Tub rog-keeb kwm tso dag. Ntu 2

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los "Hochma" kuv casually kov raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm "antique" artillery - pov siege tshuab, catapults, ballistae thiab lwm yam. Tab sis tom qab saib ze ntawm lub ncauj lus no, qhov nthuav tshaj plaws, ib tus yuav hais tias, cov lus qhia muaj kua! Nov yog qhov xav paub: cov peev txheej thaum ub muaj tag nrho ntawm cov duab kos thiab kos duab, kev tsis zoo thiab keeb kwm yav dhau los, piav qhia txog cov phom loj thiab cov phom sij ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Kev xav, kev coj tus cwj pwm, kev sib xyaw - txhua yam tsis muaj nqis, tab sis tsawg kawg ntawm cov phom yog pom tau. Ntau lossis tsawg. Tab sis, tsis muaj qhov tsis muaj zog, cov menyuam yaus kos duab ntawm ballistae thiab catapults! Yog hais tias nws yog catapult, ces cov kev cai ntawm kev faib ua feem yog nruj me ntsis raws li cov nqaij ntshiv ntawm caj npab thiab nraub qaum ntawm legionnaires, twisting lub "loading gate", bulge nyob rau hauv nyem thiab anatomically kom raug, nees yog terrifyingly rearing, thiab lwm yam..

Yog vim li cas?

Cov lus teb ntawm "knights" KVI - Canonical Version ntawm Keeb Kwm - npaj txhij: lub Roman faj tim teb chaws poob nyob rau hauv lub blows ntawm nomads, Teb chaws Europe plunged rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov, tom qab uas cov Europeans yuav tsum rov kawm nyeem, sau thiab ua lawv tej yam ntuj tso xav tau kev pab … Nrog rau kev kos duab, ntawm chav kawm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv ntawm peb cov keeb kwm, cov duab zoo nkauj piav qhia txog cov "pob zeb pov tseg" thaum ub tau raug cai nrog cov duab qub qub ntawm cov neeg tua neeg medieval artillerymen.

Okay, cia peb mus ntawm lwm qhov kawg. Cov archaeologically ntseeg tau nyob qhov twg? "Antique" (zoo li medieval!) Pob zeb pov tshuab? Lawv tsis pom. Raws nraim, raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm triremes, uas lawv decks tau liam tias decorated nrog cov ballistas.

Qhov ntawd yog qhov nthuav: archaeologists muaj scrapers thiab cutters ntawm Paleolithic nyob rau hauv lub arsenal, archaeologists muaj harpoons thiab hmuv ntawm lub Neolithic, lawv kuj muaj swords-daggers ntawm Bronze Age. Txawm tias cov fossilized excrement ntawm Silurian trilobite nyob ntawd. Tab sis, tsis ntev los no cov pob zeb pov tseg tsis yog - raws li txiav tawm. Yog tias muaj tsheb sib ntaus sib tua nyob qhov twg, kuv paub tseeb tias: remake … Ntxiv mus, tsis haum rau kev ua.

Yu. Shokarev (“Lub keeb kwm ntawm riam phom. Artillery"), piav txog lub sij hawm "catapult" nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm artillery, nws mam li nco dheev hais nrog bewilderment tias nrog archaeological pov thawj ntawm lub ntsiab lus no, qhov teeb meem yog, muab nws me ntsis, muaj teeb meem. Zoo li, ib zaug ib cov lus tau tshwm sim txog qhov kev iab liam nrhiav pom ntawm qhov seem ntawm ib qho qub ballista, tab sis, raws li kev soj ntsuam ze dua, lawv tau dhau los ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tias nws tau txiav txim siab, tawm ntawm kev txhaum, tsis xav txog lawv ze. Thiab txawm zoo dua - tsis txhob saib tag nrho thiab ua txuj tias lawv tsis pom dab tsi.

Lossis koj tuaj yeem mus ntawm qhov kawg thib peb. Yog tsis muaj pov thawj ncaj qha tseg, tej zaum muaj indirect? Oddly txaus, lawv nyob. Qhov no - cov phab ntsa tib yam, tawm tsam uas, qhov tseeb, tag nrho cov hu ua pob zeb throwers tau mastering.

Peb yuav tsis to taub ib yam dab tsi yog tias peb tsis xav txog keeb kwm ntawm fortification hauv dynamics. Muaj ib tug ciam teb meej heev: lub xyoo pua 15th, lub thib ob ib nrab. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub fortifications tau pib "nthuav rau hauv av" sai sai thiab "ntev tawm hauv dav". Cov pob zeb siab lossis cov phab ntsa cib tig mus rau hauv cov av tuab tuab, cov yees - rau hauv tetrahedral bastions-bastions, kuj qis, tuab-walled, earthen. Thaum kawg, lub fortress phab ntsa, raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm vaj tse thiab npog cov riflemen, kom nyob rau lub sij hawm ntev.

Txij li thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, lub fortress, lub fort yog ib tug system ntawm me me (pom me me, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv nws yog tag nrho ntawm pob zeb, riam phom thiab complex kev pab cuam lub neej, tej zaum kuj ua nyob rau hauv ob los yog peb tiers; - Kuv pom nws tus kheej.), tsis tshua muaj neeg poob rau hauv av thiab superbly camouflaged fortifications, nruab nrog rab phom tshuab thiab ceev-hluav taws caponier cannons. Los ntawm caponier mus rau caponier tsis muaj qhov txuas txuas ntxiv ntawm cov neeg sib ntaus sib tua raws tus escarp lossis rampart. Tus ncej nws tus kheej nrog lub moat tsuas yog ib qho txhais tau tias ncua kev tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab infantry rau lub vib nas this uas lub tshuab phom flanking lub moat yuav tsum tau txiav nws tawm. Lub phab ntsa pob zeb siab tau raug hloov los ntawm cov phab ntsa tsis pom ntawm cov mos txwv thiab cov phom tua phom. Ntawm chav kawm, ua ke nrog earthworks thiab barbed hlau. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias cov hlau yog txhawb los ntawm "paub-yuav ua li cas" ntawm General Karbyshev: nuv ntses hooks ntawm steel leashes. Ib qho tsis kaj siab heev, koj paub.

Kuv tham txog dab tsi? Kuv tab tom tham txog rab phom siege.

Ua ntej nws tshwm sim, engineers-fortifiers, raws li nws yog, tsis txawm paub txog lub hav zoov ntawm lwm yam riam phom ntev. Tag nrho cov "antique" thiab "Medieval" phab ntsa no yog cov qauv kev tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm nkaus xwb. Hais lus ntxhib, lub laj kab siab dua, nws nyuaj rau nce. Ntawm chav kawm, nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau lo ib tug cobblestone los ntawm ib tug pob zeb thrower mus rau hauv ib tug siab "lub laj kab". Tab sis cov fortifiers, rau qee qhov laj thawj, tsis quav ntsej txhua, tsis zoo li lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, uas yuav tsum tau tsim lub fortifications tiv thaiv cannons. Lawv paub tias nws tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem lawv cov phab ntsa, thiab yog li ntawd lawv tau muab lawv tso rau ntawm tsib thiab kaum meters siab - lub hom phiaj zoo heev rau "thaum ub artillery". Thiab lub thickness ntawm cov phab ntsa tsuas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau muaj kev ruaj ntseg: lub tsev siab dua, qhov loj dua ntawm nws lub hauv paus yuav tsum yog.

Tab sis tus thawj coj ntawm peb lub tswv yim siege corps paub nws! Nws yuav tsum paub: txwv tsis pub nws tsuas yog tsis tau raug xaiv tsa rau txoj haujlwm no. Thiab qhov ntawd, nrog kev tu siab, nws rub lub colossus hnyav rau ntawm cov nyuj, dab ntxwg nyoog paub los ntawm qhov twg, thiab nrog kev cia siab tsis muaj zog nws tso cov ceg txheem ntseeg tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab pob zeb rau hauv phab ntsa? Thiab ib tug tej yam duke, nyiaj txiag rau tag nrho cov phiaj los nqis tes, nrog nws ob txhais tes folded rau ntawm nws lub plab, calmly saib raws li nws cov nyiaj tau tso tawm rau saum huab cua? Dab tsi yog absurdity!

Cia peb sim ua qhov teeb meem los ntawm qhov kawg plaub, uas yog, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm physics. Wb nug: Puas yog nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub tshuab pov tseg zoo li no?yog li ntawd nws tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov phab ntsa tiv thaiv, hais tias, xyoo pua 12th nrog pob zeb thiab ceg txheem ntseeg?

Kev coj ua niaj hnub engineers qhia tau tias Tsis muaj … Saum toj no, kuv twb tau hais txog qhov kev sim ntawm American engineers los tsim ua haujlwm replicas ntawm "stone throwers" commissioned los ntawm filmmakers. Nws tsis ua hauj lwm tawm. Yog vim li cas - tsis muaj qhov pov tseg ntawm medieval thiab "antique" masters ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau lub hom phiaj no … Kuv yuav tsum tsis kam tsim "ballistas" thiab lwm yam gibberish siv cov hlua roj hmab, cov khoom elastic ua los ntawm cov hlau niaj hnub thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws.

Los ntawm phau ntawv mus rau phau ntawv wanders ib lub ballad hais txog kev mob siab rau ntawm qee tus poj niam, cov neeg nyob hauv ib lub nroog uas nyob ze, uas, nyob rau hauv ib tug haum ntawm patriotism, pub lawv cov plaub hau rau cov tiv thaiv, liam rau "kev tu" ntawm pob zeb pov. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam no yog ntaus nqi rau cov neeg hauv nroog ntawm Carthage, lossis rau cov poj niam ntawm Montsegur, lossis rau lwm tus. Ntxiv mus, nws ib txwm ua raws li los ntawm cov ntsiab lus hais tias cov plaub hau uas tau hais tseg tau mus raws nraim rau cov khoom siv ntawm qee yam "ballista". Lub caij no, nws paub zoo tias poj niam plaub hau yog qhov zoo heev rau kev ua bowstrings. Kuv tsis paub, yeem los yog tsis, tab sis cov poj niam tau txiav plaub hau rau archers thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv …

Los yog tej zaum cov "Ancient Greeks" muaj nylon fiber ntau?

Txhua yam zoo! - KVIs qhia peb. Lawv paub cov kev tshwj xeeb no, xws li ntub dej lossis ziab txhua yam ntawm cov hlab ntsha lossis cov hnyuv, tom qab ntawd xaws lawv nrog cov poj niam cov plaub hau thiab cov tawv nqaij tawv tawv, tom qab ntawd muab cov xo horns thiab yuav luag ib lub whalebone, feem ntau, lawv txhua tus ua haujlwm raws li nws yuav tsum tau ua. ! Thiab ces, historians sigh tu siab, qhov zais cia tau hopelessly ploj …

Qhov no tsis yog Cov dabneeg ntawm Poob zais zais (SUS) twb tau daig nws hauv kuv cov hniav ntau heev uas nws piv tau, tej zaum, tsuas yog nrog Ballad of the Unknown Nomad (saib saum toj). Qee lub sij hawm koj xav tsis thoob ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm theem pib ntawm cov neeg uas, los ntawm kev txhais, yuav tsum yog erudites, yam tsawg kawg ntawm sab saum toj. Zoo, koj tsis tas yuav mus rau hauv qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis, yam tsawg kawg suav nrog lawv cov txiaj ntsig! Yog li ntau yam tsis tau tsav mus rau hauv SUS qeb - Damascus steel thiab Zlatoust damask steel, Inca hniav nyiaj hniav kub kos duab thiab ib kem hlau hauv Delhi.

Thiab cov goofs tsis paub, tiag tiag, koj tuaj yeem khaws tsis tau lwm lo lus uas ib tus kws sau ntawv medieval blacksmith-empiricist tsis tuaj yeem paub ntau dua li tag nrho lub koom haum tshawb fawb metallurgical, thiab nws tsis tshwm sim rau lawv los saib rau hauv lub koom haum tshawb fawb rau. ib teev, kom ntes tau qee tus MNS hauv chav haus luam yeeb thiab nug me ntsis. Thiab kuv yuav tau piav qhia rau lawv cov lus hais saum toj no MNS tias kev tsim khoom siv tshuab, hais tias, "Damascus" steel yog, hauv paus ntsiab lus, yooj yim, tab sis lub sijhawm devilishly siv thiab siv sijhawm ntau, yog tias koj xav tau, koj tuaj yeem bungle, tab sis nws yuav raug nqi zoo nkauj npaum li ntawd, nws yuav siv sij hawm ntau heev uas nws yooj yim dua rau xaj riam, hais, los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Peb yuav ua kom nws kaum zaus sai dua thiab kaum zaus pheej yig dua, thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov hniav yuav ntau dua. Nws tsuas yog hais tias lub ntsej muag damask zoo nkauj dua, nws polished nto zoo li "wavy", uas yog tag nrho. Thiab kuv yuav qhia koj txog tus ncej Delhi. Thiab Zlatoust bulat tsis txawm xav tias yuav ploj mus nyob qhov twg; rau hnub no, tub ceev xwm daggers thiab ceremonial broadwords yog forged los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv tib Zlatoust. Kuv muaj ib tug dagger. Hlau yog ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb, txawm tias koj txiav iav.

Txawm li cas los xij, ceg txheem ntseeg thiab pob zeb tau pib ya ntawm qee lub sijhawm … Tab sis yuav ua li cas ya? Nws tsis txaus los pov lub projectile rau lub hom phiaj. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog tias thaum kawg ntawm txoj kev taug kev nws khaws lub zog txaus kom tawg los yog tsawg kawg ua kev puas tsuaj rau qhov cuam tshuam. Nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv, nws yog ib tug medieval ("antique") fortress phab ntsa. Xws li ib lub phab ntsa muaj ob phab ntsa ua los ntawm cov pob zeb blocks los yog cib, nrog ib tug tuab ntawm ib 'meter' los yog ntau tshaj, nrog cross-braces thiab caisson compartments uas muaj densely compacted av.

Kinetic zog ntawm lub projectile txhais tau tias yog ib nrab ntawm cov khoom ntawm nws pawg los ntawm lub xwmfab ntawm nws qhov nrawm thaum lub sijhawm sib tsoo nrog ib qho kev khuam siab. Yog li, lub plhaub ntawm cinematic catapults tsis muaj lub zog zoo li no!

Piv txwv li, cov legionnaires, quaj, pw ntau npaum li nees nkaum-kilogram cobblestone nyob rau hauv lub thoob catapult. Kuv coj nws thawj zaug ceev ntawm 50 m / s, tsis muaj ntxiv, thiab yog vim li cas: nyob rau hauv lub thav duab ntawm films, nws yog zoo kawg nkaus pom nyob rau hauv lub davhlau. Kuv muaj sijhawm los tua ntau heev los ntawm GP-25 grenade launcher; thawj zaug ya davhlau ceev ntawm nws grenade yog 76 m / s. Tus neeg tua neeg - lossis tus neeg soj ntsuam saib ntawm nws lub xub pwg - pom cov grenade rau ib feem ntawm ib pliag, txij li nws txoj kab ntawm qhov pom tshwm sim nrog txoj kab ntuav ntawm lub grenade launcher. Hauv lwm lo lus, lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub grenade txheeb ze rau tus tua yog xoom. Tab sis nws tsim nyog hloov me ntsis mus rau sab thiab koj yuav tsis pom cov grenade hauv davhlau. Yog li - 50 m / s thiab tsis muaj ntxiv.

Peb muaj: lub zog kinetic ntawm peb lub tswv yim cobblestone thaum lub sijhawm txhaj tshuaj 25 kj … Puas yog ntau lossis tsawg? Muaj ib yam los sib piv! Ib daim duab zoo sib xws rau 23-mm Shilka anti-aircraft phom - 115 kj … Ntau tshaj plaub zaug ntawd. Thiab txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias npau suav ntawm kev siv rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau los tsoo, hais tias, phab ntsa ntawm lub cib zoo tib yam "Khrushchev" - peb lub cib - tsis tsim nyog. Kuv muaj caij nyoog sim. Koj tuaj yeem "xiav" los ntawm kev ua kom tawg ntev ntawm tsib caug lub plhaub rau hauv tib qhov chaw, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tseeb ntawm sniper, uas tsuas yog muab los ntawm rab phom tsis siv neeg riam phom nrog nws qhov tseeb ntawm hluav taws! Kuv tsis txawm hais lus rau Kremlin phab ntsa.

Thiab nws tsis muaj teeb meem txhua yam uas qhov hnyav ntawm 23-mm projectile yog 200 g, thiab qhov hnyav ntawm lub pob zeb yog 20 kg: nws tsis yog qhov hnyav nws tus kheej uas tseem ceeb, tab sis zog … Ntxiv mus, vim nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws, los ntawm qhov pom ntawm aerodynamics, cov duab, cov pob zeb no yuav poob sai sai hauv kev ya davhlau thiab yuav tsoo rau hauv phab ntsa tag nrho. Thiab yog tias koj nqa lub pob zeb loj dua? Tab sis nws yuav ya qeeb dua, thiab kev nrawm yuav poob sai dua vim qhov loj geometric qhov ntev nrog tib yam tsis ua tiav. Tej zaum nws yuav tsis ncav cuag lub hom phiaj kiag li.

Okay, dab tsi txog cov ceg txheem ntseeg? Thiab txawm phem dua. Lub projectile, nrog rau lwm yam, yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov khoom, lub zog mechanical uas, yam tsawg kawg yog tsis inferior rau lub zog ntawm lub barrier … Nrog ib daim ntoo - hla lub pob zeb?! Thiab yog hais tias qhov kawg yog khi nrog hlau? Thiab yog hais tias koj txuas ib tug tuab, haib pob qhov rooj? ne: pes! Xws li ib tug " xub" feem ntau flops txoj cai nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub ballista, thiab txawm cripples ib tug ntawm nws tus kheej.

Okay, tus yeeb ncuab tsis txaus siab, thiab cov lauj kaub ntawm cov kua nplaum? Tsis yog "flamethrower"? Thiab nrog dab tsi, qhov tseeb, kua? Tag nrho cov kua dej niaj hnub thiab cov hluav taws kub sib xyaw ua ke yog tsim los ntawm lub teeb, nplaim taws, hom roj av … Roj Crude rau lub lag luam no, oddly txaus, yog siv me ntsis; Kuv tsis xav kom clutter li qhov kev nthuav qhia, yog li kuv tsuas yog hais tias nws teeb tsa tsis txaus siab heev thiab hlawv sluggishly kom txog thaum nws sov, thiab lub sijhawm no nws tuaj yeem tua tau yooj yim, thiab oh, nws nyob hauv lub lauj kaub me me npaum li cas. Ib qho zaub roj? Tab sis nws tseem kim heev txawm tias tam sim no, nrog cov thev naus laus zis ua liaj ua teb niaj hnub, thiab, dua li (dab tsi txaj muag!), Nws tsis hlawv los ntawm nws tus kheej: peb xav tau cab, wick uas yuav pab kom sov thiab evaporate. Yog li, thov qhia kuv ib qho antique cracking kab.

Yog lawm, peb tau nchuav qee cov khib nyiab uas muaj hluav taws kub hnyiab rau hauv lub pitcher, thauj nws mus rau hauv lub catapult, muab nws tso rau ntawm qhov hluav taws kub thiab rub lub trigger … qhov twg cov roj yuav xaus rau hauv ib pliag? Txoj cai, ntawm peb lub taub hau … Peb puas xav tau nws?

Hais luv luv, nws yog txhua yam tsis muaj tseeb … Niaj hnub nimno napalm foob pob siv lub percussion fuse rau ignite cov hluav taws sib tov, ib tug explosive nqi los rhuav tshem lub hull, thiab ib tug igniter uas instantly ua ib tug ultra-siab kub kom vaporize thiab ignite cov sib tov.

Koj tuaj yeem, ntawm chav kawm, tsuas yog pov cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Tab sis, tom qab tag nrho, lawv yuav tsis ya mus deb: lub teeb, nrog huab cua tsis kam … Tam sim no, tsuas yog peb tuaj yeem muab lawv cov duab zoo nkauj aerodynamic! Qhov no twb tau ua lawm. Peb tsim ib lub tuam txhab ntawm archers thiab faib rau txhua tus quiver ntawm incendiary xub. Qhov hluav taws kub ntau yog siab dua li ntawm ib qho hnyav flamethrower. Tus nqi hluav taws yog immeasurably siab dua. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, ntau qhov hluav taws kub tau tsim sai thiab pheej yig. Ib tug xub - nws yog me me, nimble, taug qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm txhua tus - los ntawm ntau pua! - Nws yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb, thiab ib qho xub tsis pom nyob rau lub sijhawm muab qhov hluav taws kub. Yog li vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau kev kho tsis zoo, yog tias muaj siv tau?!

Qee qhov "flamethrower pipes" sawv sib nrug me ntsis hauv keeb kwm fabrications txog thaum ub flamethrowing. Cov neeg keeb kwm sim ua kom lawv tus kheej thiab lwm tus neeg hais tias peb tab tom tham txog "classical" flamethrowing, uas yog, lub dav hlau ntawm cov kua hluav taws xob. Ntawm chav kawm, lawv pom lub flamethrower nyob rau hauv kev ua - nyob rau hauv tub rog newsreels. Tab sis piv txwv li, V. N. Shunkova "Roob phom ntawm Red Army" thiab nyeem nyob rau hauv nws cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm tus flamethrower, lawv tsis tshua thab, txwv tsis pub lawv yuav tsis tau sau tsis muaj tseeb. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov classic flamethrower - cua lub tog raj kheej nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm 100-200 atm … Yog tias "Hellenes", tso siab rau qib ntawm metallurgy ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tuaj yeem ua lub tank bronze tsim rau lub siab, ces lawv yuav them li cas? Los ntawm tes furs? Tsis lom zem.

Tab sis cov lus teb nyob ntawm qhov chaw. "Trumpet Throwing Fire" - nws yog qhov yooj yim Ib rab phom, xws li cov neeg soj ntsuam uas tsis accustomed rau qhov pom no pom nws. Cov hmoov phom ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, yog qhov tsis zoo, tsis muaj sijhawm los hlawv tag nrho hauv lub thoob, thiab rab phom, qhov tseeb, tau nthuav tawm cov nplaim nplaim taws. Cov tam sim no zoo propellants muab ib tug yuav luag flameless txhaj. Thiab qhov ntawd yog nws: cov ntawv "antique", hais txog "flamethrower trumpets", yam xyuam xim sab laug qhov twg nws yuav tsum yog - nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog.

Tseem muaj ntau cov mos txwv txawvzoo li lub lauj kaub dej phwj thiab cov neeg tuag ntawm cov neeg mob. Nws tsuas yog riam phom tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Txawm peb muab ib daim kub rau ob peb tus neeg ruam thiaj li coj tau ib lub cev tuag mus rau "roj teeb", yuav ua li cas pov ib lub cev tuag 70-80-kilogram hla tus yeeb ncuab phab ntsa?! Dab tsi ntawm catapult xav tau?! Yog vim li cas, lawv tsis yog neeg vwm zaum ntawm sab nraud, lawv yuav paub tias qhov teeb meem tsis huv thiab lawv yuav hu xov tooj rau cov kws kho mob thiab cov neeg tuag cev xeeb tub. Thiab lawv paub yuav ua li cas. Qhov tseeb, qhov tseeb, qhov txaus ntshai heev tsis yog lub cev tuag ntawm cov neeg tuag los ntawm cov kab mob, tab sis tag nrho cov ciaj sia thiab cov neeg muaj kev noj qab haus huv sab nraud uas, nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm incubation, tsis txawm xav tias lawv muaj tus kab mob. Kuv pom zoo tias peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tsis zoo ntawm microbiologists, tab sis lawv paub yuav ua li cas ntsuas kev cais tawm. Yog li no thesis tsis ua haujlwm ib yam.

Thaum kawg, lub sij hawm heev pob zeb thrower. "Lub Pob Zeb Pov Pob", tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Catapult - qhov tseeb txhais los ntawm Latin: "thrower", tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Thiab yog li ntawd txhua qhov chaw! "Leto-bola" los ntawm Greek: "cov cuab yeej uas cuam tshuam rau pob zeb." Tsis muaj qhov twg - tsis yog ib qho lus qhia ntawm kev siv cov ntsiab lus elastic. Tab sis tom qab tag nrho, cov cannonballs ntawm thawj cannons yog ua los ntawm pob zeb! Txhais?!

Cia kuv ua lus me me.… Tag nrho cov saum toj no yuav tsum tsis muaj txhais tau tias yuav tsum to taub zoo li yog phom tshwm nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Tau kawg tsis. Tsuas yog los ntawm lub sijhawm no, qhov kev loj hlob zoo ntawm lub zog ntawm cov phom loj tau mus txog theem uas nws ua rau lub neej ntawm cov phab ntsa siab heev uas ua tsis tau thiab tsis tsim nyog. Cov phom nrog lawv sai heev. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, dua, qhov zoo tshaj plaws leap hauv kev txhim kho ntawm fortification architecture nyuam qhuav tshwm sim. Cov phom tau tshwm sim ntau dhau los, tab sis rau gnawing "ib txwm" phab ntsa lawv siv sijhawm ntau thiab siv nyiaj ntau heev ntawm mos txwv. Zoo ib yam li Anglo-Fabkis-Turkish invaders nyob ze Sevastopol xyoo 1855-1856: keeb kwm rov ua nws tus kheej ntawm qib tshiab zoo. Thiab los ntawm txoj kev, nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th yog raws nraim qhov kev ntes ntawm Constantinople los ntawm Suleiman lub Magnificent, nyob rau hauv uas lawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj. siege cannons.

Nws yog tom qab qhov no uas cov fortifiers tau xav txog: yog tias cov phab ntsa tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus, nws txhais tau tias ib yam dab tsi tshiab yuav tsum tau tsim sai sai. Thiab cov Italians yog thawj zaug xav txog nws, raws li ib tug ntawm cov ze tshaj neeg sib tw rau lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub tom ntej no Turkish onslaught (saib V. V. Yakovlev. "Keeb kwm ntawm Fortresses").

General xaus lus tso dag 2: Tsis muaj "antique", tsis muaj "medieval" tsheb sib ntaus sib tua, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog raws li kev siv qee yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus elastic, tsuas yog tsis muaj nyob. Tsuas muaj ib tug hneev nti, tus ntoo khaub lig… thiab yog tag nrho. Lo lus nug: lawv tuaj qhov twg los? Hauv kev nkag siab, hauv cov duab - yuav ua li cas thiaj paub meej tam sim no, lub sijhawm ntawm Renaissance thiab tom qab ntawd?

Muaj kev xav. Peb yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse artist / kws tshawb fawb / inventor Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519).

Leonardo

Kuv tau sau npe, sau npe rau hauv phau ntawv tshaj tawm hauv tsev "Terra" thiab tam sim no kuv tau txais nqi zog rau kuv qhov kev mob siab rau "nyiaj tshwj xeeb" - phau ntawv dawb. Nws hu ua "Leonardo's World". Tus kws sau ntawv (ib qho Robert Wallace) tsis khuv xim qhov kev xav ntawm lub siab xav pleev xim Leonardo zoo npaum li cas. Nws yuav zoo dua yog tias nws tsis ua nws, ncaj ncees. Vim tias qhov tshwm sim yog qhov sib txawv, tsawg kawg yog tias koj nyeem phau ntawv, thiab tsis yog nplooj ntoo los ntawm cov duab xwb. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv 67 xyoo ntawm lub neej, ib tug ntse heev ua hauj lwm ntau npaum li cas 12 daim duab … Tsis ntau rau classic, tab sis nws tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, "hlau" belongs rau da Vinci tus txhuam nkaus xwb ob tug ntawm lawv: "La Gioconda" uas tau teeb tsa cov hniav ntawm ntug, dhau qhov "txhua tus neeg kab lis kev cai" yuav tsum txaus siab rau lub siab thiab "Kev Cai Cai Cai" uas txawm tias cov neeg thuam thuam txaj muag hu ua "kev ua yuam kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm tus kws ua yeeb yam zoo." Cov teej tug ntawm cov seem ntawm cov paintings yog txhais raws li nram no: Qhov no yog hais txog lub portrait ntawm Cecilia Gallerani, tus poj niam ntawm Duke ntawm Sforza. Qhov kev sib cav yog, ntawm chav kawm, irrefutable. Qhov ntawd yuav tau curled ib qho ermine rau hauv lub pob thiab qhov ntawd yog nws, thiab tsis yog Leonardo lawm.

Tus so yog ntau indistinct, txawm ntau unintelligible. Yog, thiab "La Gioconda" … Kuv, ntawm chav kawm, tus kheej lub tswv yim thiab kuv tsis yuam nws rau leej twg, tab sis taw tes-dawb kuv tsis pom dab tsi tawm ntawm qhov dog dig. Tsis zoo nkauj ntxim nyiam ntawm ib tug poj niam nrog ib tug twisted cramping qhov ncauj. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj tsawg kawg yog yim ntawm lawv - "monza" thiab tag nrho tsis tau kos npe. Vim li cas raws nraim Louvre portrait belongs rau txhuam ntawm "zoo"?

"Kev cai raus dej" nyob rau hauv dav dav, ib tug tag nrho npau suav phem, yog hais tias tsis blasphemy. Tsuas yog ib tug neeg nyiam sib deev tuaj yeem piav txog Yauhas tus neeg ua kev cai raus dej, tus kws qhia ntawv, ua neeg zoo thiab ua neeg zoo, raws li ib tug hluas nkauj nyiam sib deev, uas tus maestro, pom tau tias, yog, txij li thaum nws tau siv nws lub neej tag nrho raws li ib tug poj niam khaws cia nrog ib tug los yog lwm tus ntawm kev sib deev tsw ntxhiab tsw. magnate.

Tab sis titan tau sau ib qho fresco ("Lub Xeem Noj Mov"). Zoo, kuv twb tau sau, yog li kuv sau, qhov pom qhov muag mob! Tsuas yog nws tam sim ntawd peeled thiab crumbled. Thiab tsis muaj dab tsi sab laug tab sis "amazing tones". Tom qab ntawd, lub fresco tau rov sau dua los ntawm lwm tus kws kos duab ntau dua ib zaug. Lo lus nug yog, Leonardo nyob qhov twg? Plaster, lawv hais, yog los liam. Yog, nws tsis yog lub plaster uas yuav liam, tab sis cov titanium, leej twg tsis paub dab tsi yog ib tug neeg pleev kob ntawm qeb 3rd yuav tsum paub nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv vocational: qhov twg nws twb muaj peev xwm pleev xim rau, thiab nyob qhov twg lwm yam. tsis yog, vim nws tsis tau qhuav tawm thiab nrog dab tsi los prime nws kom nws tsis poob tawm hauv tsib feeb.

Tshaj tawm ntawm no thiab muaj kev nplua nuj thoob plaws hauv phau ntawv - qhib khob noom cookie! - qhia ncaj qha tias tus maestro yog tub nkeeg, tsis sib sau ua ke, nws tsis paub yuav ua li cas npaj nws txoj hauj lwm thiab tsis xav … Meanwhile, nws tau ntev tau sau tseg tias genius yog 1% ntawm cov txuj ci thiab 99% ntawm hws. Thaj, Leonardo muaj txuj ci, tab sis lub luminary categorically tsis xav ua hauj lwm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau nyob dav, tsuas yog thaum muaj hnub nyoog laus xwb yuav tsum tau nqaim hauv kev thov; khaws cia cov tub qhe thiab nees (raws li cov ntsiab lus medieval, kev zoo siab heev, lub cim ntawm kev muaj koob muaj npe!), tso cai rau nws tus kheej ntau yam kev piav qhia dav dav (uas ib txwm xav tau nyiaj). Dab ntxwg nyoog: nws khaws ib tug me nyuam tub zoo, yuav nws ris thiab tsho … Tus me nyuam tub nyiag los ntawm tus tswv txawm nws tau txais, thiab tus tswv tsuas sighed nkag siab thiab txuas ntxiv mus yuav velvet ris … mus txog rau thaum nws kawg ua pa.

Daim duab looms repulsive, tab sis rau psychiatrists thiab sexopathologists nws yog heev paub: ib tug pederast nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm lwm tus neeg, nplua nuj pederast, rau lub hom phiaj ntawm decency nws yog teev raws li ib tug neeg, xyaum ua tej yam, tab sis tau txais nyiaj rau cov kev pab cuam sib txawv kiag li. "Rau tus ntsuj plig" muaj ib tug hluas pederastic, tsis xav tau los ntawm nws, nyob rau hauv lem, txhua yam tangible ua hauj lwm thiab zam txim rau nws me me tsis muaj zog xws li kleptomania. Nyob thiab vam meej. Thiab thaum kawg ntawm qhov no cov laus hwm ped Nws hloov tawm los tsis muaj kev siv tshwj xeeb rau leej twg, thiab yog li ntawd nws yuav tsum coj nrog Francis kuv (?). Tempore, koj paub, mutandis.

Thiab tam sim no Nws yog lub sijhawm los saib xyuas Leonardo tus cwj pwmraws li "scientist" thiab "inventor". Peb tau raug hais (xws li cov sau phau ntawv loj, zoo li, cov ntawv xov xwm "Technology for Youth") uas Leonardo tau xav txog qhov no thiab qhov ntawd, thiab thib tsib, thiab thib kaum … Helicopter, dav hlau, tank, diving khoom, thiab lwm yam., thiab lwm yam. Lub hauv paus rau cov nqe lus no yog cov duab tawg ntawm no thiab muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau ua ke, cia peb muab tso rau hauv cov lus hais, "Leonardo". Needless hais, cov duab zoo nkauj. Ib txhia ntawm lawv txawm zoo li daim ntawv qhia. Tab sis leej twg ntsia lawv ?!

Raws li ib tug me nyuam, kuv kuj tau kos daim duab ntawm ntau lub dav hlau, submarines thiab rau-legged tso tsheb hlau luam (kev qhuas rau tus uas muaj hwjchim, nws yeej tsis tshwm sim rau leej twg los ua cov haujlwm no hauv cov hlau). Tab sis qhov no tsis yog vim li cas los tshaj tawm kuv tus neeg tsim khoom ntse ua ntej kuv lub sijhawm! Ib zaug ntxiv, kuv tsis xav kom cluttering qhov kev nthuav qhia: ib qho, kuv rov hais dua, ib qho kev tsim ntawm "Leonardo" raug kev txom nyem. tuag tsis taus: nws tsis pom zoo tsis yog tsuas yog cov kev cai lij choj ntawm physics, tab sis txawm nrog cov kev ua haujlwm niaj hnub, txhua hnub uas cov kws txawj ua haujlwm muaj rau ib qib lossis lwm qhov.

Cov neeg txawj ntse tsis meej pem, yuav ua li cas lub hwj chim thiab huab hwm coj, quab yuam, ntim thiab siab muaj feem cuam tshuam, thiab lwm yam - hla tag nrho SI rooj. Cov neeg txawj ntse tau meej meej tsis tau tuav lub arquebus tiag tiag hauv nws txhais tes thaum nws tsim nws tsib-thooj version: qhov twg thiaj li tau txais kev noj qab haus huv ntau dhau los nrog riam phom zoo li no?! Lub luminary kom meej meej tsis xav txog ntau npaum li cas armor thiab armament ntawm nws "tank" yuav hnyav, tsis paub dab tsi lub tiag tiag rog ntawm cov plaub neeg uas yuav tsum tau teem lub dab nyob rau hauv lub suab yog, tsis paub hais tias qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm technology yuav zaum. nyob rau hauv av raws tus axis heev, NW nyuam qhuav dov tawm txoj kev paved. Ntxiv - txhua qhov chaw! Nws txaus siab nqus cov ntsiab lus me me yam tsis tau daws cov teeb meem tseem ceeb, yam tsis tau teeb tsa lawv, txawm tias tsis pom! Titan fluttered nyob rau hauv lub ntuj ntawm fantasy, muab "ua hauj lwm qias neeg" rau tag nrho cov Cartesian Pascals. Cia peb mus qhov ntawd Torricelli nkag siab tias vim li cas Duke tus ciav dej tsis ntws mus. Galileo, tus neeg ruam, tso cov phom phom los ntawm Leaning Ntauwd ntawm Pisa, tus tub kawm ntawv. Thiab kuv nyob ntawm no!

Txawm li cas los xij, txhua yam ntawm Leonardo's "kev xav tsis thoob" kos tau zoo heev … Ntawd yog, uas yog - nws tsis tuaj yeem nqa mus. Cov duab kos zoo nkauj heev. Lub npe hu ua "Renaissance" yog qhov tawg ntawm tib neeg kev khav theeb, tej zaum thawj zaug, tab sis, hmoov tsis, tsis yog zaum kawg, thaum tib neeg xav tias kev tshawb fawb yuav tso cai rau lawv kov yeej txhua yam teeb meem thiab tsis ntev los no muab sijhawm rau thaum kawg kov yeej qhov xwm txheej. Koj tsuas yog xav tau ntau axles, pulleys thiab gears. Ib yam dab tsi tsis ua haujlwm? Yog li tsis muaj zog txaus.

Tu siab tab sis muaj tseeb … Zoo nkauj lined mechanisms "Leonardo" ua haujlwm tsis tau … Zoo nkauj pleev xim rau ballistae nrog catapults yog obviously inoperative.

Nov yog kuv txoj kev xav. Tus tswv nyob ntawm lub sijhawm thaum nws pib tsim Artificial version ntawm "antiquity" thiab "middle age" … Thiab yog li ntawd, cov neeg sau keeb kwm muaj teeb meem: lawv paub zoo tias rab phom thiab arquebusses tshwm sim tsis ntev los no. Thiab nyob rau hauv lawv cov keeb kwm version, ib tug "tub rog-technical nqus tsev vacuum" yog tsim, thiaj li hais tias: dab tsi ancients hloov siege artillery? Thiab tom qab ntawd qee qhov titanium flashed. Kuv xav tias Leonardo. Flashed - thiab cov keeb kwm khaws cia. Flashed - thiab peb twb yog lub thib tsib xyoo pua hmoov nplej hlwb.

Kuv tsis paub tias Leonardo da Vinci yog leej twg thiab nws lub npe tiag tiag yog dab tsi, thiab seb nws puas nyob tiag tiag. Tab sis kuv paub tias "thaum ub" thiab "medieval" cov cav tov yog ib tug neeg tsuas yog kos rau ntawm daim ntawv … Skillfully kos, nws muaj tseeb. Thiab thawj tus neeg sib tw rau kev sau ntawv yog tus hu ua "Leonardo da Vinci" hauv keeb kwm niaj hnub no.

Tsar Cannon - "Russian Shotgun"

Tsis yog, ntawm no yog kuv lo lus ntawm kev hwm, ib qho kev hwm thiab zoo li cov ntawv xov xwm - "Technique for Youth". Tab sis, sai li sai tau raws li cov lus hais los txog "txoj haujlwm ntawm cov hnub dhau los, cov lus dab neeg ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus qub", thiab siv zog ua lub chaw zov me nyuam rau hnub oaks. Lub cev no tau hais txog Tsar Cannon raws li hauv qab no. Zoo li, yog, cov kernels folded nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo zoo pyramid yog purely zoo nkauj. Yog lawm, qhov tseeb, lub tshuab ornate hlau casting yog kiag li tsis ua hauj lwm, thiab kuj zoo nkauj ntshiab. Tab sis, lawv hais tias, qhov zoo nkauj Cannon yog npaj rau kev tua, tab sis tsis yog nrog cannonballs, tab sis nrog "shot" - buckshot, thiab los ntawm lub tshuab ntoo nrog lub kaum sab xis.

Thov txim, tab sis qhov no bullshit … Casting xws li rab phom, txhob txwm tshem tawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm aiming ntawm lub kaum sab xis, uas yog, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau yam, yog delusional ua ntej. Qhov no yog sabotage. Nyob rau hauv lub thib peb caug xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, ib tug txawj ntse los ntawm lub npe ntawm Tukhachevsky kuj ntaus tej yaam num. I. V. Stalin tau qhia txog kev ua siab ntev ntawm tus tim tswv tiag tiag, piav qhia rau cov neeg txawj ntse tias txawm tias kev npau suav ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm yuav tsum muaj qee qhov kev txwv, tab sis muaj kev sib cav tsis txaus ntseeg thiab ua tsis tiav, thaum kawg nws raug yuam kom hais lus zoo rau ob tus neeg txawj ntse thiab nws cov protégés, Kurchevsky, Grokhovsky. thiab lwm tus mus ib txhis nrog lawv. Los ntawm txoj kev, tsis zoo li tam sim no "kev cai ywj pheej" fabrications, thaum tib lub Grokhovsky tau koom nrog kev lag luam loj (parachutes), nws nyob thiab vam meej. Nqa mus rau hauv lub zoov nuj txeeg, - tsis txhob ua phem rau: Lub teb chaws ntawm lub Soviets tsis yog li ntawd nplua nuj nyob rau hauv nyiaj txiag rau koj kev dislocations.

Tab sis cia peb rov qab mus rau peb lub Cannon thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account xws li ib tug nuance: txhua lub sij hawm, anti-kev ua phem riam phom, lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog tua grapeshot ntawm tus kheej tiv thaiv, yeej ib txwm muaj ib tug me me caliber, thiab lub ntsiab yuav tsum tau rau lawv. yog qhov hluav taws kub heev. Txwv tsis pub, lawv tsuas yuav tsis ua tiav lawv txoj haujlwm sib ntaus sib tua. Tus nqi hluav taws kub ntawm Tsar Cannon tsis ntau tshaj li ib lossis ob zaug ib teev. Yog li, lub "steev" version ploj tag nrho. Yog li tej zaum cov kernels yog tiag tiag tom qab tag nrho? Tej zaum peb muaj ua ntej peb muaj riam phom tiag tiag ntawm lub zog tsis hnov tsw?..

Tsis yog, txhua yam yog lawm. Cov kernels yog cuav. Thiab txhawm rau kom nkag siab, thaum kawg, dab tsi yog qhov teeb meem ntawm no, koj yuav tsum tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej ntawm koj ob daim duab: Tsar Cannon thiab qee qhov tseeb loj-caliber sib ntaus sib tua cannon. Thiab txhua yam ua kom meej. Lub zog tsis txaus ntawm cov hlau uas siv los ua cov thoob khib nyiab tau yuam cov neeg ua haujlwm nrhiav kom ua cov phab ntsa ntawm lub thoob kom tuab heev, kwv yees li qhov sib npaug nrog qhov tseeb caliber ntawm rab phom. Lub caij no, daim duab ntawm Tsar Cannon qhia meej meej tias lub thickness ntawm phab ntsa ntawm nws lub thoob yog me me - tsis ntau tshaj li ib feem peb ntawm lub caliber. 102% lav: nws tsuas yog tawg thaum koj sim tua cov tub ntxhais ntawd. Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog tias thaum tua buckshot, tib yam yuav tshwm sim, txij li qhov loj ntawm tus nqi buckshot yog kwv yees li ntawm qhov sib npaug, lossis txawm tias tshaj qhov loj ntawm cov phom loj rau tib rab phom - pom ib phau ntawv qhia ntawm cov phom loj.

Kuv xaus lus thiab sim sib cav: ua ntej peb yog lub cim nco txog ntawm lub yeeb koob ntawm Lavxias teb sab riam phom. Zoo heev, tab sis - tsuas yog memorial thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Thiab nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws yuav nthuav mus xyuas ob yam ncaj qha, yog li hais, "hauv av." Ua ntej, puas muaj trunnion ntawm lub thoob? Cov no yog cov cylindrical kab rov tav tides nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem, vim hais tias lub cev yog swinging nyob rau hauv ib tug ntsug dav hlau. Nyob rau hauv daim duab, qhov chaw uas lawv yuav tsum tau them nrog ib co zoo nkauj kab txaij ntawm lub carriage. Qhov thib ob, puas muaj ib lub noob qhov hauv lub breech? Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm ib daim duab. Yog tias muaj tsawg kawg ib yam uas ploj lawm, lub ntsiab lus raug kaw thiab tsis raug rau kev sib tham ntxiv hauv txoj cai, txawm hais tias cov lus nug meej meej rau kuv tus kheej.

Georgy Kostylev

Saib cov tshooj lus: