Lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo tau tshawb pom los ntawm ib tug Lavxias teb sab physicist

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub npe nrov mis "E = mc2" thawj zaug, rov qab rau xyoo 1873, tau sau thiab taw qhia los ntawm kev cia siab ntawm lub zog ntawm huab hwm coj "E = kmc2" los ntawm Lavxias tus kws kho mob Nikolai Alekseevich Umov. Ntev ua ntej A. Einstein, nws tau sib tham hauv nws cov haujlwm ntawm cov mis E = kmc2, txiav tawm ua ntej los ntawm Heinrich Schramm, uas, raws li nws qhov kev xav, txuas nrog qhov ntom ntawm huab hwm coj thiab lub zog ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo luminiferous ether. Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev vam khom no tau nruj me ntsis, tsis muaj coefficient k thiab rau txhua hom teeb meem, los ntawm Einstein hauv txoj kev xav tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo (STR). Einstein tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog qhov kev tshawb pom no 30 xyoo tom qab.

Nikolai Alekseevich Umov (Lub Ib Hlis 23 (Lub Ob Hlis 4) 1846, Simbirsk - Lub Ib Hlis 15 (28) 1915, Moscow) - theoretical physicist, philosopher, professor at Novorossiysk and Moscow universities. Yug Lub Ib Hlis 23 (Lub Ob Hlis 4) 1846 hauv Simbirsk (tam sim no Ulyanovsk) hauv tsev neeg ntawm kws kho mob tub rog. Nws kawm nyob rau hauv lub gymnasium nyob rau hauv Moscow, nyob rau hauv 1863 nws nkag mus rau hauv lub chav kawm lej ntawm lub physics thiab lej kws qhia ntawv ntawm Moscow State University. Tom qab kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv qib siab (1867), nws tseem nyob ntawd los npaj rau tus xibfwb. Nyob rau hauv 1871-1893 nws qhia nyob rau hauv Novorossiysk University nyob rau hauv Odessa (los ntawm 1875 - xib fwb). Lub sijhawm xyoo no, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws theoretical kev tshawb fawb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav. Nyob rau hauv 1871 nws tiv thaiv nws tus tswv lub thesis Theory ntawm thermomechanical phenomena nyob rau hauv cov elastic lub cev, nyob rau hauv 1874 - nws tus kws kho mob dissertation Equations ntawm lub zog ntawm lub cev. Umov kawm theoretical physics ntawm nws tus kheej raws li tej hauj lwm ntawm G. Lame, R. Clebsch thiab R. Klausius, txij li thaum lub sij hawm xws li ib tug kawm tsis tau qhia nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab universities.

Twb yog xyoo 1873 N. A. Umov (Theory of simple media, St. Petersburg, 1873) taw tes rau qhov piv ntawm huab hwm coj thiab lub zog rau cov ether nyob rau hauv daim ntawv E = kMC² (Umov NA Selected works. M. - L., 1950).

Nyob rau hauv nws tus kws kho mob dissertation "Qhov sib npaug ntawm kev txav ntawm lub zog hauv lub cev" Umov sau (1874): "… tus nqi ntawm lub zog ntws los ntawm lub zog me me infinitely nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm me me infinitely sib npaug rau kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm elastic zog ua yeeb yam. cov khoom no."

"Lub zog no sib npaug rau huab hwm coj, zoo li cov cua sov thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab qhov sib npaug yog sawv cev los ntawm lub xwmfab ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb." Umov N. A. "Kev sib npaug ntawm kev txav ntawm lub zog hauv lub cev". 1874.-56 Ib.

Kev kawm tus kheej feem ntau txiav txim siab qhov originality ntawm Umov cov kev txiav txim thiab cov tswv yim. Yog li, nws yog tus thawj coj los qhia rau hauv kev tshawb fawb xws li cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb xws li kev ceev thiab kev coj ntawm lub zog txav, lub zog ntom ntom ntawm ib qho taw qhia hauv nruab nrab, thiab lub spatial localization ntawm lub zog khiav. Umov nws tus kheej, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau nthuav dav cov ntsiab lus no rau lwm hom zog, tshwj tsis yog lub zog hauv lub cev elastic. Xyoo 1884, lub tswv yim ntawm kev khiav ntawm electromagnetic zog tau qhia los ntawm J. Poynting, siv lub vector los piav qhia txog kev nthuav tawm ntawm lub zog, uas tam sim no hu ua "Umov-Poynting vector."

Nyob rau hauv 1875, Umov daws nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov teeb meem ntawm kev faib hluav taws xob tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm arbitrary daim ntawv. Nyob rau xyoo 1888-1891 nws tau sim tshawb xyuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, lub polarization ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv turbid media, nrhiav tau cov nyhuv ntawm chromatic depolarization ntawm lub teeb rays ntog ntawm ib tug matte nto. Nyob rau hauv 1893 Umov rov qab mus rau Moscow thiab pib qhia ib chav kawm nyob rau hauv theoretical physics ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm AG Stoletov nyob rau hauv 1896 nws mus rau lub Department of Physics. Ua ke nrog P. N. Lebedev, nws tau koom nrog hauv kev sau ntawv thiab teeb tsa lub koom haum Physics hauv tsev kawm qib siab. Nyob rau xyoo 1900, nws tau ua qhov kev soj ntsuam sib sib zog nqus ntawm ntau cov qauv Gauss hauv txoj kev xav ntawm cov hlau nplaum hauv av, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab txog kev hloov pauv hauv ntiaj teb cov hlau nplaum.

Umov yog tus tsim ntawm ntau lub koom haum kev kawm, rau 17 xyoo nws tau raug xaiv tsa tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Moscow Society of Nature Experts. Nyob rau hauv 1911, ua ke nrog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov xib fwb, Umov tawm Moscow University nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm Minister of Education LA Kasso.

Umov tuag nyob rau hauv Moscow rau Lub ib hlis ntuj 15 (28), 1915.