawm mezzanine, ces peb yuav xaiv lub rooj zaum muaj zog kom nws tuaj yeem tiv taus peb. Hauv nanoworld, txawm hais tias nws tsis pom tseeb, peb yuav tsum nyiam lub rooj zaum me me vim nws muaj zog dua.

Yog hais tias lub qhov yog ua nyob rau hauv ib co khoom nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb no, ces nws yuav tsum tsis muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv nanoworld, qhov opposite yog muaj tseeb. Yog tias koj ua ntau qhov hauv graphene, nws dhau los ua ob thiab ib nrab lub sijhawm muaj zog dua li cov graphene uas tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo. Thaum peb khawb qhov hauv daim ntawv, nws cov ntsiab lus tsis hloov. Thiab thaum peb ua qhov hauv graphene, peb tshem tawm ib qho atom, vim qhov tshwm sim hauv zos tshiab. Cov atoms uas tseem tshuav tsim cov qauv tshiab uas muaj tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog dua li thaj chaw tsis zoo hauv cov graphene no.

Kev siv nanotechnology siv tau

Graphene muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb, tab sis yuav ua li cas siv lawv hauv ib cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb tseem yog cov lus nug. Nws yog tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv prototypes rau ib leeg-electron transistors (hloov lub teeb liab ntawm ib qho hluav taws xob). Nws ntseeg tau tias yav tom ntej, ob-txheej graphene nrog nanopores (qhov tsis nyob hauv ib lub atom, tab sis ntau dua) tuaj yeem dhau los ua cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev xaiv purification ntawm gases lossis kua. Txhawm rau siv graphene hauv kev siv tshuab, peb xav tau ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj qhov tsis xws luag, tab sis kev tsim khoom zoo li no nyuaj heev.

Los ntawm kev xav txog kev lom neeg, ib qho teeb meem kuj tshwm sim nrog graphene: thaum nws nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, nws lom txhua yam. Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, graphene tuaj yeem siv los ua ib qho sensor rau "phem" DNA molecules (mutating nrog lwm cov tshuaj, thiab lwm yam). Ua li no, ob lub electrodes txuas rau nws thiab DNA tau dhau los ntawm nws qhov pores - nws reacts rau txhua molecule hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb.

Pans, tsheb kauj vab, kaus mom hlau thiab khau insoles nrog ntxiv ntawm graphene twb tau ua nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Ib lub tuam txhab Finnish ua cov khoom siv rau cov tsheb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau Tesla tsheb, nyob rau hauv uas cov nyees khawm, dashboard qhov chaw thiab cov ntxaij vab tshaus yog ua los ntawm tuab tuab nanotubes. Cov khoom no yog qhov ruaj khov thiab lub teeb yuag.

Lub teb ntawm nanotechnology yog qhov nyuaj rau kev tshawb fawb ob qho tib si los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov kev sim thiab los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov qauv ua lej. Tag nrho cov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum muaj lub tshuab computer tsawg tau raug daws lawm. Niaj hnub no, qhov kev txwv tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb yog lub zog tsis txaus ntawm supercomputers.