Vim li cas lub khob pov tseg thiaj txaus ntshai?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Txog 300 lab tons ntawm cov yas yog tsim txhua xyoo nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no - qhov no yog ntau tshaj li 900 skyscrapers ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman State Tsev los ntawm qhov hnyav. Cov khoom siv no yog qhov zoo rau ntau tus, tab sis nws siv tsis zoo rau ib puag ncig, vim tias feem ntau nws tsis yog biodegradable. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau suav tias ntau dua 8 lab tons ntawm cov khib nyiab no txhua xyoo nyob hauv dej hiav txwv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txog li 80% ntawm cov yas nkag mus rau hauv hiav txwv los ntawm av, thiab tsuas yog 20% ntawm cov nkoj.

Cov Islands tuaj hauv hiav txwv

Floating fwj, wrappers, hnab litter hauv dej hiav txwv, tsim tag nrho "kos" hauv lawv. Kev loj hlob ntawm cov pa phem los ntawm cov pov tseg yas tau lees paub tias yog ib qho teeb meem loj tshaj plaws ntawm ib puag ncig hauv ntiaj teb. Microplastics yog qhov txaus ntshai tshwj xeeb. Nws yog tsim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias dhau sij hawm, cov pov tseg polymer yog crushed rau hauv microgranules. Niaj hnub no, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, kwv yees li 51 trillion tons ntawm microplastics twb tau sau hauv peb cov dej hiav txwv.

Cov khib nyiab no ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau ntau pua hom tsiaj hauv hiav txwv. Qhov tseeb yog tias ntses, whales, cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj thiab lwm yam marine lub neej feem ntau nqos nws, mistaking nws rau zaub mov. Kuj ceeb tias, ntses kib yog qhov yuav noj microplastics ntau dua li ntawm plankton hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no los ntawm Swedish cov kws tshawb fawb luam tawm hauv Science, kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no los ntawm Swedish cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom, ntau yam tib yam uas cov hluas nyiam noj zaub mov kom noj qab haus huv thiab sib npaug. Cov kws tshaj lij taw qhia tias los ntawm 2050, 99% ntawm seabirds yuav muaj cov yas hauv lawv lub plab. Thiab thaum kawg - raws cov khoom noj khoom haus - nws xaus rau ntawm peb lub rooj noj mov.

Puas muaj peev xwm kov yeej cov yas

Nws kwv yees tias tus neeg nruab nrab siv ib lub hnab yas rau 12 feeb, thaum nws yuav siv sij hawm 400 mus rau 1,000 xyoo kom decompose. Xyoo 2010, txhua tus neeg European siv li 200 lub hnab no los nqa zaub mov. Feem ntau ntawm lawv - 90% - tsis raug xa mus rau kev rov ua dua tshiab. Muab qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov thawv yas, nws yog qhov nyuaj rau nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj. Yog li ntawd, raws li kev kwv yees, qhov ntim ntawm nws cov kev siv yav tom ntej tsuas yog loj tuaj. Yog li, los ntawm 2020, kwv yees li 8 billion lub hnab yas yuav dhau los ua thoob khib nyiab hauv EU. Niaj hnub no peb twb tsim 20 npaug ntau dua yas dua li xyoo 1960. Thiab los ntawm 2050, nws cov khoom yuav loj hlob 3-4 zaug, nrog rau feem ntau ntawm nws nws thiaj li nyob hauv dej hiav txwv rau ntau pua xyoo. Twb tau niaj hnub no, kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov yas mus rau marine ecosystems yog kwv yees li ntawm $ 8 billion.

Txoj kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yas tau ntev tau muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. Incineration thiab faus yog kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig vim muaj tshuaj lom, uas yog vim li cas cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb sim nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev los rhuav tshem lawv. Piv txwv li, cov kws tshaj lij Nyij Pooj tau tshawb pom cov kab mob uas muaj peev xwm noj polyethylene terephthalate - PET, dav siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau lub thawv, siv los ua lub zog. Kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws yog ua los ntawm Israeli biotechnologists. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem nyob deb ntawm kev siv dav dav ntawm cov txheej txheem pov tseg.

Lwm txoj hauv kev los daws qhov teeb meem yog nrhiav kev siv tshiab rau lub raj mis yas, xws li rov siv dua lossis ua lwm yam khoom, los ntawm khaub ncaws mus rau txoj kev. Tab sis nws tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev sib ntaus sib tua kom txo tau lawv cov khoom tsim thiab kev siv.

#CleanSeas

UN Environment Program nyob rau lub Ob Hlis xyoo no tau tshaj tawm kev sib tw thoob ntiaj teb tiv thaiv cov khib nyiab marine "Clean Seas" (hashtag #Clean Seas). Nws yaum kom tsoomfwv pib cov cai los txo cov yas, txo qis kev siv cov ntim yas, thiab hloov cov kev xav ntawm cov neeg siv khoom pov tseg ua ntej cov teebmeem hauv hiav txwv tsis tuaj yeem thim rov qab.

Kaum lub tebchaws tau koom nrog kev sib tw - Belgium, Costa Rica, Fabkis, Grenada, Indonesia, Norway, Panama, Saint Lucia, Sierra Leone thiab Uruguay.

Environmentalists suab lub tswb

Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov pov tseg yas hauv hiav txwv kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau Russia. Piv txwv li, kwv yees li 130 tons ntawm polyethylene cov khoom ntawm tus kheej huv si nkag mus rau hauv lub hiav txwv Baltic dej hiav txwv txhua xyoo nrog cov dej khib nyiab hauv tsev. "Txog li 40 tonnes ntawm microplastics hais me dua 5 hli nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla tau muab pov tseg rau hauv Baltic Hiav Txwv qhov dej hiav txwv txhua xyoo los ntawm kev siv cov khoom xws li ntxuav lub cev, da dej gels thiab tshuaj txhuam hniav," Helsinki Baltic Sea Commission tau hais hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom. "Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias cov khib nyiab hauv hiav txwv muaj ntau dua thiab ntau haiv neeg, peb yuav tsum tau kawm ntev npaum li cas nws thiaj li tawg. Center for Environmental Solutions, tus sawv cev ntawm Clean Baltic coalition. Lub koom haum thov kom txwv tsis pub siv ib lub hnab yas thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam Baltic, vim qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa phem.

Tsis ntev los no, Russia tau pib tham txog kev txo qis kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv cov ntim yas. Ministry of Natural Resources thiab Ib puag ncig yuav txhawb kom cov khw muag khoom hloov mus rau lub hnab ntawv es tsis txhob siv hnab polyethylene, tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam tsev, Sergei Donskoy, tau hais rau lub Rau Hli. "Cov lus nug tsis yog hais txog kev txwv tag nrho, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm ua rau tib lub khw muag khoom hloov mus rau lub hnab ntawv. Thiab, los ntawm txoj kev, peb yuav ua qhov no los ntawm kev siv cov nyiaj them poob haujlwm. Peb kuj muaj cov txheej txheem tswj hwm rau qhov no, "nws hais.

Tus thawj tswj hwm kuj tau hu lub tswv yim ntawm kev txo cov khoom siv yas thiab hloov mus rau cov yas uas tsis zoo rau nws tus kheej yog "ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig".

Ministry of Natural Resources tseem tab tom npaj cov lus thov kom txwv tsis pub siv cov tais diav thiab hnab yas pov tseg hauv thaj chaw tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv, uas suav nrog Sochi thiab Baikal.

Cov kob nyob deb tshaj plaws ntawm kev vam meej yog littered nrog yas

Environmentalists los ntawm UK thiab Australia tau tshawb pom tias ib qho ntawm cov chaw nyob deb tshaj plaws los ntawm kev vam meej - Henderson - yog littered nrog yas. Hauv qee qhov chaw, nws cov concentration yog qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb

Kev ua qias tuaj ntawm ib puag ncig nrog pov tseg ntawm kev vam meej yog qhov teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Ib qho kev phom sij tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv cov pov tseg yas, uas tau muab pov tseg hauv ntau lab tons hauv ib xyoos thiab sib sau rau hauv av thiab hauv dej. Vim nws cov khoom - kev degradation mus sij hawm ntev thiab cov khoom tsis zoo tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm decomposition ntawm cov yas (xws li bisphenol A) - cov khib nyiab yas ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu noj qab haus huv. Raws li kev kwv yees ntxhib ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, tag nrho hauv ntiaj teb cov dej hiav txwv yuav muaj txog 5 trillion daim ntawm cov khib nyiab yas nrog qhov hnyav ntawm 270,000 tons. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), yog tias tib neeg tsis tso cov fwj, hnab thiab khob pov tseg, nrog rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce nrog cov yas microparticles, tom qab 2050 yuav muaj cov yas ntau dua cov ntses hauv ntiaj teb dej hiav txwv.

Ntawm lawv qhov kev ntoj ke mus kawm tshiab, cov neeg ua haujlwm ib puag ncig hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab Australia tau mus xyuas thaj chaw deb Pacific Island of Henderson. Nws yog uninhabited thiab nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm 5,000 km ntawm qhov chaw nyob ze tshaj plaws. Cov neeg (feem ntau yog cov kws tshawb fawb) tuaj xyuas nws ib zaug txhua 5-10 xyoo. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm ntug hiav txwv dej ntawm cov kob no tau pom tias lawv kis tau cov khib nyiab yas siab heev. Qhov nruab nrab, ecologists pom 200-300 yas hais ib 1 m nyob rau hauv cov xuab zeb ntawm ntug hiav txwv dej ntawm cov kob.², cov ntaub ntawv daim duab yog 671 cov khoom yas ib 1 m².

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, raws li kev suav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, vim qhov chaw ntawm cov kob nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev ncig ntawm dej hiav txwv tam sim no, tsawg kawg yog 37.7 lab daim ntawm cov yas uas muaj qhov hnyav tag nrho txog 17.6 tons tau sau rau ntawm nws. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb lawv tus kheej hais tias, lawv tau tswj kom pom tsuas yog qhov pom ntawm "iceberg" ntawm cov khoom ntim yas ntawm cov kob: lawv tsis tau tshuaj xyuas cov xuab zeb ntug hiav txwv dej tob tshaj 10 cm thiab nyuaj rau ncav cuag thaj chaw ntawm cov kob. Thiab, raws li ecologists pom, txhua txhua hnub nyob rau hauv tsuas yog ib cheeb tsam ntawm cov kob, nyob rau 10th seem ntawm North Beach, dej hiav txwv tam sim no coj mus txog rau 268 tshiab particles.

"Dab tsi tshwm sim ntawm Henderson Island qhia tau hais tias tsis muaj txoj hauv kev kom tsis txhob muaj kuab paug yas txawm tias nyob hauv thaj chaw deb tshaj plaws ntawm peb cov dej hiav txwv. Cov khib nyiab yas kuj tseem txaus ntshai rau ntau hom marine, vim lawv nkag mus rau hauv nws lossis nqos nws. Cov khib nyiab kuj tsim ib qho kev thaiv lub cev rau kev nkag mus ntawm cov tsiaj, xws li cov vaub kib hiav txwv, mus rau ntug hiav txwv dej, thiab tseem txo cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntug dej hiav txwv invertebrates, "ecologists sau hauv lawv txoj haujlwm.

Cov kev tshawb fawb no tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

Yav dhau los, cov kws tshawb fawb ib puag ncig pom tias Arctic tau hloov mus rau hauv cov pov tseg ntawm cov pov tseg yas los ntawm Atlantic.

Cov ntses dej ntsev tau siv los noj cov yas

Ntses hauv dej hiav txwv tau yoog txij thaum yau los noj cov khoom pov tseg yas, zoo li cov menyuam yaus tau siv los noj zaub mov tsis zoo.

Cov kws tshawb fawb Swedish tau pom tias muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm polystyrene hais hauv dej hiav txwv ua rau lawv nyiam seabass kib.

Lawv tsab xov xwm hais txog qhov no tau luam tawm hauv phau ntawv Journal Science.

Yog li ntawd, qhov no slows down lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab ua rau lawv yooj yim mus rau predators, cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau thov kom txwv tsis pub siv cov yas microbeads hauv cov khoom kom zoo nkauj.

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, muaj ntau thiab ntau lub cim ceeb toom ntawm kev nce ntxiv ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yas hauv dej hiav txwv.

Raws li kev tshawb fawb luam tawm xyoo tas los, txog li 8 lab tons ntawm cov yas nkag mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv txhua xyoo.

Raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm hluav taws xob ultraviolet, cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv qhov cuam tshuam ntawm nthwv dej, cov khib nyiab yas no sai sai rau hauv cov khoom me me.

Cov khoom me dua 5 hli yog hu ua microplastics. Lub sij hawm tseem suav nrog microbeads siv hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce xws li tshuaj txhuam hniav, cov khoom siv exfoliating, lossis cov gels ntxuav.

Biologists tau ceeb toom ntev ntev tias cov microparticles tuaj yeem tsim nyob rau hauv lub plab zom mov ntawm cov tsiaj hauv hiav txwv thiab tso cov tshuaj lom.

Cov kws tshawb fawb Swedish tau ua ntau qhov kev sim uas lawv tau txheeb xyuas qhov kev loj hlob ntawm seabass kib los ntawm kev pub lawv cov yas microparticles ntawm ntau qhov ntau.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj xws li hais, kwv yees li 96% ntawm cov qe tau ntse hloov mus rau hauv kib. Nyob rau hauv cov dej reservoirs nrog ib tug siab concentration ntawm microplastics, qhov ntsuas no txo mus rau 81%.

Cov kib uas tau yug los hauv cov dej khib nyiab zoo li no tau me me, txav mus qeeb dua thiab muaj peev xwm taug kev tsis zoo rau lawv qhov chaw nyob, hais tias pab pawg thawj coj Dr. Una Lonnstedt ntawm University of Uppsala.

Thaum ntsib cov tsiaj nyeg, kwv yees li 50% ntawm cov ntses loj hlob hauv dej huv tau muaj sia nyob rau 24 teev. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kib tsa hauv cov tso tsheb hlau luam nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm microparticles tuag thaum tib lub sijhawm.

Tab sis qhov xav tsis thoob tshaj plaws rau cov kws tshawb fawb yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev nyiam noj zaub mov, uas hloov pauv hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab ntawm cov ntses nyob.

"Txhua tus kib muaj peev xwm pub tau zooplankton, tab sis lawv nyiam noj cov khoom yas. Nws zoo li cov yas muaj tshuaj lom neeg los yog lub cev zoo nkauj uas txhawb nqa kev noj zaub mov hauv cov ntses," hais tias Dr. Lonnstedt.

"Raws li kev hais lus, yas ua rau lawv xav tias qhov no yog qee yam khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Qhov no zoo ib yam li tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas uas nyiam ua rau lawv lub plab nrog txhua yam tsis muaj tseeb," - tus kws tshawb fawb ntxiv.

Cov kws sau ntawv ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb koom nrog qhov txo qis ntawm cov ntses hom xws li seabass thiab pike hauv hiav txwv Baltic dhau 20 xyoo dhau los nrog kev nce hauv kev tuag ntawm cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov tsiaj no. Lawv sib cav tias yog tias cov yas microparticles cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov menyuam yaus ntses hauv ntau hom, ces qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau marine ecosystems.

Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, kev siv cov yas microbeads hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj pleev ib ce twb raug txwv, thiab hauv Tebchaws Europe muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntxiv rau qhov kev txwv zoo sib xws.

"Nws tsis yog hais txog cov khoom lag luam, nws tsuas yog hais txog cov tshuaj pleev ib ce - mascara thiab qee cov lipsticks," hais tias Dr. Lonnstedt.

Hauv tebchaws Aas Kiv, tseem muaj cov suab nrov ntawm tsoomfwv qib ntawm cov neeg uas tawm tswv yim qhia txog kev txwv tsis pub muaj microbeads ua ntej qhov no yuav ua tiav hauv European Union.