Kev lag luam hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kab lus muab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm - ed.

Puas tau txij li lub sijhawm ntawm Kievan Rus, peb cov tub lag luam tau paub zoo nyob rau hauv European thiab Esxias kev lag luam. Thiab cov tuam txhab loj tau pib tshwm sim hauv peb lub tebchaws nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, ib txhij nrog lawv cov tsos nyob rau sab hnub poob. Cov no yog, piv txwv li, Cannon Yard, Printing House, Armory Chamber, hlua hlua hauv Kholmogory thiab Vologda. Hauv Urals, Stroganovs tau tsim muaj zog.

Los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv Spain thiab Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no, kev lag luam thiab khoom siv tes ua tau suav hais tias yog "vile" txoj hauj lwm, thiab lawv raug txwv rau cov nom tswv. Hauv Holland thiab Askiv, kev ua lag luam raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tub lag luam loj thiab cov nyiaj txiag. Nyob rau hauv Russia, txhua leej txhua tus ua li no: peasants, townspeople (townspeople), nobles, archers, Cossacks, boyars, txiv plig. Tus Swede Kilburger sau tias: "Lavxias teb sab, los ntawm qhov txawv tshaj plaws mus rau qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, hlub kev lag luam."

Tsoom fwv txhawb kev lag luam, thiab cov dej num tsawg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, ib qho kev lag luam tag nrho-Lavxias teb sab tau tshwm sim nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb hauv ntau qhov chaw. Moscow muab khoom ntawm furriers, fabrics, armourers, goldsmiths; Moscow cheeb tsam - zaub thiab nqaij; cov roj tuaj ntawm Middle Volga cheeb tsam; ntses - los ntawm sab qaum teb, los ntawm Astrakhan; cov khoom siv hlau - los ntawm Serpukhov, Tula, Tikhvin, Galich, Ustyuzhna; tawv - los ntawm Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Suzdal, Kazan, Murom. Lub Upper Volga cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb hauv cov khoom ntoo, artels los ntawm Pskov thiab Novgorod tshwj xeeb hauv pob zeb siv. Weaving ntau lawm tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab Yaroslavl, Pskov muab khoom los ntawm flax thiab hemp, Vyazma - sledges, Reshma - matting. Los ntawm Siberia tuaj furs, los ntawm Astrakhan - cov khoom ntawm viticulture, winemaking, horticulture, melon loj hlob.

Lub chaw lag luam loj tshaj plaws yog lub peev. Kilburger tau sau tias: "Muaj ntau lub khw muag khoom hauv Moscow dua li hauv Amsterdam lossis tsawg kawg hauv lwm tus thawj tswj hwm." Kev lag luam tsis nrov nyob rau hauv tag nrho lwm lub nroog, thiab muaj 923 ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov loj tshaj plaws ncaj ncees yog mus rau lub nroog Kholopye nyob rau hauv lub Volga, los ntawm 1620s nws tsiv mus rau Makaryev. Nws turnover mus txog 80 txhiab rubles (rau kev sib piv, ib tug nyuj nqi 1 - 2 rubles, ib tug yaj - 10 kopecks). Arkhangelsk, Tikhvin, Svenskaya (ze Bryansk) yog qhov tseem ceeb fairs. Hauv Verkhoturye, lub caij ntuj no Irbit ncaj ncees tau teeb tsa, cuam tshuam nrog Makarievskaya, txog li ib txhiab tus tub lag luam tau sib sau ua ke ntawm nws.

Cov neeg txawv teb chaws tau sau tseg qhov kev ncaj ncees siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Olearius hais txog yuav ua li cas tus neeg nuv ntses ntawm Volga tau yuam kev them 5 kopecks rau nws qhov kev ntes. Nws suav thiab xa rov qab cov tshaj. Tawm tsam los ntawm tus cwj pwm no, cov neeg German tau muab nws hloov pauv rau nws tus kheej, tab sis nws tsis kam txais cov nyiaj tsis tau txais.

Cov tub lag luam thiab cov neeg lag luam uas muaj kev hwm tshaj plaws, uas muaj kev lag luam tsawg kawg yog 20 txhiab rubles ib xyoos, hu ua "cov qhua". Tab sis qhov no tsis yog ib qho cuab yeej cuab tam, tab sis ib qib uas tus kheej yws rau vaj ntxwv.

Ib tug neeg uas tau los ua "tus qhua" tau qhia rau saum lub xeev. Nws tau ntseeg tias yog tias nws tswj hwm kom muaj txiaj ntsig loj, ces nws yog tus kws tshaj lij muaj txiaj ntsig, nws qhov kev paub yuav tsum tau siv. Cov "cov qhua" tau nyob ze ntawm tsar, tau txais txoj cai ncaj qha rau nws, thiab raug zam los ntawm se.

Lawv tau los ua tus kws pab tswv yim nyiaj txiag thiab nyiaj txiag rau tsoomfwv. Los ntawm lawv, lub txhab nyiaj tau ua lag luam txawv teb chaws, qhia lawv los tswj kev sau cov dej num, hloov cov ntawv cog lus rau kev tsim kho, khoom siv rau cov tub rog, rau lub xeev kev lag luam monopoly - pluab, cawv, thiab ntsev.

Stroganovs sawv tawm ntawm "cov qhua". Lawv muaj ntau tshaj 200 lub chaw tsim khoom ntsev, qhov kev tsim cov ntsev txhua xyoo yog 7 lab poods, ua tau raws li ib nrab ntawm lub teb chaws cov kev xav tau. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov khoom, kev tsim hlau, kev lag luam hauv furs kuj tau ua, kev tsim kho thiab kos duab kos duab tsim. "Cov qhua" Sveteshnikov muaj cov tanneries loj hauv Nizhny Novgorod, Yemelyanov - kev cob qhia rau kev tsim cov ntaub linen hauv Pskov. Vasily Shorin ua lag luam tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv Russia, nrog Persia, Central Asia, yog lub taub hau kev lis kev cai nyob rau hauv Arkhangelsk.

"Cov qhua" ntawm Shustovs loj hlob nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov ntsev teb, thiab Patokins thiab Filatyevs nyob rau hauv lub domestic thiab txawv teb chaws kev lag luam. Hauv Siberian kev lag luam, Barefoot, Revyakins, Balezins, Pankratyevs, Usovs kav. Nyob rau hauv Novgorod, cov Stoyanovs tsis khoom nrog tej xwm txheej.

Hauv kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam hierarchy, "cov qhua" tau ua raws li chav kos duab thiab cov ntaub pua tsev. Lawv suav txog 400 tus neeg. Lub tsev nyob ua lag luam nrog rau sab hnub tuaj, lub woolen ib tug nrog rau sab hnub poob.

Cov neeg ua lag luam suav nrog lawv kuj tau txais cov cai tseem ceeb thiab cov txiaj ntsig se, nyob hauv ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam nyiaj txiag ntawm lub xeev, thiab muaj lawv tus kheej tswj hwm. Zoo, cov neeg nyob hauv cov chaw nyob dub thiab ntau pua (cov khw muag khoom me thiab cov neeg txawj ntse uas tau them se, yog li ntawd, yog "dub") tau koom rau hauv qeb qis tshaj ntawm cov lag luam.

Peasants, boyar vaj tse, thiab monasteries kuj pauv nrog lub zog thiab lub ntsiab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1641, 2 txhiab tons ntawm nplej tau muab khaws cia rau hauv lub bins ntawm lub Trinity-Sergius Monastery, muaj 401 nees nyob rau hauv lub nkuaj, 51 tej kas tham ntawm npias los ntawm peb tus kheej breweries nyob rau hauv lub storerooms, kaum tawm tons ntawm ntses los ntawm peb. tus kheej catches, muaj 14 txhiab rubles nyob rau hauv lub txhab nyiaj, thiab ships teej tug mus rau lub monastery yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv Dawb thiab tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Norway.

Nyob rau hauv 1653, "Kev lis kev cai Charter" tau txais, hloov ntau yam kev lis kev cai nrog ib lub luag hauj lwm.

Kev lis kev cai charter, saws nyob rau hauv 1653, tshem tawm ntau yam se hauv zos los ntawm cov tub lag luam, qhia ib lub luag hauj lwm rau tag nrho cov lag luam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws: 10% ntawm ntsev thiab 5% ntawm lwm yam khoom. Yog li ntawd, loj loj Russia thaum kawg tau dhau los ua "ib qho chaw lag luam". Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no tau tshwm sim sai dua li nyob rau sab hnub poob Europe, qhov uas tseem muaj ntau lub chaw lis kev lis kev cai ntawm ciam teb ntawm cov nroog, cov thawj coj, cov xeev (hauv Fab Kis, cov kev lis kev cai sab hauv tau nce mus txog 30% ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov khoom).

Hais txog kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, peb lub teb chaws yog ib lub chaw loj tshaj plaws ntev ua ntej "qhib qhov rais". Cov tub lag luam Lavxias niaj hnub tuaj xyuas thiab ua lag luam hauv Copenhagen, Stockholm, Riga, hauv lub nroog Yelemes, Poland, Qaib ntxhw, Persia. Thiab cov neeg txawv teb chaws tuaj ntawm txhua qhov chaw nrog lawv cov khoom. Lub German Ayrman nyob rau hauv Moscow xav tsis thoob, piav txog cov neeg coob ntawm "Persians, Tatars, Kyrgyz, Turks, Poles … Livonian, Swedes, Finns, Dutch, British, Fabkis, Italians, Spanish, Portuguese, Germans los ntawm Hamburg, Lubeck, Denmark.." "Cov teb chaws no txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej lub khw tshwj xeeb, qhib txhua hnub, tej txuj ci tseem ceeb tom qab ua txuj ci tseem ceeb tau pom, yog li, tsis paub txog lawv cov kev coj txawv txawv lossis lub teb chaws zoo li, koj feem ntau xyuam xim rau lawv cov neeg ntau dua li lawv cov khoom zoo."

Txhua xyoo kaum ob lub nkoj tuaj rau Arkhangelsk nqa daim ntaub, saib, tsom iav, cawv txiv hmab, knitwear. Silk, morocco, velvet, scarves, ntaub pua plag, bezoar, turquoise, indigo, xyab, roj tau coj mus rau Astrakhan los ntawm Iran. Cov Tatars thiab Nogai tau ua lag luam loj hauv cov nyuj hauv Astrakhan, tsav tsheb loj heev ntawm cov nees mus rau Moscow rau kev muag khoom - raws li lub luag haujlwm lawv tau coj 10% ntawm cov nees rau cov tub rog Lavxias. Suav tshuaj yej tau muab los ntawm Mongolia txij li xyoo 1635. Cov tub lag luam Bukhara nqa cov ntaub paj rwb, cov ntawv zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, suav cov plooj (porcelain), thiab cov khoom siv silk. Cov Khab Khab kuj tau pauv los ntawm Central Asia, lawv cov sawv cev tau tshwm sim hauv Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, ntau tus neeg nyob hauv Astrakhan, qhov chaw lawv tau tso cai los tsim "Indian tshav dav hlau" nrog tsev thiab lub tuam tsev Vishnu. Thiab Indian cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, xyab thiab txuj lom tau ntws mus rau Russia.

Pomor crafts nto moo rau lawv cov lauj kaub ntsev. Kandalaksha nyob rau hauv ib tug qub engraving.

Trade enriched cov nyiaj txiag. Piv txwv li, hauv Arkhangelsk muaj cov xwm txheej thaum cov nyiaj tau los txhua xyoo los ntawm cov dej num mus txog 300 txhiab rubles. (uas yog 6 tons ntawm kub). Thiab cov khoom ntws los ntawm txhua lub teb chaws tsim ib daim duab ntawm yuav luag zoo heev abundance. Cov neeg txawv teb chaws xav tsis thoob tias cov poj niam feem ntau tso cai rau lawv tus kheej hnav khaub ncaws thiab velvet. Cov txuj lom, kim heev hauv Tebchaws Europe, muaj rau cov neeg siv khoom, lawv tau ntxiv rau cov khoom ci, ua gingerbread. Czech Tanner gasped: lawv hais tias, nyob rau hauv Moscow "me me faceted rubies yog li pheej yig heev uas lawv muag los ntawm qhov hnyav - 20 Moscow los yog German florins ib phaus." Austrian Geiss tau hais txog kev nplua nuj ntawm Lavxias: "Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, tej zaum, lawv yuav tsis ntseeg." Thiab tus Fab Kis Fab Kis Margeret xaus lus tias: "Tsis muaj kev nplua nuj nyob hauv Europe."

Ntawm chav kawm, Russia tsis tsuas yog imported cov khoom, tab sis kuj tsim ib tug ntau ntawm nws tus kheej. Exported ciab - 20-50 txhiab poods ib xyoos twg, cob, tar, potash, fur, grain. Lard kuj raug xa tawm - 40-100 txhiab poods, zib mu, hemp, flax, hemp, ntsev, calamus, rhubarb, walrus pob txha, blubber (foob roj), ntses kua nplaum, mica, dej pearls. Caviar tau raug xa tawm feem ntau mus rau Ltalis, qhov chaw uas nws tau suav hais tias yog kev noj qab haus huv. Txog li 100 txhiab tawv hauv ib xyoos, hnav tawv tawv, xav, hnab, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, riam phom, nees hlua, thiab cov khoom siv ntoo raug muag txawv teb chaws.

Lavxias teb sab kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th txawv nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm Western qauv. Nws cov kev sib txuas tseem ceeb yog cov zej zog nyob deb nroog thiab cov khoom siv tes ua, artels, kev tswj hwm tus kheej hauv nroog, kev sib haum xeeb, txoj kev, ntau pua. Txawm tias Westernizer Herzen raug yuam kom lees tias lub koom haum kev lag luam ntawm cov zej zog Lavxias yog qhov ua tiav ntawm Malthus txoj cai - "lub zog muaj sia nyob." Muaj ib qho chaw rau sawv daws hauv zej zog. Thiab qhov chaw twg - ntau dua lossis tsawg dua kev hwm, ntau dua lossis tsawg txaus siab, nyob ntawm tus kheej zoo ntawm tus neeg. Nws tsis yog kev lag luam, tab sis yog tus qauv qub, lub teb chaws stereotype ntawm kev sib raug zoo.

Cov zej zog khoom siv tes ua dheev qee qhov zoo ib yam li European guilds. Lawv muaj lawv tus kheej xaiv tswj hwm tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub Tverskaya-Konstantinovskaya boorish (kaw) kev sib hais haum xaiv 2 cov txwj laus, 4 tselovalniks thiab 16 kev sib tw rau ib xyoos. Muaj kev cai sab hauv, muaj cov hnub so, cov tsev teev ntuj patronage, tswj cov khoom zoo.

Tab sis kuj tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov zej zog Lavxias thiab Western guilds. Tus kws tshaj lij Fab Kis Fab Kis Fab Kis tau sau tias: "Kev cob qhia hauv tebchaws Russia tsis txwv cov txuj ci thiab tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm." Tsis muaj kev tswj hwm me me ntawm cov khoom tsim khoom, tus nqi, thev naus laus zis thiab cov cuab yeej siv. Kev hloov ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm mus rau cov masters lossis kev nkag mus rau cov tswv tshiab rau lub koom haum tau yooj yim dua li nyob rau sab hnub poob. Yog tias koj muaj kev txawj ntse thiab nyiaj txiag txaus, thov. Tab sis ntau tus kws kos duab ntau pua thiab kev sib hais haum yuav raug cai ntau dua los sib piv tsis yog nrog kev cob qhia - lawv yog "txoj kev sib cais" cov chaw tsim khoom. Lawv muag cov khoom muag rau cov tub lag luam loj, muab cov khoom siv hauv nruab nrab rau tsoomfwv cov kev xav tau lossis rau kev xa tawm.

Michalon Litvin tau lees tias "Muscovites yog cov thawj coj ua lag luam zoo." Peb cov poj koob yawm txwv twb paub txog kev lag luam - ntau lub lag luam, xws li ntsev breweries, nuv ntses, yog "shareholdings". Cov tub lag luam paub siv credit zoo heev. Olearius piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas cov neeg muag khoom yuav daim ntaub coj los ntawm cov neeg Askiv ntawm 4 thalers ib cubit, tab sis ntawm qiv. Lawv tam sim ntawd muag lawv rau cov neeg muag khoom rau 3 - 3, 5 thalers, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj ntsuab. Thiab thaum lub sij hawm cov nuj nqis tau them rov qab, lawv tau tswj kom muab cov nyiaj mus rau hauv 3-4 lub sij hawm, ntau tshaj li npog qhov pib poob nrog profit.

Fur lag luam nyob rau hauv Ancient Rus.

Kev cog lus kev sib raug zoo tau siv dav. Piv txwv li, "Cov ntaub ntawv cog lus" ntawm kev tsim kho artel tau mus txog peb: "Peb tau tso siab rau ib leeg los ntawm kev sib nrig sib luag thiab peb tau muab peb tus kheej cov ntaub ntawv no ntawm Borovsk koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Pafnutiev Monastery rau Archimandrite Theophan thiab cov laus Papnotius lub cellar nrog. cov kwv tij uas peb, cov neeg cog lus thiab cov neeg ua cib, ua ib lub tswb nrov hauv lub tsev teev ntuj Pafnutiev." Tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau sib tham - 100 rubles thiab muaj peev xwm khaws tau ib qho kev poob: "Yog tias … peb tsis ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws … … coj lawv, Archimandrite Theophan thiab cellar Txwj Laug Papnotius nrog nws cov kwv tij, raws li cov ntaub ntawv no, rau ib tug nplua 200 rubles ntawm nyiaj ".

Kev tuav pov hwm hauv tsev kuj muaj nyob hauv cov zej zog. Juan tus Persian tau tshaj tawm hais tias ntawm Murom tanners, tanning ntawm tawv yog nqa tawm "nyob rau hauv ib txhiab thiab ib lub tsev," qhov twg "ib txhiab thiab ib tug tawv" yog nteg, thiab yog hais tias lawv sib xws, cov lug txhawb cov miv muab ib tug tawv rau ib txhiab.

Txij li thaum xyoo pua 17th, kev lag luam kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia tau mus ua phem heev. Ntxiv rau cov chaw ua haujlwm yav dhau los, cov tshiab tau tsim. Lub xeev cov tuam txhab xaws khaub ncaws, cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam silk, lub tsev luam ntawv tshiab, caj npab thiab cov phom phom tau tshwm sim. Cib factories - lub xeev cov tswv, ntiag tug, thiab monastic sawv daws yuav. Muaj ntau lub chaw nres nkoj, dyeing thiab bleaching rhiav, distilleries, tanneries, potash, ntaub, weaving, thiab ntsev ua lag luam. Hlau, txhuas thiab tin mines tau tsim. Saltpeter tau mined hauv Uglich, Yaroslavl thiab Ustyug, thiab leej faj hauv Vyatka.

Cov kws tshaj lij txawv teb chaws kuj tau nyiam. Nyob rau hauv 1635, lub Dukhaninsky iav Hoobkas, ua los ntawm cov Italians, pib ua hauj lwm. Xyoo 1637, lub Hoobkas "hlau" hauv Tula, tsim los ntawm Dutch tub lag luam Marselis thiab Vinius, tau mus ua haujlwm. Lub tuam txhab tau dhau los ua tau txiaj ntsig zoo rau ob tus tswv thiab lub xeev - raws li cov lus pom zoo, ib feem ntawm cov khoom raug txiav tawm ntawm lub txhab nyiaj. Thiab tib cov neeg ua lag luam tau txais daim ntawv tso cai los npaj cov nroj tsuag metallurgical tshiab. Lawv pib loj hlob zoo li nceb - ze Vologda, Kostroma, Kashira, ntawm Vaga, Sheksna, nyob rau hauv Maloyaroslavets koog tsev kawm ntawv, Olonets cheeb tsam, nyob ze Voronezh. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws, lub Hoobkas saib tau tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tsim nyog exaggerating qhov kev pab cuam ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws. Lawv txoj kev paub, kev paub, thiab lawv cov peev tau siv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Mikhail Fedorovich thiab Alexei Mikhailovich, tsoom fwv ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov sim ua raws li lub teb chaws nyiam. Thiab yog hais tias cov Italians tau tsim ib lub Hoobkas iav, ces Lavxias teb sab craftsmen tau faib los pab lawv, lawv txawj siv technology - thiab nrog rau Dukhaninsky muaj ib lub xeev-muaj Izmailovsky Hoobkas uas tsim "zoo huv si iav". Thawj daim ntawv zeb tau tsim los ntawm Pakhra los ntawm Germans, thiab los ntawm nws cov Lavxias teb sab spun tawm raws nraim tib txoj kev - ntawm Yauza.

Cov neeg txawv teb chaws tsis raug tso cai los plunder rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm Russia thiab nws cov pej xeem. Daim ntawv tso cai rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb tau teev tseg rau Marcelis thiab Vinius - "tsis txhob kho qhov nruj thiab kev thuam rau leej twg thiab tsis txhob tshem tawm kev lag luam los ntawm leej twg", thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm raug tso cai ntiav tsuas yog "tawm ntawm kev ua siab zoo, thiab tsis nyob hauv kev ua qhev.”. Daim ntawv tso cai raug muab tso rau 10-15 xyoo nrog rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev hloov kho tom ntej.

Nyob rau hauv 1662, thaum cov nqe lus ntawm daim ntawv tso cai tawm, ib nrab ntawm cov metallurgical nroj tsuag tsim los ntawm cov neeg koom tes tau "tso rau lub sovereign". Tau txais txiaj ntsig - thiab zoo siab nrog nws. Thiab rau cov txiaj ntsig ntxiv, lawv tau tso koj ib nrab rau lwm tus - thiab kuj zoo siab. Koj tsis yog tus saib xyuas koj lub tebchaws. Txawm hais tias rov thov dua, kev yaum, xa cov embassies, tsis yog Dutch, lossis Askiv, lossis Fabkis, lossis Danes, lossis Swedes tau txais txoj cai hla kev lag luam nrog Sab Hnub Tuaj los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1667, nyob rau hauv lub teg num ntawm Chancellor AL Ordin-Nashchokin, tus Tshiab Trade Charter tau txais yuav, uas qhia txog kev tiv thaiv nruj tiv thaiv cov tub lag luam thiab cov neeg ua lag luam los ntawm txawv teb chaws cov neeg sib tw.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li twb tau sau tseg, tsis tsuas yog cov tub lag luam chav kawm ntawv tau koom nyob rau hauv ua lag luam. Txawm tias cov nom tswv siab tshaj plaws tsis tau txaj muag ntawm cov teeb meem no. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Pozharsky yog tus tswv ntawm ob peb ntsev brews, nws kuj yog tus tswv ntawm "lub zos" Kholui nrog kev cob qhia rau cov neeg pleev kob icon thiab cov duab kos duab. Boyarin Morozov ua ib tsob nroj metallurgical hauv nws thaj av, siv cov thev naus laus zis "dej-ua", nrog rau potash thiab distilleries. Cov tswv ntawm cov lag luam loj yog boyars Miloslavsky, Odoevsky.

Tus tsar nws tus kheej thiab tsarina kuj ua lag luam. Tus kws kho mob hauv tsev hais plaub Collins tau piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas "tsev zoo nkauj" tau tsim xya mais ntawm Moscow rau kev ua cov hemp thiab flax, "uas yog nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim zoo, dav heev thiab yuav muab kev ua haujlwm rau txhua tus neeg pluag hauv lub xeev … cov txiaj ntsig thiab txiaj ntsig ". Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv Mikhail Fedorovich thiab Alexei Mikhailovich, ntau tshaj 60 "palace" manufactories raug tsim.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev lag luam kiv puag ncig yog tias los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, Russia tau xa tawm tsis tau tsuas yog furs, siv quav ciab thiab zib mu. Thiab kuj fabrics, canvas, ropes (lub Kholmogorsk yard ib leeg muab ib lub quarter ntawm lub nkoj ntawm British fleet nrog ropes). Cannons kuj raug xa tawm. "Sab nraud ntawm tus nqi dawb" muag txog 800 phom ib xyoos!

Casting thiab zus tau tej cov phom nyob rau hauv Moscow. XVII xyoo pua.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Urals txuas ntxiv mus. Cov nroj tsuag metallurgical ntawm Dalmatov Monastery, cov nroj tsuag Nitsynsky, cov nroj tsuag Nevyansk (ib qho uas Peter tom qab muab rau Demidov) tau tsim ntawm no. Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los centuries, tooj liab yog ib tug tsawg raw khoom rau Russia. Cov tub lag luam Lavxias tau txais kev xaj kom yuav txawm tias tooj liab seem txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, tooj liab ore tau pom thaum kawg nyob ze ntawm Kamskaya Salt, lub xeev tus tswv Pyskorsky tsob nroj tau tsim nyob rau ntawm no, thiab tom qab ntawd Tumashev cov kwv tij cov nroj tsuag tau xa mus rau nws lub hauv paus.

Siberia kuj tau assimilated. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, soap-ua, tswm ciab-ua, woodworking workshops, distilleries thiab breweries pib tshwm nyob rau hauv no ntau yam. Nyob rau hauv Yeniseisk nyob rau hauv lub 1670s, cov kws tshawb fawb suav 24 khoom siv tes ua tshwj xeeb, hauv Tomsk - 50, hauv Tobolsk - 60. Cov lag luam loj tau pib koom nrog ntawm no thiab. Piv txwv li, tanneries, uas ua tiav ib txhiab lossis ntau daim tawv nqaij ib xyoos. Thiab ntawm no lub hauv paus kev lag luam khau tsim. Hauv Siberia, khau bast tsis hnav. Tawv thiab khau looj plab hlaub tau xa mus rau Central Asia, Mongolia, Tuam Tshoj. Shipyards ua haujlwm ntawm txhua tus dej ntws.

Cov dej ntsev loj ua haujlwm hauv Yenisei Territory, Yakutia, ze Irkutsk thiab Selenginsk. Siberia pib muab nws tus kheej nrog ntsev. Thiab hlau ib yam nkaus. Nyob rau hauv Verkhotursky, Tobolsk, Tyumen, Yeniseisky koog tsev kawm ntawv, lawv ua kev zoo siab rau "populousness ntawm blacksmiths thiab armored masters." Kev tshawb nrhiav cov zaub mov tau ua ntau dua thiab dav. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm mica pib hauv Western Siberia, Yeniseisk, thaj tsam Baikal, nws tau xa tawm mus rau Moscow, xa tawm mus rau Tebchaws Europe. Pom ib "pob zeb nazdak" ntawm Nevyansk tsev loj cuj, ntxhia dyes ntawm Vitim, lub tsev pob zeb hauv Verkhoturye. Pearl fishery tau qhib hauv Hiav Txwv Okhotsk.

Hlau tau pom nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Yakutsk, hauv thaj tsam Baikal thiab Amur. Saltpeter - ntawm Olekma. Tshawb nrhiav cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, nyiaj. Lead smelting pib hauv Argun. Nerchinsk deposits twb tau tsim. Muaj tseeb, feem ntau, ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Siberian kev tsim kho yav tom ntej, thawj qhov kev sim tsuas yog raug tso, thawj qhov kev sim smelting tau ua. Tab sis lawv twb tau tshawb pom lawm, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb muaj cai ntawm Siberia li S. V. Bakhrushin thiab S. A. Tokarev tau tsim tsis meej: "Kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm xyoo pua 18th yog ua raws li kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los thiab kev paub ntawm cov neeg pabcuam ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th." Yog li, nws tsis yog qhov tsim nyog los hais txog Russia "lagging qab" sab hnub poob nyob rau hauv pre-Petrine lub sij hawm. Qhov tseeb qhia qhov txawv.